Origin of the Chemical Elements

7/28/2019 Origin of the Chemical Elements

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THE ORIGIN OF THE CHE-

by CLARA E. SPEIGHT-HUMBERSTON

Classic Literature Collection

World Public Library.org

MICAL ELEMENTS AND OF CELL LIFE


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Title: THE ORIGIN OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND OF CELL LIFE

Author: CLARA E. SPEIGHT-HUMBERSTON

Language: English

Subject: Fiction, Literature

'LJLWDOPublisher: World Public Library Association

Copyright 20, All Rights Reserved Worldwide by World Public Library, www.WorldLibrary.net


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TheOrigin of the Chemical Elements

and of Cell LifeBY

CLARA E. SPEIGHT-HUMBERSTQN'

WITH ILLUSTRATIVE PLATES

CiLh fhi PtOPLf 5 Kv,

ACTON, ONTARIOPRINTED BY THE ACTON FREE PRESS


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PREFACEHugo De Vries, Professor of Botany in the University of Am-

sterdam, says in his work, " Species and VarietiesTheir Origin byMutation," " The probabilities are now greatly in favour of ourfinding out the causes of evolution by a close scrutiny of whatreally occurs in nature. A persistent study of the physiological fac-tors of this evolution is the chief condition of success. To thisstudy, field observations may contribute, as well as direct experi-ments, microscopical investigations, as well as extended pedigree-cultures.

" The co-operation of many workers is required to cover the field.Somewhere, no doubt, the desired principle lies hidden, but untilit is discovered all methods must be tried. A very slight indica-tion may change forever the whole aspect of the problem."

It was through " field observations " that the writer's interest inscientific research was first awakened.Having undertaken the preparation of material for the furtheranceof Nature Study in the schools of Canada, such as " Birds ofCanada, in Relation to Agriculture" (published 1908), "The WildAnimals of Canada," "The Wild Flowers of Canada," and "TheFishes of our Canadian Waters," at the request of the Minister ofEducation of the Provincial Government, in the form of PictorialCharts, a very careful study of the classification of the differentforms of life was necessary.The evidence of fixed numbers and their multiples in determiningthe division and subdivision of the different forms of life, forcedthe conclusion that only by regarding science indivisible in all itsbranches, can its great truths be rendered discoverable.The wonderful achievements of specialization had been kept tooseparate. The new knowledge of matter afforded by electro-chemi-cal analysis, and by experiments with substances of the radiumgroup, proved that the same kind of rays were being emitted byall forms of matter.The electrical constitution of matter appeared to hold the keyto the solution of the laws that governed the grouping of materialforms, in fixed numbers and multiples of those numbers.The present conception of Evolution places the origin of life as" spontaneous " and in sterilized waters (condensing on a moltenmass), a condition which is to-day declared impossible.The electrical constitution of matter forces the recognition thatmotion is life, and the control of motion determines the length oftime the material form shall live.


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8 PrefaceThe declaration that life originated from a single cell caused a

very close study of phenomena attending the growth of the mostinfinitesimal cell, Bacteria.

Microscopical investigation evidenced the presence of externalforces because of the orientation and placement of the differentkinds of bacteria cells in definite configurations.During February, 1906, the writer published " The SphericalBacteria Cell, the Constructor of the Earth and her Life Throughthe Radio-active Construction of Electro-Magnetic Particles."Of necessity the work was much abbreviated.A more complete elucidation of the relationship evidenced asexisting between electric energy and cell-multiplication was promisedas soon as the material gathered together could be arranged andclassified according to the ascension of life on the earth.

Recognizing the weakness of the position of " The Unknown,"the work was published with much fear and trembling, but theconsideration and appreciation with which it was received by many'scientific workers encouraged a deeper interest and a greater en-deavour in following up the clue to the Origin of Material Form.A still greater encouragement was derived through reading" Electrons, the Nature and Properties of Negative Electricity," bySir Oliver Lodge. On page 151 he says, speaking of an hypothesisbased on the electric view of matter

" Were it less hypothetical a further account would be givenhere, but an extremely recent paper by the same great Physicist(J. j. Thomson) has tended to reduce the whole subject to a stateof exaggerated uncertainty, since he gives reasons, which appear tobe sound ones, in the Physiological Magazine for June, 1906, forassuming that only one active electron is contained in a hydrogenatom, and that all other elements contain a number of electronscomparable to their atomic weight, reckoned on the basis thathydrogen equals one. This is an extraordinary and unexpectedresult, and at first sight appears very unlikely, since the ordinarychemical assumption of a unit atomic weight for hydrogen hasalways been known to be a pure convention, made for conveniencealone, and not likely to correspond with anything in nature. I donot suppose that anyone imagined that it would even provisionallybe found to have a physical and rational basis."

In the superficial work already referred to were given manyexamples in which the hydrogen atom, as a unit weight or number,appeared to build up atoms of the various elements after the samenumber in grouping of figures, that were found to characterize thedivisions and subdivisions of various forms of living things.

It was also shown that bacteria cells group together and multiplyafter the same manner as this unit weight of the hydrogen atomgrouped in numbers that made up the formulae of many chemicalsubstances.When Professor Thomson confirmed the unit weight of the atomof hydrogen as reported by Sir Oliver Lodge, a still greater encour-agement was felt by the writer to take up the work of a "NewEvolution," in the hope that greater concentration of investigation


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Pref;ace

into the domain of the " infinitesimal " might meet with a rewardin discovery of that which would afford the " very slight indication,"spoken of by Hugo De Vries, as pointing the way to the controlof life. /The declaration by Sir Oliver Lodge that the unit weight of thehydrogen atom had been proven a fact, and the assertion that sucha condition had never even been dreamed of by the chemist, opensup the whole field of chemistry for exploration by the person whowill enter the field as a biologist, in search for the origin of materialform. Others might use the term " origin of life," but motion islife, and control of motion everlasting life.The scientist has declared that were the constitution of waterunderstood, the mystery of life would be solved.Such an assertion caused the writer to investigate the movementsof bacteria cells, cells that reduce solids to liquids and constructsolids from liquids.The invention of the ultramicroscope revolutionized the idea of asharp line of separation between the organic and inorganic worldof form. Under this wonderful instrument the hardest metals, whenin solution, execute the same kind of motion as described by thebacteriologist as characterizing bacterial life.

Dr. Zsigmondy has stated that it is impossible to keep water freefrom ultramicroscopical dust particles for any extended length oftime. That no matter how thoroughly water has been treated, evenafter repeated distillation, in a very short time dust-particles maketheir appearance. The thought was at once suggested, Are those" dust particles " groups of primordial particles, formed by thechanging fields of gaseous electricity (or ether) that make up theatomic growth of water?When Professor Thomson's lecture was published re " The Con-stitution of Matter," where he said, the mass of ether attached to asystem is equal to the potential energy of that system, a conditionwas afforded from which we might expect to find the fruit of thegrowth of water.Of these dust particles, Zsigmondy says they do not move aboutbut appear stationary. Now, distilled water is obtained by artificialevaporation, and the activities represented in the product do notappear to become " static " or balanced, until these " dust particles "make their appearance. Their growth would represent the electro-static field with its tension along the lines and pressure at rightangles being brought under the force of magnetism, when sphericalrings or closed curves would be formed. These dust particlesappear as centres of tension throughout the water, and when thechemical substances are added to the water with their metal to bedissolved, the static condition of the water is broken down, and theenergy, released, travels along in definite directions, forcing theparticles of gold to move about according to the electrical energyreleased in the decomposition of the particles. Chemical affinity issaid to be electrically directed, so that we have to deal with electricenergies when investigating chemical action.


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10 Preferace

The movements attending the growth and development of bacteriacells prove their origin in the decomposition and reconstruction ofelectric charges that make up the atomic growth of water.The bacteriologist warns the student against ascribing, as a truemovement of the spherical cell, the so-called Brownian movement,which is characteristic of any particle suspended in a liquid.The bacteriologist has failed to notice the fact that there is nomovement possible in the jelly as a culture medium, until after thespherical cell has been placed in the jelly, and its power of reducingthe solid to a liquid brought about this vibratory motion called the" Brownian movement."

This mysterious " Brownian Movement " is also said to hold thesecret of the origin of life, and we must look for an explanation ofthis secret in electrical phenomena.

