Osh in figures: Annex to Report: Occupational Safety and ...ISSN 1831-9343 Osh in figures: Annex to Report: Occupational Safety and Health in the road transport sector: An overview

ISSN 1831-9343

Osh in figures: Annex to Report: Occupational Safety and Health

in the road transport sector: An overview

National Report: Cyprus

TE

-RO

-10-001-EN

-N

Authors: Antonis Targoutzidis, Elinyae

Edited and updated by Xabier Irastorza and Elke Schneider - European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA)

This document is an annex to the Agency’s Report “OSH in figures - Occupational safety and health in the transport sector – an overview” - Cyprus

You can find the full report –in English only- on the Agency’s website: http://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/reports/transport-sector_TERO10001ENC/view

More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu).

Cataloguing data can be found on the cover of this publication.

Luxembourg: Publications Office of he European Communities, 2011

ISBN -13: 978-92-9191-303-9

DOI: 10.2802/2218

© European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2011

Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

http://europa.eu/

http://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/reports/transport-sector_TERO10001ENC/view

OSH in figures - Occupational safety and health in the transport sector – an overview

Table of Contents

List of figures and tables....................................................................................................................... 1

1 Source description.......................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Statistical sources ................................................................................................................. 2

1.2 Analytical sources ................................................................................................................. 5

2 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 7

3 Statistical and analytical data collection on Transport ................................................................... 8

3.1 Contextual features ............................................................................................................... 8

3.2 Exposure to risks................................................................................................................. 16

3.3 Legislation and policies ....................................................................................................... 19

List of figures and tables Figure 1: Employment in transport in number (1,000) and percentage share in total, 1999-2005. ........ 8

Figure 2: Percentage distribution of employment in transport, by transport subsector, 1999-2005. ...... 9

Figure 3: Percentage distribution by gender of employment in transport, storage and communications (NACE 60-64) and the total working population, 1999-2005. ...................... 10

Figure 4: Percentage distribution by gender of employment in transport subsectors, 2005. ................ 11

Figure 5: Percentage share of self-employment in transport, storage and communications (NACE 60-64) and the total working population, 2002-2005. ............................................................. 11

Figure 6: Percentage share of temporary employment in transport, storage and communications (NACE 60-64) and the total working population, 1998-2006. ................................................. 12

Figure 7: Percentage share of part-time employment in transport, storage and communications (NACE 60-64) and the total working population, 2003-2005. ................................................. 12

Figure 8: Road accidents: number of fatal and serious accidents of drivers, by type of vehicle, 2003-2005. .............................................................................................................................. 16

Figure 9: Incidence rate (per 100,000 workers) of occupational accidents in transport, storage and communication, 2001-2006..................................................................................................... 17

Figure 10: Number of occupational accidents in transport, by cause, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2006. ....................................................................................................................................... 18

Table 1: National road transport: number of tonnes, by vehicle capacity and ownership/type of transport, 2005. ....................................................................................................................... 13

Table 2: International road transport: number of tonnes, by type of transport and country of origin/destination, 2005. .......................................................................................................... 13

Table 3: Foreign workers in Cyprus by economic activity 2000-2005................................................... 14

Table 4: Number of migrant workers by sector of economic activity, 2005........................................... 14

Table 5: Number of occupational accidents, by transport subsector, total transport and total working population, 2001-2006. ........................................................................................................... 17

Table 6: Number of occupational accidents, by gender, transport subsector and total working population, 2001- 2006 ........................................................................................................... 18

EU-OSHA – European Agency for Safety and Health at Work 1


1 Source description

1.1 Statistical sources Title 1. European Union Labour Force Survey

Acronym LFS

Institution Eurostat, Statistical Office of the European Communities

Country EU

Periodicity 1983

Type Household Survey

URL Figures available at: www.epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu

The European Union labour force survey Methods and definitions – 2001

http://www.mmo.gr/pdf/library/Data issues/KS_BF_03_002____N_EN.pdf

Coverage GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE

The EU-LFS covers all the territories of the Member States of the European Union, the EFTA countries, as well as Bulgaria and Romania. In case of Cyprus, however, the data only refer to the territory under the control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.

INDUSTRIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL COVERAGE

The EU-LFS covers all industries and occupations.

POPULATION COVERAGE

The EU-LFS covers the total population usually residing in Member States, except persons living in collective or institutional households. While demographic data are gathered for all age groups, questions relating to labour market status are restricted to persons in the age group 15 years or older except for Spain, the United Kingdom and Iceland where this age limit is 16 years. In Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Hungary, Finland, Sweden, Iceland and Norway questions on the labour market characteristics are also restricted to those younger than 75 years of age. In the EFTA countries, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, population data are not provided for the age-groups outside the scope of labour market questions.

