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Origins of the Cold War

Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

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Page 1: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Origins of the Cold War

Page 2: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Former Allies Crash

• Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII

• Economic and political systems incompatible

• Resentments had built up over previous events

Page 3: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Former Allies Crash

• Soviet Communism:– State controlled all

property– All economic activity– Totalitarian

Communist Party allowed no opposition party

– Resented the US for not recognizing communist govmt for 16 years

Page 4: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Former Allies Crash

• The United States:– Capitalist system– Private citizens

controlled almost all property and economic activity

– Elect politicians from competing political parties-unlimited number of political parties

Page 5: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Former Allies Crash

• US furious at Stalin-Signed nonaggression pact with Hitler in 1939

• Stalin angry with the US for not opening a second front in Europe until 1944

• Stalin also angry that we kept the development of the atomic bomb a secret

Page 6: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Truman Becomes President

• Key American figure in early part of the Cold War

• Became President when FDR died

• 82 days as Vice President-met with FDR only twice

Page 7: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Truman Becomes President

• FDR left Truman uninformed on military matters

• Truman knew nothing about the development of the atomic bomb

Page 8: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Truman Becomes President

• With the war ending Truman would have to

1. Make difficult military decisions

2. Deal with world leaders of greater experience

1. Churchill

2. Stalin

Page 9: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Potsdam Conference

• Truman’s 1st meeting with other major world leaders-Potsdam, July 1945

• By this time, the Soviets had broken their promise for free elections in Poland

Page 10: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Potsdam Conference

• Not only did the Soviets not allow free elections in Poland, but they banned democratic parties

• The was a violation of Poland’s rights according to Truman

Page 11: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Potsdam Conference

• Truman pushed for free elections-Stalin refused

• With the Soviet army occupying Eastern Europe, the West could do little

Page 12: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Tension Mounts

• Refusal to allow free elections convinced Truman that American and Soviet goals were at odds

• Truman feared giving Stalin too much land and reparations– Soviets wanted all of

German stripped of industry

Page 13: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Tension Mounts

• Americans and British opposed Soviet demands

• Agreed that each occupying nation could collect reparations from the German zone it occupied

Page 14: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Tension Mounts

• At odds over Eastern Europe

• US wanted Eastern Europe to stay open to trade

• US wanted to be able to sell their goods to Eastern European Nations

Page 15: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Soviets Tighten Grips on Eastern Europe

• Soviets felt justified to stay in Eastern Europe

• Lost more than 20 million in WWII and felt vulnerable to attack from the west

• Needed friendly neighbors

Page 16: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Soviets Tighten Grips on Eastern Europe

• Stalin propped up communist governments in Eastern European nations

• The Satellite Nations- were countries dependent upon and dominated by the Soviet Union

Page 17: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Soviets Tighten Grips on Eastern Europe

• Stalin seized the industry of these nations to rebuild the Soviet Union

• 1946- Stalin announces that communism and capitalism are incompatible

– Stated that war was inevitable

– US say this as a declaration of war

Page 18: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

United States Establishes a Policy of Containment

• US institutes a policy of Containment towards the Soviet Union– An effort to block the

Soviets’ attempts to spread their influence

Page 19: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

United States Establishes a Policy of Containment

• Containment Policy worked by:– Creating alliances– Supporting weaker

nations

This policy guided the Truman administration’s foreign policy

Page 20: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

United States Establishes a Policy of Containment

• March 1946 Churchill gives his “Iron Curtain” speech

• Stalin stated that Churchill’s words were a “call to war”

Page 21: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Cold War in Europe

• Conflicting US and Soviet aims in Eastern Europe led to the Cold War– State of hostility short

of direct military confrontation between the 2 superpowers until the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991

 

Page 22: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Cold War in Europe

• During the Cold War, the US and Soviet Union tried to spread their economic and political influence wherever they could– Eventually spread to

Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Page 23: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

The Truman Doctrine

• US 1st tried to contain communism in Greece and Turkey

• Britain was helping to prevent a communist takeover-but could no longer afford it

• Asked the US to take over the responsibility

Page 24: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

The Truman Doctrine

• US spent $400 million to help Greece and Turkey

• Truman Doctrine- The US should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by “armed minorities” or “outside pressures”

Page 25: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Marshall Plan

• After WWII, Europe was in economic chaos

• Many homeless with no jobs and no where to go

• Governments had to figure out where to out these people

Page 26: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Marshall Plan

• 1946-47-harsh winter• Food shortages• Fuel shortages• British could only use

electricity a few hours a day

• British rations lower than during the war

Page 27: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Marshall Plan

• June 1947 US Secretary of State George Marshall proposed that the US help

• US would send aid to all European Nations that needed it

• Known as the Marshall Plan

Page 28: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Marshall Plan

• Congress debated plan for several months

• Then…• February 1948

Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia– Took over the country

Page 29: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Marshall Plan

• Invasions showed the need for congress to move quickly and help create strong, stable governments in Europe– To resist communism– Congress quickly

approved Marshall Plan

Page 30: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Marshall Plan

• The Plan was a success

• By 1952 Western Europe was flourishing

• Communist parties lost their appeal to voters

Page 31: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Superpowers Struggle Over Germany

• Europe starts to get back on its feet

• Western allies and Soviets arguing over German reunification

• Soviets want Germany weak and divided

• West wants stable productive Germany

Page 32: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Berlin Airlift

• 1948-Western Zones combine into 1 nation

• Soviets respond by holding Berlin Hostage

• Berlin divided into 4 zones as well

• Lays deep in Soviet Zone

Page 33: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Berlin Airlift

• Soviets cut off all access to Berlin

• No supplies could get in

• City faced starvation unless Western nations would surrender Berlin

Page 34: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Berlin Airlift

• Americans and British started the Berlin Airlift-fly food and supplies to West Berlin

• Lasted 327 days-planes landed and took off every few minutes

Page 35: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Berlin Airlift

• 277,000 flights made delivering 2.3 million tons of supplies

• West Berlin survived• American prestige

grew in the world• Soviet prestige

dropped• May 1949 Soviets lift

blockade

Page 36: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

Berlin Airlift

• May 1949 West Germany becomes known as the Federal Republic of Germany with its capital at Bonn

• East Germany becomes German Democratic Republic with its capital in East Berlin

Page 37: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

NATO

• Blockade increased fear of Soviet aggression

• In response, 10 western European nations, the US and Canada formed a defensive military alliance-NATO

Page 38: Origins of the Cold War. Former Allies Crash Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII Economic and political systems incompatible

NATO

• NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• An attack on one regarded as an attack on all

• First time the US entered a military alliance in peacetime