Just as the distilled water with its dust particles as centres offorce represents a " balanced field of force," as electro-magneticconstructions, so does the jelly represent a "balanced field of force,"and when a foreign substance, in the form of a bacteria cell, is intro-duced into the mass, the electric tension is broken down, and thedecomposition of the jelly into a liquid is the result of a reconstruc-tion of the field of ether that held each atom as a fixed point in themass. Water must always be the first electro-magnetic body formedby the combination of the different motions made up by the different

. kinds of electric charges, beginning in the ether.The description given regarding the origin of the elements andof cell life is, of necessity, very limited in detail.The cost of the work if printed in detail appeared too great forthe publisher to assume.The work being of a very technical character, it was not thoughtthat a sale would be large enough to cover the expense, the illustra-tions alone making over thirty pages.The contents of the following pages should, however, establishthe indisputable discovery of the origin of the elements and of celllife, also the possibility of control of life itself; when man under-stands the living phenomena shown in the decomposition of a systemof groups of atoms, continually changing their conditions, asgrowths, because the fields of gaseous electricity changing theirplaces and thus bringing about the decomposition of electric charges,and rebuilding them, are continually " sustaining " their life as aneverlasting life in a circumscribed limit.The cost of the publication is being borne by the writer, in thehope of assisting in the discovery of that which will afford humanitya release from the thraldom of the earth, as a grave. The earthis a leech, and does not release any form of activity from her con-fines, unless the push of the inner core forces that activity in anotherdirection.Does the child in the mother's womb conceive of any life with-out those confines? Yet he is forced from that place, and behold,

the possibilities which lie before him.The earth is the womb of Mother Moon, and the Sun the father


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Preface 1 I

or great centre from which arises the continual food that shouldmake the newborn child a radiant creature.This food as radiant matter must push the creature from the

earth, as the child is pushed from the womb, before he can enterupon his radiant career. As long as the brain continues to recog-nize the grave as the final confines of brain development, so longshall man be forced into the womb of the earth. The brain hasbeen the centre of push since the atom with its inner core pos-sessed an individuality. This brain or inner core has collectedabout itself groups of atoms that finally brought forth the humanbody. Shall not the brain of this human push atoms together thatwill give him control of life? Can he be less a builder than theinfinitesimal atom from which he sprung? As it has been radiantmatter that has fed life-giving forces throughout the length of time,will not this radiant matter yield up to him the secret of the food?So far the intelligence in man has been that represented in theconstitution of the shell of the atom, or the wall of the cell, a mereresponse to the call of filling the cavity left by the demand forenergy, by the brain, and a response from the brain as a mere originof locomotion.As we have seen that evolution consists of a continual exchangeof brain matter from centres to externals, we must recognize thatthe external part now represented in the body (or trunk) wil'.become equal in " intelligence " with that of the brain itself, and wewill not allow feeling to govern that which we know to be a law,but our feelings or senses will make us recognize the everlastingcondition of Life.

After twelve years of search for proof of the origin of materialforms from the One-walled Water Cell, as a living organized cell,we have been able at last to give the very origin of the groupingsof the electric charges that make up the primal system, from whichall forms of life have arisen.We have been able to show that the elements are products ofgrowth as living activities, and that growth is the result of a processof " pushing " crystalline particles together into definite groups,through the government of motion by the force known as " rotat-ing electricity " or magnetism.

In our search for proof of this we have searched the works ofsuch men as Lowig, Weismann, Darwin, Haeckel, Dawson, HugoDe Vries, Sedgwick, Novy, Sternberg, Lodge, Ramsay, Rutherford,Thomson and others too numerous to mention. Nothing has seemedtoo trivial to be investigated for an explanation of markings shownas lines of growth in Nature's construction. We have found thereis no place in material forms that does not bear the imprint of thesame lines we find governing the direction in which bacteria cellsgroup and multiply.

In the earth, in the air and in water, do we find definite propor-tions in numbers characterizing the occupation of space by bacteriacells. Bacteria are therefore rotating groups of electric charges,and they evidence all the motions found to govern the earth itself.


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The Origin of the Chemical Elementsand of Cell Life

The fundamental principles of Organic Chemistry must be tracedto their primal source before the " Origin of Cell Life " can be dis-covered.

Chemical substances, such as acetic acid, butyric acid, propionicacid, ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus,sulphur, etc., the products of cell activities, prove the cells to bemade up of these substances, because it is impossible to conceal thefact that all existing plants and animals have originated from othersof the same kind.

If the smallest cells which we know anything about produce cer-tain chemical substances, we must recognize these substances as the" offspring " of these cells, because the cells themselves increase by" fission," part of the mother becoming the new cell. The life of themother cell is an "everlasting" one because of this equal division ofthe mother-cell into two new cells. The only actual individual repro-ductions are the chemical products of the cell's activities.The statement has been made by Tyndall, and others, that lifeis the result of " mere chemical affinity," and in order that we com-prehend the meaning of this " chemical affinity " we must trace totheir primal source the fundamental principles of Organic Chemistry.

Dr. Lowig, the great German chemist, says, " It is constantlybecoming more apparent that the organic compounds, if all theirrelations are brought into view and not alone their individual char-acteristics, belong to distinct groups, which, as it were, correspondto the natural families of plants, and that these groups are againunited to each other by a common bond."The cell substance termed " protoplasma " is identical in constitu-tion in both animal and vegetable cell construction, so that whilewe are tracing the " Origin of Cell Life " we will confine ourinvestigations to the products of the most infinitesimal cell, bacteria,whose chemical products, in many instances, can reproduce the sameconditions in animal bodies as the cells themselves, so that we haveactual proof that liquids are alive and can produce protoplasmiccells, as bacteria, in the animal body if introduced into the bodyafter the same manner as bacteria cells.

Dr. Lowig declares the organic compounds belong to distinctgroups, united by a common bond.

Bacteria are divided into distinct groups, so that this characteris-tic of grouping is inherited from the " Organic Compounds," orchemical substances.


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1 Origin of the Chemical Elements

In tracing the method of grouping we find Bacteria divided intothree groups, Spheres, Rods and Spirals; but two Spheres make aRod and three Spheres a Spiral, so that it is actually the manner ofgrouping of the Spheres that brings forth the other two.

Bacteria, as nature's growths, evidence a threefold constructingforce in cell life, therefore we will take this number as the " activepart," or primal constructing number in protoplasma building.As chemical affinity is now declared to be electrically directed, wewill have to enter the domain of electric energies in order to tracethe fundamental principles of Organic Chemistry.As we have already considered the products of Bacterial growths(nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.) to be the "offspring"of the parents of the cell itself, we will have to search for theelectrical " offspring " of Nature's growths in order to find theparents of chemical substances.The electrical theory of matter demands the growth of all formsfrom the same fundamental units, therefore we must search for

this " sameness " in electrical energies given off from all formsof matter.

It was only owing to the discovery of radium that man was ableto prove that the same kind of rays were thrown off from all formsof matter. These rays are of three kinds, and evidence theirgreatest activities in the decomposition of the radium atom.These three kinds of rays are called negatively charged particles,particles positively charged, and a third kind which is not influencedby a magnet, the other two being deflected by a magnet to a cer-tain extent.

If all forms of matter are giving off these rays as their " rayoffspring," the parents of the " offspring " must also be of the samekind of rays.

If the activities of the radium atom are investigated, it is foundthat a " system " of growth as well as decomposition is at workwithin the atom. Sir William Ramsay has seen the helium atomformed or grown from the activity during decomposition. If heliumis formed, is not negative and positive electricity, or positive par-ticles, also formed, as a " reconstruction " of the decomposed pro-ducts into the primeval ether? Where does the continuous lumin-osity and heat arise, except in these two processes of decay andgrowth ?There is also an emanation arising from the activities during theso-called decomposition of the atom of radium, which is in thenature of a gas. This gas is more wonderful in its activity than

are the radium rays, making inactive bodies in its immediate neigh-borhood become active. This emanation acts the part of a "breath oflife," and we have definite proof that the emanation can make thatwhich has been considered dead to become alive or " active."The radium atom proves to be a system of electricity in continualactivity, made up of three different kinds of electrical particles.We are, therefore, warranted in regarding this system as a " centreof control " in a process of decomposition and reconstruction, the


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And of Cell Life 15" emanation *' proving its origin in the changing fields of etherproduced by the decomposition of electrical particles into primalether. If this were not so, the emanation could not attach itself tosubstances in its immediate neighborhood, and bestow activity onthe inactive. If it is ether which surrounds all atoms, and bindsthem together, when those atoms are brought into decompositionthe fields of ether must also be decomposed and suffer a changeof combining properties.As we have been tracing the parentage of chemical substancesto electrical energies, we must, after the same manner, trace theparentage of the organic cell back to the atom itself. In the organiccell we have an inner core, or nucleus, and an outer shell, or wall.In order to establish a sameness between atom and cell, we willlook for a force in electrical activities that produces spherical orcircular rings. We find this constructing force called " magneticlines of force," and we are told they are always closed rings orcurves.