TOPICAL COVERAGE

The EU-LFS is organised in thirteen modules, covering demographic background, labour status, employment characteristics of the main job, hours worked, employment characteristics of the second job, time-related underemployment, search for employment, education and training, previous work experience of persons not in employment, situation one year before the survey, main labour status, income and technical items relating to the interview. For detail see Council Regulation (EC) No 577/98 of 9 March 1998 on the organisation of a labour force sample survey in the Community (OJ No L 77/3).

Content The European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) provides population estimates for the main labour market characteristics, such as employment, unemployment, inactivity, hours of work, occupation, economic activity and much else as well as important socio-demographic characteristics, such as sex, age, education, households and regions of residence.

The division of the population into employed persons, unemployed persons and inactive persons follows the ILO definition. Other concepts also follow broadly the recommendations of ILO.


http://www.epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/

http://www.mmo.gr/pdf/library/Data%20issues/KS_BF_03_002____N_EN.pdf

http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/1998/l_077/l_07719980314en00030007.pdf

http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/1998/l_077/l_07719980314en00030007.pdf


Title 2. European Industrial Relations Observatory

Acronym EIRO

Institution European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

Country EU

Periodicity -

URL http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/about_index.htm

Description The European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO) is a monitoring instrument offering news and analysis on European industrial relations. A project of the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, EIRO began its operations in 1997. Its aim is to collect, analyse and disseminate high-quality and up-to-date information on key developments in industrial relations in Europe. It aims primarily to serve the needs of national and European level organisations of the social partners, governmental organisations and EU institutions.

Content The database contains more than 8,000 records, dating from 1997 to the present, comprising: news and feature articles, comparative studies, annual reviews, annual updates on key issues as pay and working time, thematic and sectoral analyses, EIRObserver bulletin.

Title 3. Transport statistics, (2003 – 2006)

Acronym CYSTAT

Institution Statistical service of the Republic of Cyprus

Country Cyprus

Periodicity Annual

Type Statistical Report

URL http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/publications_archive_gr/publications_archive_gr?OpenForm&OpenView&RestrictToCategory=820&SrcTp=1&Category=99&Subject=8&SubSubject=1&subsubtext=20&

Description This report is published annually since 1985 and provides statistical data on the developments in Transport, Storage and Communication. The data cover:

Economic accounts of the sector.

Motor vehicles.

Road accidents.

Shipping and Aviation.

Communication (Telecommunications and Postal Services)

The data compiled and presented, since mid 1974, refer to the Government controlled area of Cyprus.

Content

Economic accounts of the transport, storage and communication sector; data on the various types and categories of motor vehicles registered and licensed; accidents and casualties; shipping statistics; civil aviation, postal services and telecommunications.


http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/about_index.htm

http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/publications_archive_gr/publications_archive_gr?OpenForm&OpenView&RestrictToCategory=820&SrcTp=1&Category=99&Subject=8&SubSubject=1&subsubtext=20&




Title 4. Census of establishments 2005 Vol. I – A – Table 4: Employment in enterprises by branch of economic activity, sex and size.

Acronym CYSTAT


Country Cyprus

Periodicity 1980-1985-1990-1995-2000-2005

Type Census

URL http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/2532633196D80B5CC22571F8004069FA/$file/CEN_EST2005_V1_T4A.pdf?OpenElement

Description The Census of establishments and enterprises is a complete enumeration of all non-agricultural units. Its objective is to provide information on the number and structure of establishments in terms of their type of economic activity, employed people, legal entity, year of commencement of operations, location, employment status and other characteristics related to employment. It provides basic data for economic and social planning purposes and provides the sampling frame for other annual or ad hoc statistical enquiries conducted by the Statistical Service of Cyprus and will form the base for the business register.

Content

Volume I of the Census of Establishments 2005 gives information on the distribution of the enterprises and establishments in Cyprus by branch of economic activity, size and legal entity and also the distribution of the employed population by branch of economic activity, enterprise size and gender.

Title 5. Labour statistics (2002-2005)

Acronym CYSTAT


Country Cyprus

Periodicity Annual

Type Statistical report

URL http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/580CBDA6696A5801C22573100029E77B/$file/LABOUR%20STATISTICS%202005.pdf?OpenElement

Description This Report is published annually since 1982. As from 1994 it is issued in Greek and English. It incorporates data on employment, unemployment, vacancies, placements, government labour force, foreign workers, social insurance statistics,

labour disputes, occupational accidents, wages, salaries, consumer price index and cost-of-living allowance.

