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Orthopedic (physical) Impairments
– IDEA uses the term orthopedic impairments–with structure or functioning of their bodies–Can be divided into two categories
1. Neuromotor2. Muscular/skeletal
Orthopedic Impairments
1. Neuromotor impairments –Brain and spinal cord
2. Muscular/Skeletal conditions –Muscles and bones
Other Health Impairments (OHI)
• Special health care needs
• Limit strength• Chronic or acute• Affect educational performance
Other Health Impairments• Chronic Illnesses– Asthma– Sickle cell anemia– Tuberculosis– Childhood cancer– Cystic fibrosis– Congenital heart defects– Blood disorders – Diabetes
• Infectious Diseases– HIV and AIDS– Hepatitis B
Prevalence
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
(DB) (TBI) (DEAF) (VI) (MD) (HH) (OI) (ED) (AUT) (OHI) (MR) (SLI) (SLD)
Prevalence
• Asthma – 1 in 10 (3 in every class)• Epilepsy – less than 1 in 100• CP – 1 in 300 (1 in every elementary school)
Prevention
• Good prenatal care• Universal immunization • Avoiding injuries ()• Medical treatment or management• Teachers can show common sense
– Refer sick children to school nurse and parents– Keep play areas and objects disinfected– Having students wash their hands frequently– Using disposable gloves when cleaning up an accident – Keep classrooms free of toxins/pollutants
Modifications/Accommodations
• Usually individually based, from none to home bound or hospital based instruction
Modifications/Accommodations
• Usually individually based, from none to home bound or hospital based instruction
• Testing accommodations include– Timing/Scheduling - providing extra time– Setting - distraction free setting– Format - reading directions aloud / simplifying
directions– Response – dictating answers
Inclusion
• More students with physical disabilities (46%) and those with special health care needs (44%) are receiving their education primarily in the general education class
• Teachers are being called on to perform medical management– Shortage of nurses–Courts expansion of duties– Local education budget cuts
Transition
• 60-70% graduate from high school
• Transition programs in school can be helpful – as they are likely to run into barriers and obstacles in the community
Assistive Technology
• IDEA and courts have clarified its role as a related service • Include high- and low-tech devices • IDEA does not cover doctors
Assistive Technology
• IDEA and courts have clarified its role as a related service • Include high- and low-tech devices • IDEA does not cover doctors
• Cutting edge technology includes:–Rehabilitation engineering including bionics and
robotics–Gait training laboratories–Voice activated remote control systems