Sir Oliver Lodge (and others) tell us that this magnetic forceis developed as a superimposed field (magnetic field) upon asteadily moving electric field generated by a charged body.The following extract from " Electrons, or the Nature and Pro-perties of Negative Electricity" (Lodge), explains the whole phe-nomena attending the construction of an atom like radium, andan organic cell. He says: "For just as there is no electrostaticfield save that extending from one charged body to another, sothere is no electric current except the motion of such a chargedbody, and no magnetic field except that which surrounds the pathof this motion."

If this statement is correct, there must be two " bodies " or partsto the most infinitesimal particle. The atom must represent twobodies as indivisible, and as an electrostatic field extends from onecharged body to the other, the space between the two parts mustrepresent an electrostatic field. That the atom is spherical mustalso be true, because a magnetic field is produced by the motions ofa charged body. The magnetic lines being circular would bind thetwo bodies as a spherical whole, because the positive lines beginningat one body start out in all directions. When these lines wereforced to take on a circular form the sphere would be formed, be-cause rings forming from all directions would produce a sphere.

In describing the appearance of magnetism Sir Oliver says, " Thephenomena of magnetism make their appearance. A new set oflines of force, quite different from the electrostatic lines (althoughthey, too, exhibit a tension along them and a pressure at rightangles) come into temporary being. These do notlike the electriconesoriginate at one place and terminate at another, they arealways closed curves or rings, and in the present simple case(uniform charge in motion) they are circles all centred upon thepath of motion of the charged body. At any point of space thereare now three directions to consider, (i) There is the originaldirection of the electrostatic field ; (2) there is the direction of the


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Origin of the Chemical Elements

motionthat is, a direction parallel to the movement of, the chargedsphere; and (3) there is the direction at right angles to these two, thislast being the direction of the magnetic lines of forcethe direc-tion of the magnetic field."As we cannot see the construction of this inner core and outershell of the atom, we will examine the structure of protoplasm,the organic cell substance.The biologist says, " Protoplasm is the physical basis of life, andis found identical in plant and animal cells. We know a great dealabout this peculiar substance, or rather combination of substances,but there is still a great deal more that we do not know. Therehave been many opinions as to the structure of this living matterthat it is fibrilla, that it is like a network, that it is a mass of foam.The microscope does not tell us all that we should like to knowand it tells us one thing at one time, and other things at othertimes. It is quite possible that the " structure " of protoplasm is dif-ferent in different organisms, or that it is different in different partsof the same organisms, or that it is different within the same cellunder dfferent conditions."

Protoplasm as " fibrilla " in structure answers the descriptionof " lines of tension between the two bodies " described by Lodgeas constituting the phenomena of electricity. Positive electricitystarts out in all directions in straight lines (Plate 2, fig. I,) andwhen the structure of protoplasm became positively electrified, thestructure would be fibrilla." When the lines of force at rightangles to the lines extending from one body to that of the other(as an electrostatic field with a tension along the lines and pressureat right angles) became in government, the structure would be a" network," and when the structure became negatively charged, orequal in parts throughout the mass, it would be a structure, as " sea-foam." These three conditions are all displayed in the differentkinds of bacteria cells in the construction of colonies. There arethe cells forming in straight lines ; forming a network ; and thecolony, looking as though made up of grains of sand.We have already shown how the straight positive lines are pro-ductive of magnetic lines which form circles. When these circlesare forced to decompose, straight lines would form. As theselines are at rieht angles to those of the electrostatic field, a net-work or crossed lines would be formed. *We picture (Plate 1, fig. 5,) a bacterial growth where the straightlines decompose into, first, rods, and then into spherical groups.What explanation do we find in the electrical theory of the con-

stitution of matter for this right to trace the organic cell to theprimal atom, and this atom through the constitution of the livingcell? How is it possible that there are these differences in thestructure of protoplasm, and a sameness of lines in different direc-tions, as a result of electric energies? In the first place, a photo-graph of negatively charged dust particles (Plate 2, fig. 5,) showsindividual spherical particles. The photograph of the positively


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And of Cell Life 17charged particles evidences straight lines stretching from a centre(Plate 2, fig. i).The authorities on electrical forces tell us that the properties ofnegative electricity are pretty well known, but those of positiveelectricity, or the positive atom or electron, may not have beenyet discovered. They say the positive condition of electricity hasnot been met with in a mass of less than the mass of a hydrogenatom, and that there are, therefore, about 1,700 negative electronsin the mass of a positive atom of electricity. They estimate thatthis positive atom is made up of all the different kinds of chargesof negative electrons, each charge being made up of a differentnumber of electrons, thus constituting a series of " groups " ofnegative electrons, each group representing a definite charge.As all groups must originate in the same fundamental units, inorder to trace the cause of the differences we must first endeavorto trace the number of combinations that can arise between electricand magnetic particles or forces.The possible combinations arising from these two forces wouldbe five different forms, and there would be evident in the historyof the earth the necessity of five divisions, in order to show themanner in which life ascended to its highest product in Man. Thisexplains the origin of the five races of mankind. This explains theorigin of the five continents, and of the oceans as five in number.The law of equal distribution in " groups," as determining the con-struction of the positive atom of electricity, or, as it may be, theatom of matter, has governed in the creation of the earth and herlife, from the beginning of the individual unit, until the accumula-tion had reached an equal distribution between electric lines offorce occupying different positions in space.The combinations between the two forces would be

(1) Electric.(2) Magnetic.(3) Electric-magnetic.(4) A union between the Electric and the Electro-magnetic.(5) A union between the Magnetic and the Electro-magnetic.These five forces represent the different kinds of charges thatwould make up the positive atom of electricity or the atom of

matter.As we have already found an explanation of the inner core andouter shell as the construction of an atom, in the description givenby Sir Oliver Lodge of an electrified body, we will now endeavorto find the meaning of the declaration made by the biologist, thatthe cell wall does not appear to be alive, and we will find an explana-tion of this " seeming lifelessness " in what is termed " a restingcondition " by the bacteriologist, when describing certain conditionsin the life-history of bacteria.Many species of bacteria in cultures appear quite motionless atone time, and at another we find them very active. Before sporu-lation the cells come to rest. " The contents of the cell are at firsthomogeneous, and the first indication of the beginning of sporulation


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Origin of the Chemical Elements

is the appearance of very fine granules in the protoplasm. Some ofthese are larger than others. -One of these located at a certain placein the cell gradually increases in size, probably because the othergranules gather or flow together at this point. The result is aroundish or ellipsoidal, bright body, which at first has no definiteenvelope or wall. Presently a distinct spore-wall does form, whichmay be due to a condensation of the protoplasm of the cell aroundthe central body. At all events the protoplasm of the cell dis-appears, as can be shown by plasmolysis, and, in part, at .least,makes up the substance of the spore. The spore, therefore, maybe considered as the condensed cell contents. It contains all theproteins of the parent cell, and, when completed, lies surroundedby an aqueous liquid inside the otherwise empty shell or cell-wallor membrane. This original cell wall soon softens and dissolves,and the spore thus set free." (Novy).

In this description of sporulation by Novy, the bacteriologist, wehave an explanation of the part an " electrostatic field " plays in thelife-history of an organic cell.The nucleus of the cell and the " inner core " of the atom areindividualized as such by an electrostatic field, formed by the pro-ducts of growth of the outer wall or shell, and the products ofdecomposition of the inner core.