Content

Annual Statistics on employment, unemployment, vacancies, government labour force, port workers, and employment by UK Authorities, UNFICYP and NAAFI, Cypriots working temporarily abroad, industrial disputes and industrial accidents. As from 1985 the report includes statistics on wages, salaries, hours of work, which were previously issued as a separate report.


http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/2532633196D80B5CC22571F8004069FA/$file/CEN_EST2005_V1_T4A.pdf?OpenElement

http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/2532633196D80B5CC22571F8004069FA/$file/CEN_EST2005_V1_T4A.pdf?OpenElement

http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/580CBDA6696A5801C22573100029E77B/$file/LABOUR%20STATISTICS%202005.pdf?OpenElement

http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/580CBDA6696A5801C22573100029E77B/$file/LABOUR%20STATISTICS%202005.pdf?OpenElement


1.2 Analytical sources Title 1. Occupational accident statistics

Editor Labour Inspection Department of the Republic of Cyprus, (DLI)

Country Cyprus

Time 2001- 2006

URL http://www.mlsi.gov.cy/mlsi/dli/dli.nsf/All/4EFA2D62AF82A5E0C2256E5200000F90?OpenDocument&t=d&e

Summary The Department of Labour Inspection is a department of the Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance. It consists of six sectors: safety and health, machinery and chemical substances, field operations, industrial pollution control, air quality and radiation protection. The Department of Labour Inspection among others, releases statistical data regarding the Cypriot labour market every year since 2000.

Title 2. Employment and working conditions of migrant workers — Cyprus

Editor European Foundation for the Improvement of Working and Living Conditions - European Working Conditions Observatory (EWCO)

Country EU

Time 2007

URL http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/studies/tn0701038s/cy0701039q.htm

Summary This article is Cyprus’s contribution to the comparative analytical report of the European Working Conditions Observatory on the existing situation regarding the working conditions of migrant workers. It incorporates information and data emerging from various national and international studies regarding legal and illegal migrant workers, the distribution of migrant workers across sectors and occupations, the contractual relations of migrants, the level of education and type of occupations and the participation in training and possibilities for competence development.

TOC Sources of information on migrant workers.

Information on migrant workers.

Migrant population (including recent trends in 2000-2005).

Illegal immigration (including recent trends in 2000-2005).

Migrant active population (including recent trends in 2000-2005).

The contractual relations of migrants (including recent trends in 2000-2005).

Working conditions of migrants (including recent trends in 2000-2005).

Level of education and occupational position: over-qualification and under-qualification (including recent trends in 2000-2005).

Participation in training and possibilities for competence development (including recent trends in 2000-2005).

Commentary.


http://www.mlsi.gov.cy/mlsi/dli/dli.nsf/All/4EFA2D62AF82A5E0C2256E5200000F90?OpenDocument&t=d&e

http://www.mlsi.gov.cy/mlsi/dli/dli.nsf/All/4EFA2D62AF82A5E0C2256E5200000F90?OpenDocument&t=d&e

http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/studies/tn0701038s/cy0701039q.htm


Title 3. Employment situation of migrant women

Editor European Foundation for the Improvement of Working and Living Conditions - European Working Conditions Observatory (EWCO)

Country EU

Time 2007

URL http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2007/04/CY0704029I.htm

Summary In 2006, the Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies produced a shadow report to the Cypriot government’s report for the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The report’s basic findings included, among others, information on the integration of migrant women in the Cypriot labour force and on their working and living conditions. Furthermore, it highlighted some of the measures proposed to deal with these issues.

TOC Labour market integration of migrant women - Working and living conditions - Proposed measures - Further information

Title 4. Labour Force Survey 2005

Editor Statistical Service of the Republic of Cyprus

Country Cyprus

Time 2005

URL http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/73E4514C7364C6ACC22570CA0031B762/$file/LFS_2005.pdf?OpenElement

Summary This report presents the results of the 2005 Labour Force Survey in comparison to the 2004 issue. It incorporates data on the labour force, i.e. employment and unemployment by economic activity, occupation, educational level, age, sex etc. It also incorporates data on the ad-hoc module conducted during the 2nd quarter of 2005 on ‘Reconciliation between work and family life’.

TOC Preface - Table of Contents – Introduction – Tables - Appendix with questionnaires


http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2007/04/CY0704029I.htm

http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/73E4514C7364C6ACC22570CA0031B762/$file/LFS_2005.pdf?OpenElement

http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/73E4514C7364C6ACC22570CA0031B762/$file/LFS_2005.pdf?OpenElement


2 Summary According to the census of Cypriot establishments conducted in 2005, small sized enterprises employed about 40% of transport workers in the country, while medium and big sized enterprises employed 22.5% and 38% of transport workers, respectively. Employment in transport increased by 19% between 1999 and 2005, reaching 12,000 workers in 2005 and representing about 3.5% of the total employment in Cyprus. By transport subsector, employment in land transport appears to have stagnated between 1997 and 2005 while in water and air transport there has been a remarkable growth of 81% and 14.3%, respectively, in the same period of time. Accordingly, employment in land, water and air transport represented, 40%, 39% and 20%, respectively, of total employment in transport in 2005.

y gender, the number of male workers increased by some 15% since 1999 by among women employment figures in transport rose by 25% in the same period. As far as employment status is concerned, the number of self-employed transport workers increased by 45.5% between 2002 and 2005, in contrast with the total workforce across all sectors, where self-employment saw a minor increase of 3.5%.

