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Origins. What do stars and the advent of the universe have to do with the Oceans?. The Universe . Lets start at the beginning….we think??? Cosmology is a branch of astronomy Cosmologists concern themselves with the study of the universe and how it formed. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Origins
What do stars and the advent of the universe have to do with the Oceans?
The Universe
Lets start at the beginning….we think???Cosmology is a branch of astronomy – Cosmologists concern themselves with the study of
the universe and how it formed.– Cosmology is really an ancient science
• 3000 to 4000 years ago Egyptians, Chinese and Babylonians studied the heavens
• Practical considerations (at least for them)– Sowing and harvesting– Calendars– Astrological predictions
The Greeks
Plato and AristotleAristarchusEratosthenesPtolemy
The Modern Era
CopernicusBraheKeplerGalileoIsaac Newton
The Twentieth Century
EinsteinPenroseHawking
The Big Bang
At a point in time the universe began• 13.7 billions of years ago• Probably from a hyper dense point called a singularity• That singularity expanded with such force that the
universe itself is still expanding!
Theoretical Base
Big Bang Time Table
Fusion ----- Energy
Einsteinian Theory
Matter and energy are interchangeableExplains in theory how a very dense mass of
energy could evolve into matter in the form of atomic hydrogen and then helium through an intermediate stage of quarks, lepton and other subatomic particles
After the Big Bang
Hydrogen bubbles of gas began to bundle due to gravitational forces
They began to rotate and collapsed along their rotational axis
As these atomic particles spun heat was generated and when temperatures reached 15 billion degrees the thermonuclear reaction converted hydrogen to helium
Galaxies
After 300,000 years the protostars became so numerous they began to be attracted in to galaxies
Although galaxies can take differeny shapes most are disc shaped.
Galaxy Stats
The Milky Way
A spiral galaxyAbout 120 thousand light years in diameter100 to 400 billion starsCenter of the spiral is a black hole– Massive – 3.6 million times the sun– The sun is about 26,000 light years from the core– Sun rotates around the core about every 235
million years
The Sun
Our star The center of our solar systemAll other matter revolves around the sunSun itself accounts for about 99.8 % of the mass
of the solar systemSun’s surface is consists of hydrogen– 74% of its mass– 92% of it volume
Sun Life Cycle
Sun formed about 4.5 billion years ago– Results of hydrogen molecular cloud collapsed– It is about half way through its evolution• Nuclear fusion reactions in the core fuse hydrogen into
helium• Each second more than 4 million tons of matter are
converted into energy producing solar radiation
Suns Structure
Sun is a perfect sphere - nearlySun exists in a plasmic state not a solidSun rotates at its equator faster than at the
poles– 26.5 days at the equator– 33.5 days at the poles– Apparent rotation from earth is about 28 days
(due different vantage points from earth)
The Core
Temperature 13,600,000 degrees Kelvin• Scientific measurement of temperature• 5,800 degrees Kelvin at the surface
Radiative Zone– Solar material hot and dense– Heat transfers to the surface– Transfer is by radiation (hydrogen and helium ions
emit photon of light – in about a million years they reach the surface)
Convection Zone– Surface down to the radiative zone
– About 70% of the solar radius– Important because solar plasma is not dense enough to
transfer heat energy through radiation alone
– Thermal convection occurs as thermal columns carry hot material to the surface or photosphere
Photosphere
Visible surface of the sunLayer below which becomes opaque to visible
lightAbove the photosphere visible light is free to
propagate into space and energy escapes the sun entirely
Atmosphere
Above the photosphereSolar cycles– Sunspots• 11 year cycle• Intense magnetic activity• Reduces energy transport to the surface• Great influence on space weather
Chromosphere
Above the photophere– Spicules flame like protrusions that rise and fall
Distance from Earth
Sunspots and Prominences
Sunspots – dark spots – Magnetics fields– More sun spots less energy emitted– Exist in a cycle of 11,000 years
Prominences– Flame like limbs
Planets and Moons
Nine planets– Terrestrial– Jovian
35 moons30 + other satellitesAsteroidsMeteors
Comets
Water, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, and MethaneOort Cloud– Edge of solar system– Long period comets
– Halley– Hale Bopp
Kuiper Belt– Closer to Neptune and Jupiter– Short periods
– Shoemaker Levy 9
AsteroidsRocky metallic objects
– Too small to be planets– Orbit the sun– Between Mars and Jupiter
Size of asteroids– Ceres 1000 km.– Peebles
Origin– Left over from formation of the solar system– Sixteen identified > 240 km
Composition– >90 % stone (silicates)– 5 % iron and nickel
Asteroids, meteroids, and meteorite