In the description of sporulation, where the contents of the cellappear homogeneous, we have the equalization of the nucleus andthe liquid in which it lies, as a mass of equal condensation. Thebreaking up of this mass into parts or centres of force now repre-sents an " electrostatic field," because the granules act the part ofa centre or tension, the fluid being the supporting medium. Thedecomposition of the fluid on one hand thus liberating gas, forcesthe granules together, and this " pushing force " of the gases in com-bustion is the great and only force in what we recognize as " loco-motion." There is the continual " push " toward a centre, and thecontinual " push '' from a centre to the circumference of a cell oran atom. Because of the perfect adjustment of balance in motions,we have failed to recognize the origin of the organs of locomotionof the tiniest cell, the bacteria, and consequently of all other cells.For instance, the spherical cell, or micrococcus, is said to possessno real powers of locomotion, any movement observed being dueto currents in the liquid in which it is found. The fact isthe cell was implanted in a jelly as a culture medium; the jelly,being an immovable mass, could not break down into liquid formuntil the cells brought about these " currents in the liquid " in whichthe cells are seen to flow. This mysterious Brownian movement,common to all particles suspended in a liquid, is the movementcaused by the decomposition of the " field of force " representedin the water cell, which is a living one-walled cell, into gases andthe reorganization of the gases into new fields of force. The dis-tance of push toward a centre, and the displacement of that whichalready occupies that position, bring about this " vibratory move-ment " which is said to hold the secret of life, or a push towards


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And of Cell Life 19and a push from a given point. That this point is one of a centrein a field of force, and also spherically stratified, is proven by thefact that the Brownian movement is described as " an irregular zig-zag line to and fro, vibrating unsteadily about a mean positionseldom reached." (Lehmann). The breaking down or displace-ment of the whole into its parts would bring forth the movementsas described, because the parts or groups of an atom are probablymade up of different kinds of electrons, so that each charge wouldmove a definite distance and in a definite direction.We might further illustrate this origin of " true locomotion " byconsidering the phenomena attending movements of gold particlesin a colloidal solution. Zsigmondy says, in his work on colloidalsolutions, that no matter how thoroughly water was distilled, in avery short time " ultra-microscopic dust particles " made theirappearance in the water. These dust particles did not move, butwere suspended in the liquid, motionless. What does this signify?That water being a growth, and a one-walled cell, the fruit of thegrowth must make its appearance, and the crystalline particlesgathered into groups as centres of tension in an electrostatic fieldof force. When the dissolved gold particles were added to thewater they moved about as we find the Rod and Spiral bacteriamoving. Why ? Because the added matter broke down the " fieldof force," and the generation of gases pushed the particles aboutin definite directions. If electricity is a condition of ether in theact of " grouping " and so building up electrostatic fields of force,we must look to the phenomena of gaseous occupation of space todiscover the origin of the powers of locomotion in the organiccell.As Sir Oliver Lodge has declared, there is no electrostatic fieldsave that extending from one charged body to another, and "noelectric current " except the motion of such a charged body, weare here forced to acknowledge the " electric currents " passingfrom the core of the atom, or the nucleus of the cell to its outershell, or cell wall, to contain the amount of energy as electriccharges, that will carry or move the atom or cell just as far asthe charges will move before they are decomposed into primalether or gas. The direction in which the atom or cell will movewill be governed by the two activities, decomposition and recon-struction.The core of the atom and its outer shell represent two chargedbodies, and the charges being generated by the core are its organsof locomotion. The charges, as organs of locomotion, when form-ing in straight lines, as positive charges, act the part of a " food "for the outer shell or wall of the organic cell and that shell or wallin turn finally sends forth a " filament," and we recognize this" filament " as an organ of locomotion arising from the cell-wall.In fact, this filament arises from the nucleus, but we do not see it,because it is the product of the decomposed field of force, as agaseous field between the nucleus and the wall. There could beno individual nucleus and wall, or core and shell, unless there was


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a dividing substance between the two. Again, the organs of loco-motion belonging to the cell wall (atom shell) do not contain thepower to move continuously, without assistance as a " reflexaction " maintained in the medium in which the cell or atom isplaced. The lowest forms of cell life are forced to move by thecontinual decomposition of the water cell into gas, this gas, as be-fore said, forcing its occupation of space already held by theorgans of locomotion of the cell. We are told that vegetable formsof life do not possess the power of locomotion, yet the Volvox (avegetable form) moves exactly as other spherical forms coveredwith cilia. Why? Because the cilia are continually decomposinginto gas at the end of the cilia, and the expansion of gases forcesthe cell a definite distance. The substance thrown off from thetiny cell in turn causes decomposition in the water cell, and sothere is a reflex force, and the cell moves along in a " wobblymanner, the result of equal distribution of " groups " as centresof tension in a definite electrostatic field undergoing decomposi-tion.We will here be forced to notice the different kinds of electro-static fields possible, fields that will possess a definite time ingrowth, maturity, and decay. There will be just as many kinds ofelectrostatic fields of force as there are different kinds of electriccharges in the positive atom of electricity or of matter. Thesecharges, constituting " groups," will eventually bring forth in theirgreatest strength a definite number of fields making up the sphericalstratification of the atom, of the organic cell, and even of theearth itself. We have already enumerated the different combina-tions into which the ether can group, as Electric, Magnetic, Electro-magnetic, etc., and find we have five forces, or five kinds of electriccharges, from which matter has been constructed. In investigatingbacteria growths we find there are rive different ways in which thecells group in accumulation.We confine ourselves to the spherical cell alone, as being nearestthe individual atom. If we look at the manner in which the cellsaccumulate (Plate i, fig. I,) we will note the evidence of the per-pendicular line of force, the two cells remaining as " biscuit-shaped." The first two are equal in space, the third pair show ahorizontal force of repulsion. In the second manner of growth wehave the chain forms, as we see positively charged dust particlesarranged. In the third manner of growth we have the growth ofone to a tetrad, or group of four. In the fourth we have a groupof eight cells, the Sarcine; and in the fifth, the Staphylococcus orgrape-like bunching.

This growth of the cells, as one, two, four, eight, we will findgives us the key to the correctness of a system, commencingin the inner core of the atom, as a centre of balance, wherein wasforever fixed the government of " division " as groups of negativeelectrons into primal ether, and a reconstruction of ether intoprimal groups of electrons, moving in definite directions.

In following this great centre of government in motion, in its gov-


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And of Cell Life 21ernment of direction and the distance an electron should move, weare brought to its greatest height in development in the constructionof the brain of man. The brain is a spongy mass, or the kind ofstructure described as " sea-foam " in protoplasm. This sea-foam,as a primal form of equal distribution of groups in sphericallystratified electric charges making up an electrostatic field of forcecomposed of all the different kinds of electric charges, groupedin centres as points of balance, has, as a process of accumulation,pushed its place in nature's constructions as the brain, and thebrain is the inner core, and the trunk the outer shell, of the humanatom.The trunk of the animal form is the place where food is manu-factured into atomic weights, of definite combinations, these com-binations being distributed in their most infinitesimal parts bymeans of the blood-vessels, the walls and the blood plasma takingequal part in the carrying of the blood corpuscles, through theforce of osmotic pressure in the walls, as an internal or push fromthe membraneous centres in their decomposition, and the oppositepush as " plasmolysis," or the decomposition of the water cell intoprimal gases or ether. The walls of the blood-vessels fill the sameplace in the activities of vital processes as are carried on in theconstitution of the cell-wall, this same cell-wall being " supposedto be " not alive."The reason man has not understood the physical construction ofthe cell-wall is because he has failed to recognize the substanceoccupying the space between the nucleus and its wall, and alsobetween the inner core of the atom and its outer shell.