Concerning temporary employment in Cyprus, the number of temporary workers in transport went down by 8% between 2003 and 2005, in contrast to the increasing trend in the total workforce across all sectors. Meanwhile, part-time employment in transport grew considerably by some 91% since 2003.

An important aspect of employment in Cyprus is the presence of migrant workers, who have undertaken a significant part of existing work, filling the shortage of manual labour in transport as well as in other economic activity sectors, such as agriculture and construction.

Concerning occupational accidents, the absolute number in transport increased remarkably by 104% between 2001 and 2006, as did the incidence rate per 100,000 workers: from 207.2 in 2001 to 461.4 in 2006. In any case, the overall tendency between 2001 and 2006 is highly uncertain due to relatively low absolute numbers and the wide fluctuations concerning recorded accidents. Fatality rates, on the other hand, are extremely low in transport, counting only two fatal accidents between 2001 and 2006. It has to be emphasised however that these figures may largely be affected by changes in accident reporting, which has a limited background in the country.



3 Statistical and analytical data collection on Transport The transport sector in this template refers to the following NACE codes.

NACE 60: Land transport; transport via pipelines

601 Rail transport

602 Road transport

6021 + 6022 + 6023 = Transport of persons

6024 = Freight transport by road

603 Transport through pipes

NACE 61: Transport over water

611 Transport overseas

612 Inland navigation

NACE 62: Air transport

3.1 Contextual features

3.1.1 General prevalence – Employment

According to CYSTAT, the Statistical Service of the Republic of Cyprus, there was an 18.8% increase in the number of workers in transport between 1999 and 2005. As the total workforce across all sectors grew by 23.6% over the same time period, accordingly, the proportion of transport workers to the total workforce employment went down slightly from 3.7% in 1999 to 3.5% in 2005.

Figure 1: Employment in transport in number (1,000) and percentage share in total, 1999-2005.

10.1 10.6 11.0 10.611.4 12.0

11.7

3.73.6

3.5 3.5

3.7 3.63.6

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

5.0

Number (1,000) % share

Source: CYSTAT, Transport Statistics.

By transport subsectors, employment in land transport remained pretty much at the same level between 1999 and 2005, while both water and air transport reported some increasing figures: 56.7% and 9.1%, respectively, between 1999 and 2005. As a result of this, the proportion of land transport workers in the total transport workforce fell from 48.5% in 1999 to 40.3% in 2005, while the share of



water transport rose from 29.7% to 39.5% during the same period of time. Air transport workers constituted 20.2% of total transport employment in 2005, slightly below the 21.8% they made up back in 1999.

Figure 2: Percentage distribution of employment in transport, by transport subsector, 1999-2005.

48.5 47.2 45.0 45.3 40.7 40.329.7 33.3 32.1

39.5

21.8 20.8 22.6

40.432.1

39.539.0

21.6 20.220.320.2

0

20

40

60

80

100

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

60 Land transport, transport via pipelines 61 Transport over water 62 Air transport

Source: CYSTAT, Transport Statistics.

3.1.2 Size of the enterprises

In 2005, according to the Census of Cypriot establishments by CYSTAT, some 12,000 people were employed in transport sector. More specifically, small sized enterprises (up to 49 workers) employed about 4,700 workers -39.2% of the sector workforce-, while medium sized enterprises (50-249 workers) employed 2,700 workers -22.5% of the sector workforce-. Finally, large enterprises (more than 250 workers) employed some 4,600 workers -38.3% of the transport workforce-.

3.1.3 Distribution by gender

Information on employment by gender is only available for the aggregate transport, storage and communication sector (NACE 60-64). Bearing this in mind, the number of male workers in the sector increased by some 14.6% from 1999 to 2005, while their female counterparts increased their employment numbers by 25% over the same period of time. Following this evolution, the share of female workers in transport has increased slightly over the years, from making up 29.4% of the sector workforce in 199 to 31.3% by 2005.

Meanwhile, in the overall workforce across all activity sectors male employment went up by 17.5% while female employment grew by 32.4%. The gender distribution is more balanced than in transport as male workers made up 56.1% of the total workforce in 2005 as opposed to the 43.9% share of their female counterparts. As in transport though, the evolution over time shows a slight reduction in the gender gap.



Figure 3: Percentage distribution by gender of employment in transport, storage and communications (NACE 60-64) and the total working population, 1999-2005.

