David Goldsheyder, MS,MA,CPEIndustrial Engineer/ErgonomistU.S.DOL/OSHA/Region 2Technical Support

OSHA ErgonomicsOSHA ErgonomicsTechnical UpdateTechnical Update

ErgonomicsErgonomics

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

A body of knowledge about human abilities, limitationsA body of knowledge about human abilities, limitationsand other characteristics and the application of this and other characteristics and the application of this information to the design of tools, machines, systems, information to the design of tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs and environments for safe, comfortable and tasks, jobs and environments for safe, comfortable and effective human use. effective human use.

(Alphonse (Alphonse ChapanisChapanis))

The science of fitting workplace conditions and job The science of fitting workplace conditions and job demands to the capabilities of the working population. demands to the capabilities of the working population.

(NIOSH, 1997)(NIOSH, 1997)

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Ergonomics: Ergonomics: Multidisciplinary ScienceMultidisciplinary Science

AnatomyAnatomy

PhysiologyPhysiology

PsychologyPsychology

BiomechanicsBiomechanics

EngineeringEngineering

AnthropometryAnthropometry

ERGONOMICSERGONOMICSERGONOMICS

GOALGOAL –– to fit the job to the personto fit the job to the personvs.vs. fitting the person to the job!fitting the person to the job!

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Musculoskeletal Disorders: Musculoskeletal Disorders: MSDsMSDs

Disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, Disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, or spinal disksligaments, joints, cartilage, or spinal disks

Disorders that reflect gradual or chronic Disorders that reflect gradual or chronic developmentdevelopment

Disorders diagnosed by the medical history, Disorders diagnosed by the medical history, physical examination or other medical testsphysical examination or other medical tests

Disorders with several distinct features or Disorders with several distinct features or defined by the location of the paindefined by the location of the pain

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

WorkWork--Related Related MSDsMSDs: : WMSDsWMSDs

Disorders to which the work environment Disorders to which the work environment and the performance of work contributeand the performance of work contributesignificantlysignificantly

Disorders that are made worse or longer Disorders that are made worse or longer lasting by work conditionslasting by work conditions

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

WMSDsWMSDs: National Problem: National ProblemThe most prevalent lostThe most prevalent lost--time injuries and time injuries and illnesses in every industryillnesses in every industry

The most costly occupational problemsThe most costly occupational problems

Span diverse workplaces and operations Span diverse workplaces and operations

Cause pain and suffering among workers Cause pain and suffering among workers

Decrease productivity and the quality of Decrease productivity and the quality of products and servicesproducts and services

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

WMSDsWMSDs: : Magnitude of the ProblemMagnitude of the Problem

70 million physician office visits annually 70 million physician office visits annually

130 million total health care encounters130 million total health care encounters

Nearly 1 million people took time away fromNearly 1 million people took time away fromwork to treat or recover from WMSDs work to treat or recover from WMSDs

Economic burden Economic burden -- $54 billion annually $54 billion annually

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

OSHA Comprehensive OSHA Comprehensive Ergonomics Plan Ergonomics Plan

IndustryIndustry--specific guidelinesspecific guidelinesEnforcement measuresEnforcement measuresCompliance assistanceCompliance assistanceErgonomics researchErgonomics research

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

IndustryIndustry--Specific GuidelinesSpecific Guidelines

March, 2003: Ergonomics March, 2003: Ergonomics Guidelines for Nursing Homes Guidelines for Nursing Homes

May, 2004: Ergonomics May, 2004: Ergonomics Guidelines for Retail Grocery Guidelines for Retail Grocery StoresStoresSeptember, 2004: Ergonomics September, 2004: Ergonomics Guidelines for Poultry ProcessingGuidelines for Poultry Processing

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Guidelines vs. StandardsGuidelines vs. Standards

Advisory in natureAdvisory in natureInformational in contentInformational in contentNot a new standard or regulationNot a new standard or regulation

Do not create any new OSHA dutiesDo not create any new OSHA duties

The Guidelines will not be used for enforcement.