Professor E. Pfluger, of the University of Bonn, suggested, manyyears ago, that the essential difference between living protein andnon-living protein lay in the fact that in the former, oxidation ortransformation of energy is internal, and in order to account forthis internal oxidation, the possible presence of cyanogen (a com-pound of carbon and nitrogen) might have been produced duringthe incandescent stage of the earth's history.The origin of living cells must be looked for at the place ofdecomposition and reconstruction of electric charges into primalether, this ether taking the part of exhalation and inhalation, orthe breath of life. We will be able to prove, further on, that it isnot cyanogen or carbon or nitrogen which forms the basis of vitalprocesses, but the fixed combination of different kinds of electriccharges, making up a definite number of atoms, all containing thesame weight, but representing different positions in space, becauseof different degrees of expansion, or conditions of " tension."The physicist, in his endeavor to produce " artificial life,'' hasbeen successful only in obtaining proof that it is in the generationof gases by the action of one chemical substance on another, thatthe likeness of the vital processes has been demonstrated, even inthe slightest degree. That this likeness has been possible has onlybeen so because of the presence of water as a primeval one-walledcell. The so-called artificial forms can only grow or develop


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according to the number of different directions held in the decom-position products of the chemical substances themselves. The water-cell can use only certain combinations of atoms in decompositionas food for growth, and when that food is exhausted the growthmust cease. The water-cell as well as the animal cell forms certainproducts that in time react on its own growth, and cause its " death,"as we find in the case of bacterial products ; if these products arenot eliminated, the cells die of their own chemical construction.It is the law of electrostatics, each field occupies a definite placein space, no matter where that space is found, in the animal bodyor elsewhere.The " streaming " motion representative of protoplasmic life isexplained by the manner in which positively charged dust particlesmove. They start out in straight lines from a centre. When theone-walled cell (as a last state in the process of decomposition intogases) breaks up into its primal parts there is a collection of thecrystal particles belonging to the whole field, undergoing decom-position, and the reconstruction forces the accumulation along lineswhich evidence a " streaming " motion.The mysterious cell-wall life is explained in the fact that themembrane is in a state of tension, or a " resting condition," andthe changes of motions are centred in the fields of ether them-selves, and cannot be discerned by man until he recognizes thephysical constitution of that which governs the laws of locomo-tion in both cell and atom.The cell-wall, in the most minute forms (bacteria) as a sphericalcell appears to be devoid of organs of locomotion, but the organsare there as " reflex " activities, generated by the cell's productionof gases travelling in opposition to the gases generated by thedecomposition or combustion of the water-cell. In the rod-shapedbacteria (in which two spheres make up the rod) the organs oflocomotion are recognized in the flagella or filaments which arisein the cell-wall. These organs of locomotion are found in differentpositions, as a cilia projecting from the surface from all points, asfilaments from each side of the cell and from one end or sometimesfrom both ends of the cell. The first, as cilia, show the positivestraight lines equally distributed ; the filaments from the sidesof the cell, show the positive lines from two oppositefields of force ; and the flagella at the ends of the rods,the positive lines from two opposite poles. The liquidwhich is produced by the activity of the cells is as much a partof the organs of locomotion as are the filaments or cilia, because" locomotion " is a force of motion caused by the growth of atomsmaking up a definite positive field of force in definiet directions,in opposition to the products of decomposition brought forth by thereflex action of the water-cell.

Living forms owe their increase in size to this process of accumu-lation between water crystals, as food and force, because in wateras a one-walled cell were contained all the different kinds of mo-tions, as initial stages in motion, that could enter into a spherical


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And of Cell Life 23stratification. Before any new form could begin, a start must bemade at the point of decomposition of some particular motion heldin the water-cell. The different kinds of motion (as electric charges)produced different kinds of cells, but the number of kinds weredetermined in the different kinds of charges which made up thepositive atom of electricity or the atom of matter.

If there were a number of different kinds of charges in the atomof matter, there must have been the same number of different kindsof atoms, when each charge had acted the part as an initial stage inthe reconstruction of charges.We have shown the possibility of five different combinationsbetween electricity and magnetism, and, therefore, we have fivedifferent kinds of atoms whicli will act the part of seeds in thegrowth of material forms. The same conditions as are found togovern to-day five distinct divisions in the history of the creationof the earth and its life, and the two gaseous forces as inhalationand exhalation, these forces having the same atomic values inNature's activities as we find represented as forms of life or mat-ter. It is taking notice of the whole division of matter, from thegaseous ether to the solid crystal, that will afford the key to theopening of the door of mystery which has thus far barred the wayto the control of life.

Sir Oliver Lodge has said that magnetism is electricity in rotation,so that when we have a spherical cell under consideration wehave a force of electricity or electrons in continual motion incircular form.The seven different kinds of atoms we have as a primal group,will afford a grouping in two parts. As two of these atoms belongto the forces of inhalation and exhalation, we would have a thirdatom as a " neutral " atom, a centre about which the two oppositemotions (inhalation and exhalation, or towards a centre and froma centre) would meet and accumulate charges until a critical condi-tion or tension was reached, when the changing fields of etherwould break down the accumulations, and new centres would beformed. To this phenomena we must attribute the origin of the" Brownian " movement, now said to hold the secret of the controlof life.The other four atoms make up the seven as a whole group, a pairof " inner cores " and a pair of " outer shells " or a grouping offour atoms, where the continual readjustment of particles from acentre to the outside, and from the external to the internal move-ments, conditions we know to take place in the growth of organicforms, as the smallest forms of cell life.The inner core of the atom must be considered as filled withether, as well as the space between the core and shell, because ofthis internal oxidation in living protein. This division of theprimal group into two parts, one a dynamic part, consisting of threeatoms, and a static part, made up of four atoms (representing theorigin of the grouping characteristic of the animal cell, where isfound the nucleus, nucleolus, the substance in which these two are


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surrounded, and the wall surrounding the whole or a final sphericalstratification), brought about the adjustment of motions, repre-senting sensation, nutrition, locomotion and reproduction.This group of three is the origin of the grouping of atoms whichgoverned in the accumulation of matter in the construction of thebrain, the group of four atoms determining the origin of the animalbodv, or trunk.The continuity of life is now accounted for when we recognizethe fixed laws governing the atomic grouping of electric chargesin the construction of material forms.The continual accumulation of the growths of atoms by means

of the grouping of the inner core and outer shell, each part be-coming an individual atom, explains the mode of growth character-istic of the bacteria, and termed " multiplication by fission." Thecell divides into two, therefore the mother cell becomes part ofthe new cells.The meaning of this manner of increase is a mystery, but we

find an explanation of its origin in the part played by the substancebetween the inner core of the atom and its shell, or between thecontents of the cell and the cell wall. The inner core, or nucleus, iscontinually taking from the shell or wall material for its continuedactivity and giving back the products of this activity to be takenup by the shell or wall and readjusted as centres of tension be-tween the shell or wall and its external surroundings. In the atomthis external balance brings about chemical affinity, in the cellorgans of locomotion of accumulation of cells.The inner core of the atom and nucleus of the cell are there-

fore bound to the shell and the wall by the forces of inhalation andexhalation, and half of the inner core belongs to half of the shell,and half of the shell to half of the inner core, so that when theseactivities reach their highest condition of growth, the two halves,with their fields of ether or gaseous electricity, are brought undercontrol of the force of magnetism, because the charges of elec-tricity begin to " rotate " in two opposite directions, and the divisionof the cell into two parts begins a " constriction " in the centralpart, because the gaseous electricity between the wall and nucleusor contents of the cell is combining with the gaseous electricity orinhalation from the external part of the wall. This division by" fission " is an exhibition of the values of fixed numbers in thegrouping of primal or primeval particles of atoms, which broughtforth the earth and her life.The spherical cell multiplies in various numbers, and these num-

bers are fixed and do not vary unless the food differs, i here arespherical cells which divide into two separate cells, as pairs, twocells attached, looking like two " biscuits ' (the fixed grouping ofthe brain convolution) flattened at the place of adherence. Thereare also individual cells apparently without mates. In another modeof accumulation there are cells which form groups of two, four,and eight, as a cube, also these numbers in straight lines, and still


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And of Cell Life 25greater numbers. A fifth mode of grouping is found representinga bunch of grapes, very often containing seven cells.

This method of grouping in numbers is " inherited " by the rods(which are made up of two spheres or the grouping of pairs ofspheres). The rods accumulate in straight or curved lines, in anenvelope showing I, 2, 3, 4, 5, as different numbers in grouping.(Plate i, fig. 2).The spirals, made up of three spheres, group in definite numbers,but this value of numbers has been taken little notice of becauseof the ignorance of man regarding the " breath " of life of theatom itself, and its continual multiplication because of the differentdirections in which primeval or primal electric charges are forcedto move.

Sir Oliver Lodge has stated that the change in the orbital pathof an electron will cause radiation, as well as the retardation oracceleration of an electric charge. We have, therefore, the explana-tion of the origin of the rays thrown off from all forms of matter.In the decomposition of the fields of ether two opposite fields wouldforce the change of path of the electrons, and the condition ofgrowth represented in a spherical field in its greatest expansion,would, when broken down, bring into opposite directions many ofthe electric charges composing the centres of tension, and thus somewould be retarded, and others accelerated.