Transport, storage and communications

70.6 70.1 70.3 70.3 70.4 69.9 68.8

29.4 29.9 29.7 29.7 29.6 30.1 31.3

0102030405060708090

100

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Males Females

Total

59.0 58.0 56.4 55.4 54.7 55.7 56.1

41.0 42.0 43.6 44.6 45.3 44.3 43.9

0102030405060708090

100

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Males Females

Source: CYSTAT, Labour statistics.

There is limited information by gender for each subsector. However, according to the 2005 Census of Cypriot establishments, a vast majority of workers in land transport were men (93.8%) while women only made up 6.3% of the subsector workforce. The gender distribution was a bit more balanced in water transport, where women represented 26.5% of the workforce, and air transport, where almost half of the workforce (47.8%) were women.



Figure 4: Percentage distribution by gender of employment in transport subsectors, 2005.

93.8

6.3

73.5

26.5

52.247.8

0102030405060708090

100

Males Females

60 Land transport, transport via pipelines 61 Transport over water 62 Air transport

Source: CYSTAT, Census of establishments 2005 Vol. I, table 4.

3.1.4 Distribution by employment status

3.1.4.1 Self-employment

Again, available data on self-employment cover the aggregate transport, storage and communication sector (NACE 60-64). Taking this into account, self-employment in the sector grew significantly by some 45.5% between 2002 and 2005, while the corresponding growth in the total workforce across all activity sectors was more modest: 3.5%. Accordingly, the share of self-employment in total transport, storage and communication employment grew until 13.3% in 2005, and therefore, exceeding the corresponding share of self-employment in the total working population (12.4%) for the first time since 2002.

Figure 5: Percentage share of self-employment in transport, storage and communications (NACE 60-64) and the total working population, 2002-2005.

10.0 9.310.5

13.313.2 13.4 13.1 12.4

02468

101214161820

2002 2003 2004 2005

Transport, storage and communications Total

Source: CYSTAT.



3.1.4.2 Temporary employment

Bearing in mind that data on temporary employment cover the aggregate transport, storage and communication sector (NACE 60-64), the number of temporary workers in the sector seems to have decreased by 7.7% between 2003 and 2005, while in the total workforce across all sectors temporary employment saw a remarkable 19.6% increase by 19.6% over the same period of time. Accordingly, the proportion of temporary employment in transport went down slightly from 4.2% in 2003 to 3.5% in 2005, while in the total working population it increased from 9.8% to 11% between 2003 and 2005.

Figure 6: Percentage share of temporary employment in transport, storage and communications (NACE 60-64) and the total working population, 1998-2006.

4.25.0

3.5

9.8 10.2 11.0

02468

101214161820

2003 2004 2005


Source: LFS.

3.1.4.3 Part-time work Again, data on part-time work cover transport, storage and communications (NACE 60-64). The number of part-time workers in the sector in Cyprus increased remarkably by 90.7% between 2003 and 2005, while in the total workforce part-time employment increased by 5.5% over the same period. Nevertheless, the share of part-time employment in the total working population was still almost three times higher than in transport, storage and communications in 2005: 9.1% and 3.4%, respectively.

Figure 7: Percentage share of part-time employment in transport, storage and communications (NACE 60-64) and the total working population, 2003-2005.

2.0 2.03.4

9.2 8.9 9.1

02468

101214161820

2003 2004 2005


Source: LFS.



3.1.5 Long and short distance transport

National road transport in Cyprus is carried out by both hired and owned vehicles. The total national road transport tonnage was as high as 53,706 tonnes in 2005. Slightly over 40% of the total was conducted by big -over 15 tonnes- rigid truck vehicles, while 37.3% was undertaken by road tractors. The remaining 22.7% of national transport tonnage was transported by means of smaller -3 to 10 tonnes- and medium -10 to 15 tonnes- rigid trucks.

Table 1: National road transport: number of tonnes, by vehicle capacity and ownership/type of transport, 2005.

Hired Owned Total

Road tractor 13,743.0 6,300.8 20,043.8

Small (3.0-9.9 tonnes) 723.6 6,179.4 6,903.0

Medium (10.0-14.9 tonnes) 1,081.4 3,935.9 5,017.3

Big (15.0 tonnes +) 10,393.0 11,348.9 21,741.9

Total 25,941.0 27,765.0 53,706.0

Source: CYSTAT, Transport statistics 2005.

As far as international road transport is concerned, the total transferred tonnage (imports and exports) was 19,748 tonnes in 2005. This type of transport was exclusively carried out by large -25 tonnes and over- freight vehicles, most of which were hired. The main countries of origin, in terms of tonnage of origin, are Greece, followed by the Netherlands and Italy. Greece is also the first country of destination, followed by the UK.

Table 2: International road transport: number of tonnes, by type of transport and country of origin/destination, 2005.

