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8/10/2019 W6-Mythological and Archetypal Appraoches
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Mythological andArchetypal Approaches
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I.Definitions and Misconceptions
The myth criticsstudy the so-called
archetypes or
archetypalpatterns. They
wish to reveal
about the peoplesmind and
character.
Myth is the symbolic projection of thepeoples hopes, values, fears, and
aspirations. The illustration is
Pandoras Box. According to
mythology, Pandoras Box is the
source of all misfortune but alsohope.
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Both mythological
criticism and the
psychologicalapproach are
concerned with
the motives thatunderlie human
behavior.
Comparisons between these two approaches
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Psychology tends tobe experimental and
diagnostic; it isrelated to biologicalscience. Mythologytends to bespeculative andphilosophical; itsaffinities are withreligion, anthropology,and cultural history.
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II. Examples of Archetypes:
A. Images1. Water:
a. The seab. Rivers
2. Sun
a. Rising sunb. Setting sun
3. ColorsArchetypes are universal symbol.
This is Ouroboros.
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4. Circle:
wholeness, unity
a. Mandala
b. Egg (oval)
c. Yin-Yangd. Ouroboros
5. Serpent (snake,
worm)
6. Numbers
Mandala
Yang-yin
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8. The demon lover (cf.Blakes The Sick Rose
and the Jungian animus)
9. Garden
10. Tree
11. Desert
12. Mountain
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B. Archetypal Motifs or Patterns
1. Creation: perhapsthe most
fundamental of all
archetypal motifs
2. Immortality (cf. To
His Coy Mistress)
a. Escape from timeb. Mystical
submersion into
cyclical time
Andrew Marvell
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3. Hero archetypes
a. The quest (cf.Oedipus)
b. Initiation
c. The sacrificial
scapegoat (cf.
Oedipus and
Hamlet)
The dueling match in Hamletis
a pattern of sacrifice-atonement-Catharsis
Oedipus the Rex
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Northrop Frye, in his
Anatomy of Criticism,indicates the
correspondent genres
for the four seasons:
1. Spring: comedy
2. Summer: romance
3. Fall: tragedy (cf.
Hamlet)
4. Winter: irony
C. Archetypes as Genres
Louis Bouwmeester (1842-
1925) as Oedipus
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III. Myth Criticism in Practice:A. Anthropology and Its Uses
Sir James G. Frazer, in hismonumental The Golden Bough,demonstrates the essential
similarity of manschief wants
everywhere and at all times.
Photo from1990 Main
Stage
Production of
Oedipus Rex by
Sophocles
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The central motif with
which Frazer deals is
the archetype ofresurrection,
specifically the myths
describing the killing
of the divine king.
Corollary to the rite
was the scapegoat
archetype.The book cover of
Shirley Jacksons The
Lottery
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1. The Sacrificial Hero: Hamlet
Hamlet was not the
playwrights invention but was
drawn from legend.
Philip Wheelwrights The
Burning Fountain, explaining
the organic source of good and
evil, is directly relevant to the
moral vision in Hamlet,
particularly to the implicationsof Claudiuss crime and its
disastrous consequences.
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2. Archetypes of Time and Immorality:
To His Coy Mistress
To His Coy Mistress is a poem about
time. It is concerned with immorality.
The last stanza presents an escape intocynical time and thereby a chance for
immorality.
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B. Jungian Psychology
C.G. Jungs myth
formingelements are inthe unconscious psyche;
he refers them asmotifs,
primordialimages,or archetypes.
He also detected the
relationship between
dreams, myths, and art
through which
archetypes come into
consciousness.
Carl Gustav Jung is known
as one of the foremost
psychological thinkers of
the 20th century.
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Individuation is apsychological growing
up, the process of
discovering thoseaspects of ones self
that make one an
individual differentfrom other members
of the species.
Individuation: Shadows, Persona, and Anima
Process of individuation:1. acknowledging that
these unconscious
tendencies are part of
oneself, of one's
personality
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Shadow The shadow is thedarker aspects of our
unconscious self, theinferior and less
pleasing aspects of the
personality, which wewish to suppress. (cf.Shakespeares Iago,
Miltons Satan,Goethes
Mephistopheles, andConrads Kurtz)
2. refusing to allow one's
personality to be
compelled by these
tendencies through
possession or projection
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AnimaThe anima is thesoul-image.It is
the contrasexual partof a mans psyche,
the image of the
opposite sex that hecarries in both his
personal and
collectiveunconscious. (cf.
Helen of Troy,Dantes Beatrice,
Miltons Eve)
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2. Young Goodman Brown: a
failure of individualization
Just as his persona has proved inadequate in
mediating between Browns ego and the
external world, so his anima fails in relating to
his inner world. In clinical terms, young Goodman Brown
suffers from a failure of personality
integration, because he is unable to confront
his shadow, recognize it as a part of his own
psyche, and assimilate it into his
consciousness.
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3. Creature or creator: who
is the real monster Speaking archetypally, we may say ofFrankenstein, just as we have said of Brown,
that he suffers from a failure of
individualization. He himself has conjured upand manufactured from his own immature
ego.
Even in his dying moments Victor insists upon
projecting his shadow-image upon the
monster, calling him my adversary and
persisting in the sad delusion that his own
past conduct is not blamable.
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D. Everyday Use: The
Great [Grand]Mother In the story, the archetypal womanmanifests herself as both Good Mother
and Earth Mother.
The Good Mother is associated with
such life-enhancing virtues as warmth,
nourishment, growth and protection.
Dee, the daughter and antagonist, has
broken that tradition.
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IV. Limitation of Myth
Criticism Back to the beginning of humankinds oldest ritualsand beliefs and deep into our own individual hearts.
The work of Jung is based upon culturally specific,
Western mythology-so that other cultures might beinformed by significantly different mythic structures.
The discreet critic will apply such extrinsic
perspectives as the mythological and psychological
only as far as they enhance the experience of the art
form, the structure and potential meaning of the work
consistently support such approaches.
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Related works and links about
mythological approaches Jung, Carl Gustav. Four Archetypes: Mother, Rebirth, Spirit, Trickster.
Trans. R. F. C. Hull. London: Routledge,1969.
---. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Trans. R.F.C. Hull.Princeton, N.J.: Princeton U P,1980.
Frye, Northrop.Anatomy of Criticism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP,1957.
Grazer, James G. The Golden Bough. Abridged ed. New York:Macmillan, 1992.
Introduction to Individuation.http://www.cnr.edu/home/bmcmanus/persona.html
Personality and ConsciousnessMajor Archetypes andIndividuation.http://pandc.ca/?cat=car_jung&page=major_archetypes_and_individuation
The Individuation Process
http://www.soul-guidance.com/houseofthesun/individuationprocess.htm
http://www.cnr.edu/home/bmcmanus/persona.htmlhttp://pandc.ca/?cat=car_jung&page=major_archetypes_and_individuationhttp://pandc.ca/?cat=car_jung&page=major_archetypes_and_individuationhttp://pandc.ca/?cat=car_jung&page=major_archetypes_and_individuationhttp://www.soul-guidance.com/houseofthesun/individuationprocess.htmhttp://www.soul-guidance.com/houseofthesun/individuationprocess.htmhttp://www.soul-guidance.com/houseofthesun/individuationprocess.htmhttp://www.soul-guidance.com/houseofthesun/individuationprocess.htmhttp://pandc.ca/?cat=car_jung&page=major_archetypes_and_individuationhttp://pandc.ca/?cat=car_jung&page=major_archetypes_and_individuationhttp://www.cnr.edu/home/bmcmanus/persona.html