In the continual change of positions taking place in the atomicconstruction of gaseous electricity, there would be a continual gen-eration of heat and light rays, and this continuity of atomic activityforces the recognition that " the descent of man " must be tracedto the grouping of seven primeval atoms, where the male and femalewere one as the shell and inner core of the atom itself. The brainand body of the human form had their origin in the first fixationin groups in the beginning, and there has never been a " missinglink " between the grouping of that particular atom through itsfields of gaseous electricity until man was brought forth on theearth.Lord Kelvin has declared the grandest discoveries of science have

been the reward of accurate measurements and patient and long-continued labor in the sifting of numerical results. To this " long-continued labor " in the sifting of numerical results we owe ourdiscovery of the origin of the weights of the chemical elements.When Dr. Lowig declared the government of " grouping " in theconstitution of organic compounds, the resemblance between themanner of grouping of bacteria cells and that of chemical sub-stances was searched for, and the result was the discovery of theorigin of their weights in the fixed grouping of three and fouratoms, of equal weights or value in gaseous electricity, their differ-ences originating in the particular kind of electric charge that, asa product of decomposition, provided food for the growth of theatom.

In this system of three and four atoms with its attendant massof ether, we have the weight of the smallest collection of electric


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charges making up an individual atom that the physicist has yetmet with, and it is the weight and mass contained in the hydrogenatom.As Sir J. J. Thomson has shown by experiment that the hydrogenatom actually possesses a unit weight in relation to the weights ofthe elmeents, we will consider this system of seven atoms to beatoms all of equal weight, but in different stages of activity. Thatfrom this primal system, as a fixed group, all forms of matter haveevolved, we will be able to prove by means of the numbers ofatoms which group in numbers that make up the System ofChemistry.

This system, as a system made up of equal parts, and madeunequal under conditions of expansion of gases, in size in certainof its parts, will explain the origin of Professor Haeckel's Moneron,named by Huxley " Bathybius Haeckelii." This animal growthcovered the sea bottom for miles, as a sort of slime, and Haeckelsays, " Huge masses of such slime-nets crawl upon the deepestbottom of the sea."The picture given of the species Bathybius Haeckelii (Huxley)shows very plainly the differences in expansion of gases in the" holes " or spaces seen throughout the " nets," some being veryminute and others quite large. Also they are of different forms(Plate i, fig. s). The whole mass "crawls" or moves as one body,and again proves that motion in any form of life is due to thecontinual change of places of primal particles under conditions ofdecomposition and reconstruction of gaseous electricity. Space isfilled, and there can be no movement except by means of continualchange of position in fields of ether as primal forces of decomposi-tion and reconstruction under fixed duration of time, and fixed dis-tance in movement and direction of movement.

Professor Haeckel says of the Monera, the lowest cells fromwhich he has traced the descent of man : " However thoroughlywe may examine them with the help of the most delicate chemicalreagents and the strongest optical instruments, we yet find thatall parts are completely homogeneous. These Monera are, there-fore, in the strictest sense of the word, ' organisms.' Withoutorgans, they can only be called organisms in so far as they arecapable of exercising the organic phenomena of lifeof nutrition,reproduction, sensation and movement. Although in all real Monerathe body consists merely of such a small living piece of plasson, yetamong the Monera which have been observed in the sea and infresh water, we have been able to distinguish several differentgenera and species, varying in the mode in which their tiny bodiesmove and reproduce."

This recognition of different kinds is only possible because of themovements and the mode of reproduction of the cells, so that we takethese facts to prove the value of our discovery of a fixed number,characterizing the directions in which primal particles are forced tomove, and that, whichever particle affords a " condition as food(because of its decomposition into ether or gaseous electricity) for


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And of Cell Life 27the beginning of a new growth, that cell will move in a directiongoverned by the motion of the fields of ether providing the foodfor the new growth.The meaning of " reproduction of its kind " is a mystery to man,and will remain so until he recognizes the cell life of water.In this system of equal values of seven atoms we would havethe parentage of the Monera explained, although it is improbablethat the description given by Haeckel regarding the " homogeneous "construction of the plasson substance may be taken as literally true,because the ultramicroscope has shown us that it is highly improb-able that such a condition as " homogeneous " in any atomic con-struction is possible. The differences in size of the spaces in theslime-nets of the Monera prove this difference in expansion to gov-ern in protoplasmic formations.

Primordial System of Grouping in Atomic Combinations.This system made up of the grouping of three and four atoms,

all of equal weight, their differences determined by the kind of elec-tric charge that provided food for the growth of the particular atom,possesses the following characteristics

In the first place, the construction of the atom with an inner coreand outer shell, representing two conditions of " solids," possessesalso three conditions of gaseous electricity, always in activity. Thecore of the atom is filled with gas, or ether (it may consist of anumber of spherical points, each point held as such by the circulat-ing ether). The space between the core and the shell is occupiedby gaseous electricity, and the space between the shell and its sur-rounding material is occupied by the same gaseous electricity. Ifthis conception was not a fact, there could be no " individualityin the atomic world of matter.We have, therefore, three different positions in which gaseouselectricity is forever at work bringing about the decomposition ofatoms, and forcing their reconstruction. If we consider the posi-tive atom of electricity to be the same as the atom of matter, andalso equal to the hydrogen atom, we will have positive electricityunder three different conditionsdecomposition, thus liberatingnegative electrons, in a mass equal to that contained in a positiveatom ; reconstruction, or a process of forcing the grouping of nega-tive charges; and a third condition where the charges themselvescome into centres of balance, representing the different kinds ofcentres that could be built up by the different kinds ofcharges, because of the directions in which these charges wereforced to move. This third condition might be termed a " magneticfield of matter," the continual breaking down of which wouldliberate the charges, as " rotating electricity " or electric charges,and these charges rotating about each other as centres of forcewould build up the atom with its inner core and outer shell, beforethe charges became equally distributed from three directions, the


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number at any point of space arising from the force of magnetismgenerated by a charge in uniform motion, as described by Lodge.

Before a balanced condition in the construction of atoms wouldbe reached, there would be built up four atoms as an indivisiblegroup, because of the electrostatic lines of forceshow a tensionat right angles, and the magnetic lines are at right angles to thoseof the electrostatic ones ; so that there are four lines of force to bebalanced in the charges produced by the decomposition of a mag-netic field of force or of " matter."

Sir Oliver Lodge has said a negative electron can travel withoutany association with matter. Does not the negative electron obtainits power to travel, apparently alone, from the force of combustionof the charges released in the decomposition of a positive magneticfield of gaseous electricity, each part of which is equal to the massof the positive atom of electricity or of matter?However, we know that in the radium atom we have all thecentres of activity held in this group of three or four as a primalgroup of atoms in the construction of material forms, and we willbe able to prove the origin of radium itself in this grouping of fouras an internal force of " oxidation," found only in that activitywhich constitutes the " vital processes of life."

In following the development or growth of this system, we willconsider the group of three to constitute the origin of the brain, andthe group of four the trunk of the body. Under such a conception,these two groups will have to be considered as separate in somephases of their multiplication, while in others a collective or a unionof the two may be shown.The construction of the atom, as described, will show the govern-ment of accumulation amongst primal values of gaseous electricityin atomic combinations to be a continuous growth, as doubling,because of the readjustment of perpendicular and horizontal lines offorce (carrying matter) through electrical and magnetic energies.As there are three different positions in which gaseous electricityoccupy space in and about the atom of matter, and these threepositions are held as such by electrons or ether moving in oppositedirections, as food taken in by one part of the atom, and life-productsgiven off in return, in both core and wall, there will of necessity besix stages in multiplication, as fission, or doubling, before the fieldsof gaseous electricity become equally balanced throughout the massof gaseous electricity representing the whole occupying space.

If we increase this Primal System of three and four six times,we will have the weights of all the different chemical substanceswhich could enter into the final evolutionary product of an indi-visible " spherically stratified " atom, which has been called thehuman atom, or the animal cell.The manner of increasing these fixed groupings must be followedso as to ensure the construction of the individual forms of life,representing the smallest as well as the greatest, and in order to dothis we must have in every stage of increase all that which haspreceded it.