Origin Destination

Country Hired Owned Total Country Hired Owned Total

Austria 242 0 242 Austria 60 0 60

Germany 153 0 153 Germany 383 0 383

Greece 8,213 9 8,222 Greece 5,522 10 5,532

United Kingdom 683 0 683 United Kingdom 1,171 0 1,171

Netherlands 1,413 0 1,413 Netherlands 290 0 290

Italy 1,024 0 1,024 Albania 165 0 165

Other countries 140 0 140 Other countries 270 0 270

Total 11,868 9 11,877 Total 7,861 10 7,871

Source: CYSTAT, Transport statistics 2005.



3.1.6 Migrant workers

According to CYSTAT, the number of migrant workers in transport, storage and communication rose by 35.5% between 2000 and 2005, from 1,204 to 1,631 workers. Over the same period of time the corresponding growth across all activity sectors was 111.5%, counting 55,827 people in 2005. Bearing in mind this evolution, the share of transport in the total number of migrant workers in Cyprus went down from 4.6% in 2000 to 2.9% in 2005.

Table 3: Foreign workers in Cyprus by economic activity 2000-2005

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Transport, storage and communication

1,204 1,365 1,358 1,388 1,535 1,631

Total 26,398 30,196 35,122 40,656 47,310 55,827

Source: CYSTAT, Labour Statistics 2005.

1. Employment and working conditions of migrant workers — Cyprus, EWCO, 2007

By Polina Stavrou, INEK/PEO

According to estimates by the Civil Registry and the Migration Department (Ministry of Home Affairs), at the beginning of 2005 the number of undeclared migrants in Cyprus was around 25,000 and expected to increase in the coming years. However, a significant proportion of undeclared migrant workers in Cyprus may officially have the status of foreign students. Regarding the migrant active population, and according to the Department of Social Insurance Services (Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance), in 2005 there were 684 migrant workers employed in transport, making up 1.5% of the total migrant workforce in the country that year. The biggest employers of migrant workers were households (35.1% of the total migrant workforce), restaurants (12.2%) and wholesale, retail and repairs (10%) –see Table 4.

Table 4: Number of migrant workers by sector of economic activity, 2005.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY SECTOR Average

Number

Percentage of

Total

AGRICULTURE/ANIMAL PRODUCTION, FORESTRY, HUNTING 4,069 8.80%

FISHERIES 39 0.08%

MINES, QUARRIES 49 0.10%

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 3,654 7.91%

WATER SUPPLY, ELECTRICITY, LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS 14 0.03%

CONSTRUCTION 4,085 8.84%

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, REPAIRS 4,623 10.00%

HOTELS 2,305 4.99%

RESTAURANTS 5,623 12.16%



TRANSPORT, COMMUNICATIONS, WAREHOUSES 684 1.48%

INTERMEDIARY FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 229 0.49%

OTHER COMMERCIAL SERVICES 1,389 3.00%

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 842 1.82%

EDUCATION 529 1.14%

HEALTH AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES 785 1.70%

OTHER SOCIAL ACTIVITIES 1,029 2.22%

HOUSEHOLD STAFF 16,326 35.09%

EXTRATERRITORIAL ORGANISATIONS 61 0.13%

TOTAL 46,904 100.00%

May include people who are permanent residents of Cyprus but come from third countries.

Please note that employment in hotels also includes the category of artists.

The data are not comparable with previous years due to correction of data on the basis of new information and different data collection methods.

Source: Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance, Department of Social Insurance Services, Statistics Sector.

Data provided by the Department of Labour Inspection (Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance) show that workplace accidents involving migrant workers constitute less than 15% of the total occupational accidents in Cyprus. More specifically, 5 accidents involving migrant workers were recorded in transport, storage and communications between 2004 and 2005. There are no data on occupational diseases for migrant workers.

Full text available at: http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/studies/tn0701038s/cy0701039q.htm


http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/studies/tn0701038s/cy0701039q.htm


3.2 Exposure to risks

3.2.1 Physical work factors

3.2.1.1 Road safety

Regarding road safety, there are available data on road accidents –serious and fatal- involving buses and trucks. Although the examined time period is short for extracting trends, it is noticeable that the number of serious traffic accidents involving truck drivers showed a significant 53.3% decrease since 2003, while the death toll fluctuated between 9 in 2005 and 23 in 2004. Regarding bus drivers, fatal accidents seem to have decreased, from 3 in 2003 to none in 2005, whereas serious accidents increased in 2004 (94) only to go down again in 2005 (22).

Figure 8: Road accidents: number of fatal and serious accidents of drivers, by type of vehicle, 2003-2005.

3 15 2 23 0 931

484

94

339

22

226

050

100150200250300350400450500

Bus Trucks Bus Trucks Bus Trucks

2003 2004 2005

Fatal Serious

Source: CYSTAT, Transport statistics 2005

3.2.2 Health outcomes

3.2.3 Occupational accidents

3.2.3.1 General

According to the Cypriot Department of Labour Inspection (DLI), there were 2,107 occupational accidents in the total working population across all activity sectors in 2006, up from 1,064 in 2001. In any case, part of this 98% increase is likely to be the result of an improved accident recording and reporting procedure.

Regarding occupational accidents in transport, due to the small numbers in air and water transport it is not possible to define specific trends. As far as land transport is concerned, there appears to be an increasing number of accidents in 2006 compared to 2001, but the overall trend throughout the period is uncertain. Concerning fatal occupational accidents, they are very low in transport, with only two cases recorded in land transport between 2001 and 2006.



Table 5: Number of occupational accidents, by transport subsector, total transport and total working population, 2001-2006.

Land

transport

Water transport

Air transport

Total transport

Total

(all NACE)

2001 6 2 5 13 1,064

2002 22 1 7 30 1,670

2003 19 0 3 22 2,086

2004 26 4 4 34 2,086

2005 30 3 3 36 2,175

2006 25 4 8 37 2,107

Source: Department of Labour Inspection (DLI).

Available data on incidence rates per 100,000 workers of occupational accidents in transport include also storage and communication subsectors. Bearing this in mind, the incidence rate rose significantly from 207.2 in 2001 to 461.4 in 2006. In any case, as shown in Figure 9, this evolution has not been constant over time.

Figure 9: Incidence rate (per 100,000 workers) of occupational accidents in transport, storage and communication, 2001-2006.

207.2

672.8

351.6 351.6

916.1

461.4

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006


3.2.3.2 By gender

The increase in occupational accidents between 2001 and 2006 has been experienced by both genders. Regarding male workers, the number of accidents in land transport rose by 267% between 2001 and 2006, while the respective number in the male workforce across all activity sectors increased by 88% over the same period of time. Similarly, the number of accidents involving the total female workforce rose by 157%. Regarding male and female workers in water and air transport, as well as female land transport workers, the low numbers of accidents do not allow defining any particular trend for the examined period (2001-2006).



Table 6: Number of occupational accidents, by gender, transport subsector and total working population, 2001- 2006

Males

Land transport

Water transport

Air transport

Total (All NACE)

2001 6 2 5 905

2002 21 0 3 1,436

2003 19 0 1 1,737

2004 26 2 2 1,840

2005 27 3 2 1,789

2006 22 4 3 1,699

Females

Land transport

Water transport

Air transport

Total (All NACE)

2001 0 0 0 159

2002 1 1 4 234

2003 0 0 2 349

2004 0 2 2 332

2005 3 0 1 386

2006 3 0 5 408


3.2.3.3 By cause

The following information is presented for indicative purposes only, as it is obvious that due to the small numbers involved, it is not possible to define a specific trend of some sort. In any case it can bee seen, as expected, that the main cause of occupational accidents in transport are transport means and the work environment.

Figure 10: Number of occupational accidents in transport, by cause, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2006.

1 1 1

45

7

11

810

16

0 01

0 00 0 0

9

24

10

5

13 13

2

87

01

02468

101214161820

2001 2002 2003 2005 2006

Machinery Transport mean Other Equipment Material / substances Work environment Other cause




3.3 Legislation and policies

3.3.1 Legislation

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) legislation on transport sector is issued by the Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance in collaboration with the Ministry of Communications and Works. In 1999 the Republic of Cyprus initiated the procedure of harmonisation of national legislation with the European Union legislative framework, which was fully completed in May 2004, when Cyprus became a member of the EU. The Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance is exclusively involved in the harmonisation of ‘Chapter 13 - Social policy and employment’ and, to a lesser extent, in the legislation on free distribution of goods, social and personal service activities and transport activities. Until today, 117 enactments have been voted, some 70 of which on terms and conditions of employment, the establishment of equal opportunities between male and female workers, OSH and discrimination at the workplace. The remaining 47 enactments concern other subjects, including transport activities. According to the Safety and Health at Work Law of 1996 (Law 89(I)/1996), item 14, paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, item 15 and the Safety and Health at Work (Amendment) Law of 2002 (Law 25(I)/2002), item 6, all employees and workers are covered by the OSH legislation in Cyprus. Self–employed workers in particular (item 14, par. 1), should ‘conduct all works in such a way in order to ensure, as plausibly feasible, that themselves as well as third parties possibly involved, are not exposed to any danger regarding their safety or health’. The Safety and Health at Work Law of 1996 applies to all private and public organisations, including transport activities, (Law 25(I) 2002, Item 4, par.1). More specifically, OSH in transport is regulated through a series of laws of either general or specific nature that apply to all transport activities in Cyprus:

General Health and Safety legislation The Safety and Health at Work Law 89(I)/1996 is the general framework that includes the

obligations of employees, self-employed, work equipment suppliers and employers. The latter refers to health and safety consultation and organisation, workplace arrangements, measures against hazardous sources and general obligations. The authority of occupational inspectors is also described. It was fully harmonized with Directive 89/391/EC through Law 25(I)/2002.