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And of Cell Life 29To increase 3-4 to 6 and 8 we will have (6-8), (3-4), with itsattendant mass of ether at its breath of life, for a second increase.For a third increase we will have (12-16), (6-8), (3-4), with itsattendant mass of ether.At this stage, there is held in the three combinations all the dif-ferent atomic groups of this initial (3-4) as an inner core or nucleusof the most infinitesimal brain cell, and just here we must pause toshow the proof of the correctness of this grouping in primal par-,

tides, which laid the foundations of the earth, and even separatedthe whole mass of universal matter into a definite number ofplanets, etc.

In these three stages of grouping we have six combinations, orfive arising from the primal 3-4, and each of these stages representsa " seed " which will control the form that shall arise from thedecomposition products taken as food, when each of these " stages "is broken down as magnetic fields of gaseous electricity, becauseall forms of growth must commence at the point of production ofa gas. The biologist declares the nitrogeneous-carbon compounds tofurnish the vital processes of life, but it is not nitrogen or carbon,but a fixed group of " fields of ether " changing their places inspace, that fixes oxidation as " the breath of life " in the confinesof the inner-core of the primal atom of matter. The continualmultiplication of this group brings forth definite weights, as groups,of atoms, and we recognize these groups as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,etc., and say all things have been produced from these atoms. Butthat will not take us far enough back to the origin of living things,we are forced to recognize the centre of control of motions to beheld in the fields of ether occupying the smallest space.Under the present conception of Evolution there has never beenan explanation of how it was that forms of life increased as thougha result of accumulation of smaller forms, yet these smaller formscontinued as individuals along with the larger growths. The descrip-tion already given of the constitution of the atom and its balancedgrouping provides a way in the powers of separation recognizedas negative electricity.

Negative electricity appears to be a form of condensed ether,representing the smallest quantity that can be held as an individu-alized particle of energy. In investigating the phenomena attend-ing the laws of " grouping," we find this negative force bringingabout the individualized value of groups as one whole individual ofa set making up an electrostatic field. Each part of the field eventu-ally becomes a living cell. The movements brought about by thebreaking down of an electrostatic field, or magnetic field, fix theinitial stages in motions that will eventually bring forth a definiteform of life, either vegetable or animal. This is why we mustrecognize the organs of locomotion as arising in the one-walledwater-cell.The atomic weight of water is given as H 20, or a weight equalto 18 hydrogen atoms. As there are three different fields of gaseouselectricity iji the construction of the primal atom, each field being


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made up of two parts or direction of movement, it will be easilyseen that when these three fields have grown to their greatest extentas individualized, unbroken fields, their contents, representing allthe different directions in which electrons can travel or move, willbe the weight of eighteen atoms, when the magnetic field is brokendown and the charges are " rotating " about each other in alldirections.

This stage of spherical stratification will bring about the water-cell as a living one-walled cell, and the force of negative individ-ualization would cause the separation of the first spherical stratifi-cation of atoms producing a globe of water, into different parts,those parts being governed in number by the different fields, asElectric, Magnetic, Electro-magnetic, a union of the Electric withthe Electro-magnetic and of the Magnetic wtih the Electro-magnetic,or five great bodies of water.

In this system of 3-4, with its mass of ether, plus 6-8, 3-4 andmass of ether, plus 12-16, 6-8, 3-4 with its mass of ether, we havethe basis for the gathering together of all the different kinds ofcells that make up the human brain. The functions of the brainhave remained a mystery to the physiologist because of our ignor-ance of the movements spherically stratified in the water-cell. Thebrain has been described as a locked-up cistern of water, and thebrain described as a " spongy mass." In these stages of growth wewill find there are eleven different positions in which the primal com-bination of 3-4 are fixed as part of a system of accumulation.Wherever this combination is found as 3-4, it will be the firstgroup to decompose, and the electric charges, liberated in the processwill bring about a new set of motions as a process of reconstruction.In the second stage there are a group of two and an individualgroup. In the third stage there is a group of four of the primalgroup of 3-4, one of two, and an individual. In these numbers of1, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, there are eleven primal values that will initiate dif-ferent sets of motions, that will bring forth eleven different animalforms. These will be representative of animal forms, because theybelong to the dynamic part of the combination, as three continualactivities, the vegetable forms becoming inactive during part of theyear, or under certain conditions.

In tracing the descent of man, Professor Haeckel has traced it toeleven primordial animal forms, and he says of these primal num-bers : " At least half of these twenty-two stages of evolution (thatis the eleven oldest ancestral forms) are found within the ArchilithicEpoch, within the first main period of the organic history of theearth, which includes the larger half of the latter, and during whichprobably only aquatic organisms existed," etc.These groupings, as 1, 2, 4, governing the initial stages of growthin cell life, determine the growth of the organs of locomotion, theindividual or single organ arising as a " filament " in the rod, as abacterial cell as well as the filament attending the construction ofthe spermatazoon.The brain has been the subject of much curiosity on the part of


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And of Cell Life 31the physiologist, but mainly curiosity because it has its origin in thesame layer from which the organs of locomotion arise. The con-clusion was foregone. The brain as an organ individualized in itsgrouping of cells, by the separating forces of negative electricity, isformed of the most highly sensitized condition of matter, andgoverns the distance and direction in which cell activity shall move.Negative electricity travels at a speed almost equal to that oflight, so as an organ kept active through the activity of externalfields of ether, the phenomena of psychic conditions are easilyaccounted for.That the brain cells represent a great magnetic field of negativelyconstructed groups, undergoing continuous decomposition, and thusinitiating the different directions in which matter must move, explainswhy the outlines of the skull are the same as the outlines of themagnetic poles of the earth. (Plate 16, fig. 23.)We will go even further back than the point spoken of byHaeckel as the eleven ancestral animal forms of the human form.Of the primitive rocks Charles Dana says : " Quartz is the firstin importance. It is found under eleven different forms, limpid,quartz, amethyst, agate, chalcedony, flint, hornstone, lydianstone orbasanite, jasper, sandstone, opal and ordinary sand. It has nocleavage, that is, it breaks in one direction as well as another."When we understand the origin of the primitive rocks we willnot continue to speak of them as igneous, because their formationwas due to the negative separating forces of electricity, the groupsin a magnetic field in the great mass of matter representing theearth, being forced to form crystal particles of definite colors, etcThese particles were forced to move in definite directions, and, as" rotating electricity,'' would not move very far from a centralposition, so that the origin of non-stratified rocks is to be looked foiunder the production of individualized particles of matter in theirclosest association, or occupation of space.The sun, as a great electrical centre, shows the government of thisnumber eleven, and the astronomer has found that solar outbreaksare rhythmical, and the number of spots waxes and wanes in abouteleven years. Solar outbreaks are the result of the breaking downof centres as " magnetic fields of force " in the sun's envelope. Thatthey are caused by the separating force of negative electricity isvery probable, because the earth and planets evidence the samematerial in formation, so that which governs the accumulation ofelectric charges as atoms of matter in the earth must be representedin the accumulation of matter in the sun also.That these eleven primordial positions of the system of groupingof 3-4 determined the different forms of life and their division intoclasses, may be proven by the following numbers, taken fromSedgwick's work on Zoology.To begin with the one-celled Protozoa, we find them divided intoeleven divisions with four sub-orders.The Porifera contains 55 families, or eleven for each of the fivedifferent kinds of electric charges.


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The Coelenterata are divided into 165 families, or thirty-three foreach of the five kinds of charges.The Polyzoa contains 44 families.Jordan gives yy as the number characterizing the classificationof Reptilia.

It would appear as though the reptiles were the product of theindivisible accumulation of the primordial three and four as seventhroughout the stages of growth representing the six Epochs.The order Passeres are divided by Jordan, so that there are 165families in the world of birds, or thirty-three for each of the fivedifferent kinds of electric charge. This is the same number thatcharacterizes the classification of the Coelenterata.The number of families given by Jordan of the " bony fishes " is308 or seven times 44.The Duck species number 44.This evidence of " the continuity " of life is further explained inthe condition under which it was possible for this association tocontinue. It must be remembered that all forms of living things hadtheir development in the water, and the water, as a one-walled cell,was always the connecting medium, as well as the separating mediumbetween material forms.We show a picture of Nautilus Pompilius (Plate 16, figs. 4 and 5)belonging to the genus Mollusca. The outlines enclosing the nervoussystem of this form are identical with those outlining the humanskull, cut through the jaws.What does this mean? That the genus Mollusca is made up ofgroups of primordial negative charges, which finally grouped to-gether to form the brain of man. The mollusca, as a family con-taining many species, were the products brought forth by the recon-struction of the whole magnetic field of gaseous electricity, brokendown into its definite number of parts, some of which became foodfor other of its parts. The whole field, no matter how large orhow small, held the initial stages as food for the growth of bothanimal and vegetable forms, so that the food was always presentin the reconstruction of the products of decomposition.