Law 158(I)/2001 is an amendment to include dangerous substances. Law 41(I)/2003 settled issues regarding occupational doctors, whereas P.I. 628/2004 settled that specifications of general legislation on safety engineers and workers’ representation will apply to enterprises employing five or more workers. OHS organization is also described by P.I. 173/2002. Employee representation was also regulated by Order 1035/3.10.2005 (Pancypriot board of safety and health) and P.I. 134/1997. P.I. 530/2007 and P.I. 531/2007 deal with reporting of occupational accidents and diseases.

On fixed term employment, P.I. 184/2002 adopted Directive 91/383/EEC and Law 99(I)/2003 completed the harmonization of Directive 1999/70/EC.

European legislation on Biological Agents (Directives 2000/54/EC, 93/88/EEC, 95/30/EC, 97/59/EC, 97/67/EC, 90/679/EEC) was harmonised by P.I. 144/2001 and on Carcinogens (Directives 90/394/EEC, 97/42/EC and 1999/38/EC) by P.I. 153/2001 and P.I. 493/2004. Chemical substances (Directives 98/24/EC, 91/322/EEC, 2000/39/EC and 96/94/EC) are regulated by P.I. 268/2001 and its amendment, P.I. 55/2004

Use of Work Equipment at Work (Directives 89/655/EEC, 95/63/EC) was settled by P.I. 444/2001, Directive 2000/45/EC (ladders, ropes, and scaffolds) by P.I. 497/2004, Directives 89/655/EEC, 95/63/EC (Use of Personal Protective Equipment at Work) by P.I. 470/2001 and Directive 90/270/EC (Visual Displays) by 455/2001.




Directive 89/654/EEC (workplace specifications) was adopted through P.I. 174/2002 and P.I. 494/2004 (electrical installations). Directive 90/269/EEC (Safety and Health Signs at Work) was adopted through P.I. 212/2000.

Directives 86/188/EEC and 2003/10/EC (Protection from Noise) were adopted through P.I. 230/2002 and P.I. 317/2006 respectively, whereas Directive 2002/44/EC (Protection from Vibrations) through P.I. 332/2005. Manual handling of loads is settled by P.I. 267/2001.

Road transport-specific legislation

The most important part on safety legislation for land transport in Cyprus deals with the

transportation of dangerous goods (ADR) and the working time organisation for drivers. Cyprus recently adopted the ADR (European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road), through Law 9(III)/2004 and training courses for drivers have been organised on transportation of dangerous goods as well as provisions for the registration and control of such vehicles. In any case, the implementation of the ADR in Cyprus is still limited.

Working time organisation for drivers, i.e. the maximum permitted driving hours and minimum breaks (Regulations 3820/85/EEC, 3821/85/EEC, Directive 88/599/EEC) is regulated by Law 137(I)/2004 and Law 47(I)/2005.

General driving regulation has recently been updated by P.I. 4278/2008. Marine transport-specific legislation Cyprus has a long tradition in merchant shipping as a result of which there is extended legislation for merchant shipping in the country. General legislation for merchant shipping is provided by the Carriage of Goods by Sea Law,

Cap. 263 and The Merchant Shipping (Safety Regulations and Seamen) Law, Cap. 292. Organisation of Working Time of Seafarers is settled by Law 79(I)/2003 and minimum

requirements of medical treatment on board ships, by Law 175(I)/2002. Requirements and procedures for the safe loading and unloading of bulk carriers are

described by Law 28(I)/2004. Marine Equipment for Merchant Shipping is described by Law 55(I)/2002 and its amendment

Law 48(I)/2004 Law 110(I)/2006. A basic safety requirement (Double Hull or Equivalent Design Requirements for Single Hull Oil Tankers) was adopted by Law 121(I)/2004. Prohibition of Organotin Compounds on Ships was adopted by Law 167(I)/2004.

For Fishing Vessels there is certain OHS legislation (Directive 93/103/EC), which is included in Law 160(I)/2002.

Safety Rules and Standards for Passenger Ships are settled through Law 58(I)/2002 and its amendment Law 47(I)/2004. Regular Ro-Ro Ferry and High Speed Passenger Craft Services are regulated by Law 59(I)/2002 and its amendment, Law 46(I)/2004 and their stability requirements by Law 48(I)/2005.

Documents

Osh in figures: Annex to Report: Occupational Safety and ...ISSN 1831-9343 Osh in figures: Annex to Report: Occupational Safety and Health in the road transport sector: An overview