This process of Evolution explains the inexplicable presence offood for the new species, and the survival of the fittest was not achance or condition of " might," but a condition where the laws ofbalance determined the survival of the species, by a particular con-dition occupying space.Man, or the human family, could not appear on the earth untila whole magnetic field of gaseous electricity had been built up inthe confines of space, the breaking down of which brought forth afinal indivisible combination between all the different kinds ofmotions that could be grouped together as centres of force in thatparticular field, arising through the different degrees of temperaturegenerated by increased accumulations represented by animal andvegetable forms.Temperature did not provide a condition for the production ofliving forms, but the accumulation of atomic groupings brought


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And of Cell Life 33forth increased temperature, and, with the increase, forms that couldonly live as products of that increase.The origin of new, forms of life must-have always been determinedin the spherical stratification of magnetic fields of gaseous electricity,which, when broken down, reconstructed its substance into a spheri-cal cell, as " rotating electricity."

In these three stages, already described as the basis for brainconstruction, we have the provision for what is termed " internaloxidation."There are the weights of 16 atoms, equal to the weight of theoxygen atom; there are groups of 12, the weight of the carbonatom ; six and eight or 14, the weight of the nitrogen atom, and

three groups of the primal (3-4) with its mass of ether as centresof radiation when decomposed electric charges are bringing aboutthe reorganization of the directions of motions. In other words,there are three groups of the primal (3-4) as three conditions ofgaseous electricity or atmospheres, one in the centre of the core,one between the core and shell, and one outside of the shell.The fourth stage of increase will produce the following groups(24-32), (12-16), (6-8), (3-4) with ifs attendant mass of ether, plus(12-16), (6-8), (3-4) with its mass of ether, plus (6-8), (3-4) withits mass of ether, plus (3-4) with its mass of ether.These four stages in multiplication by fission will represent themagnetic values of a field containing the primal basis for the growthof the trunk or body, while the first three represent the foundationof brain substance. This fourth magnetic condition will afford usthe numbers in groupings that characterize the chemical combina-tions which take place between the products of the vital activitiesof the nucleus of the organic cell, because we do not obtain thewhole atomic construction of the nucleus and cell wall with itssurrounding atmosphere until the sixth stage of increase is reached.The four stages will, however, show the grouping of atomswhich formed a basis for the growth of chemical substances, just asthe first three stages formed a basis for the growth of brainsubstance.

In the number of atoms found as groups in the brain or dynamicpart of three, in the four stages of growth, we find a total of 78,and of the static part of the group of four there are 104 atoms inweight.These numbers, when brought under decomposition as makingup a magnetic field, will group in various ways.As a dynamic grouping, the 78 will be equally divided into three

parts, and there will be 26 atoms, equal in weight to 26 hydrogenatoms, that will act as a group under three different conditions, theconditions being the same as those held in the primal group of three.There will be 26 atoms in a group in continual decomposition,

reconstruction into charges, and an equal accumulation in chargesas " rotating electricity " or charges, part in growth and part indecomposition. It represents the opposite direction in motion, thecharges rotating about each other.


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This group of 26 atoms contains the weight of the group of atomsas C2H2 declared by Dr. Lowig to govern the formation, by its addi-tion or withdrawal of many chemical formulae. He says, " Theorganic compounds, like the inorganic, separate into groups, whoseindividual members are distinguished by common characteristics,but whilst the difference of chloric, bromic and iodic acid frompotassa, soda and lithia, is caused by the different quality of theelements, the variations in character of formic, acetic and propionicacid from wood-spirit, alcohol and amyl-spirit depends upon thedifference in quantity of the same elements, and all new investiga-tions have led to the same resultsthat this increase of weight isconsequent upon a simple law, and in a great number of organiccompounds consists in a plus or minus of NO4C2H2.

This formula, NO4C2H2, is equal in weight to 104 hydrogen atoms,and this weight is found in the addition of the groups contained inthe four stages of growth in part four, making up the primordialsystem of 3-4. If this number 104 be equally divided between thefour parts, there are 26 for each part, the same as for the equalparts in the dynamic or three part of the system.

Dr. Lowig says, " If from ethyl, CiH5 the group C2H2 be with-drawn, there remains C2H3, and methylC2H2 = H. Now allradicals which belong to this class, and which I have designated asthe radicals of the methyl group, in all their combinations, act thepart of hydrogen; like it, they unite with O, S, CI, Br, etc., andtheir compounds correspond, especially with N, P, As, St, in eachrelation of the hydrogen compounds, to these elements. Hence thecharacter of these radicals depends upon the hydrogen atom ; itcontrols the combinings of the whole group, in it lies the cause oftheir chemical commonality, whilst the individual members, andtheir varying relations, are determined by NO C2H2. Hence, Idesignate H as the active part of these radicals, and NO C2H 2 astheir components. In like manner, the radicals of the groups ofacids, to which acetic acid, butyric acid, etc., belong, divide intothe active part C2H, and the components NO4 C2H2 ; the chemicaldistinction between the radicals of the methyl group and those ofthe individual members of the above mentioned acids, which I havegenerally called the radicals of the formyl group, rests, therefore,upon the chemical difference of the active parts."Why does hydrogen control the combinings of these groups ofatoms? We answer, when the whole magnetic field is broken down,the government of the negative force of separation will cause thedivision of the parts into smallest group of electric charges possible,which is that equal to the hydrogen atom. When a reconstructionis going on, and pairing taking place, the initial or primordial orprimal group of 3-4 (as decomposition values) will make threepairs, and there will be one atom, as hydrogen without a mate, andbecause this atom belongs to this primal group it will be the firstatom to make the connection between the two stages as collectingcentres, where rotating electricity, or opposite charges, are buildingup new groups. This atom will act as a single atom every time and


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And of Cell Life 35in every place, where this primal group is in the course of reconstruc-tion, and it will in time form groups as I, 2, 3, 4, 5, which willcombine with other groups to form centres of tension, which weknow as different chemical combinations.In natural groups Dr. Lowig finds a group of atoms containing78 as NO4 and this number is the number of atoms in the fourstages of growth of the dynamic part of the system of 3-4. Thisgrouping would represent the positive or straight lines starting fromthe centre, as seen in photograph of positively charged dust particles(Plate 2, fig. 1) also of bacteria culture (fig. 2 on the same plate).The numbers characterizing the groupings throughout the fourthstage will give the atomic weight of nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydro-gen, 32 as that of sulphur (24 plus 32) as a magnetic group ofrotating charges, the weight of iron as 56. Dr. Macallum, ofToronto University, has shown that iron is contained in the nucleusof all kinds of cells, although he has not been able to demonstrateits presence in bacteria cells, because of the minute size of the cell,but as bacteria cells are said to be composed of " nuclear matter,"the iron must be present in a very diffused condition.

Iron, as a growth of eight equal parts in each of the 3-4 combina-tion, would, as two eights combined, make a group of 16 atoms,which would offer a condition where oxygen could decompose it orforce its continual decomposition into its primal parts of 3-4. Thiswould explain why iron forms rust.The formula C2H, or a group of 24 atoms attached to the singleatom of hydrogen, will be formed, under decomposition of thisfourth- stage, through the negative separating force, and as an activepart will feed upon the static part made up of the whole indivisiblecollection of 104 atoms.There is no statement made by Dr. Lowig concerning the govern-ment of groupings in chemical formations that cannot be foundverified in the growth and development of this primal system of 3-4group.To continue the increase of the fifth stage we will have (48-64),(24-32), (12-16), (6-8), (3-4) with its mass of ether, as a fifth con-dition in grouping.A sixth increase will yield (96-128), (48-64), (24-32), (12-16),(6-8), (3-4) with its mass of ether.At this stage is brought forth the primal or initial stages in thegrowth of all chemical substances, and these atomic combinations areforever fixed as far as numbers in groups are concerned. The dif-ferent forms of matter that can be made up from these fixed groupswill be determined by the number of times and the number of dif-ferent places in the electrostatic

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Origin of the Chemical Elements