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Ergonomics Guidelines: Ergonomics Guidelines: StructureStructure

•• IntroductionIntroduction•• Process for Protecting WorkersProcess for Protecting Workers•• Identifying ProblemsIdentifying Problems•• Implementing SolutionsImplementing Solutions•• TrainingTraining•• Additional ResourcesAdditional Resources

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Process for Protecting WorkersProcess for Protecting Workers

•• Provide management supportProvide management support•• Involve employeesInvolve employees•• Identify problemsIdentify problems•• Implement solutionsImplement solutions•• Address reports of injuriesAddress reports of injuries•• Provide trainingProvide training•• Evaluate ergonomic effortsEvaluate ergonomic efforts

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Ergonomics Program: Ergonomics Program: BenefitsBenefits

●● Additional benefitsAdditional benefits::-- Reduced staff turnover andReduced staff turnover andrelated costsrelated costs

-- Improved employee moraleImproved employee morale-- Increased job satisfactionIncreased job satisfaction

●● Reduced workersReduced workers’’ compensation compensation costscosts

●● Fewer injuries among workersFewer injuries among workers

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

IndustryIndustry--Developed ErgonomicsDeveloped ErgonomicsGuidelinesGuidelines► American Apparel and Footwear American Apparel and Footwear

AssociationAssociation

► American Furniture Manufacturers American Furniture Manufacturers AssociationAssociation

► National Telecommunication Safety National Telecommunication Safety PanelPanel

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/outreach.html

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

EnforcementEnforcement

Coordination of inspections with a legal Coordination of inspections with a legal strategy for successful enforcementstrategy for successful enforcement

Target serious ergonomics violationsTarget serious ergonomics violations

Use special ergo inspection teams to Use special ergo inspection teams to work closely with legal expertswork closely with legal experts

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Enforcement:Enforcement:General Duty ClauseGeneral Duty Clause

OSH Act 1970, Section 5(a)(1)OSH Act 1970, Section 5(a)(1)::

““Each employer shall furnish to each of his Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place ofemployees employment and a place ofemployment which are free from recognized employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.employees.””

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

General Duty Clause:General Duty Clause:ElementsElements

Is there exposure to a hazard?Is there exposure to a hazard?Is it a recognized hazard?Is it a recognized hazard?Is it likely to cause death Is it likely to cause death or serious injury?or serious injury?Is there a feasible meansIs there a feasible meansof abatement?of abatement?

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

OSHA Ergonomics OSHA Ergonomics EnforcementEnforcement

The Department places special The Department places special emphasis on industries using emphasis on industries using the General Duty Clause where the General Duty Clause where ergonomics hazards exist and ergonomics hazards exist and employers are not making good employers are not making good faith efforts to prevent injuriesfaith efforts to prevent injuries

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

■■ April 2002 through August 31st 2007:April 2002 through August 31st 2007:▪▪ Conducted 4,034 inspections involving Conducted 4,034 inspections involving MSDsMSDs

▪ 17 citations to 14 companies17 citations to 14 companies

▪▪ Sent 571 Ergonomic Hazard Alert LettersSent 571 Ergonomic Hazard Alert Letters

▪▪ Sent 103 letters acknowledging employersSent 103 letters acknowledging employers’’effortsefforts

Enforcement: UpdateEnforcement: Update

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

►► Enforcement activity initiated in several Enforcement activity initiated in several ways:ways:

-- Ergonomic LEPsErgonomic LEPs•• AutoAuto--parts manufacturing parts manufacturing •• HospitalsHospitals•• MeatpackingMeatpacking•• WarehousingWarehousing

-- SSTSST-- Complaints/referralsComplaints/referrals

EnforcementEnforcement

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

►► Ergonomic enforcement is a processErgonomic enforcement is a process::▪▪ CSHO evaluates a siteCSHO evaluates a site▪▪ If the AO believes the case should go forward, If the AO believes the case should go forward,

the REC is contacted and if the RO (with RSOL) the REC is contacted and if the RO (with RSOL) agree...agree...

▪▪ Ergonomic Response Team (ERT)Ergonomic Response Team (ERT)-- Consists of RECs, agency Consists of RECs, agency ergonomistsergonomists, industrial hygienist, , industrial hygienist,

industrial engineer, attorneys, physicians, and others industrial engineer, attorneys, physicians, and others -- All with ergonomics experienceAll with ergonomics experience..-- ERT reviews potential cases and makes ERT reviews potential cases and makes recommendations recommendations

to the Assistant Secretaryto the Assistant Secretary

EnforcementEnforcement

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

►► Inspection outcomes:Inspection outcomes:-- No further actionNo further action-- Acknowledgement letterAcknowledgement letter-- Ergonomic Hazard Alert Letter (EHAL)Ergonomic Hazard Alert Letter (EHAL)-- CitationCitation

EnforcementEnforcement

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

EnforcementEnforcement

► Citations:Citations:▪ All cases have been settled

-- 11 Nursing Homes11 Nursing Homes-- 2 Beverage distribution companies2 Beverage distribution companies-- 2 Grocery distribution warehouses2 Grocery distribution warehouses-- 1 Printing company1 Printing company-- 1 Metal door fabrication factory1 Metal door fabrication factory

▪▪ 3 cases (6 citations) resulted in 3 cases (6 citations) resulted in CSAsCSAs-- Approximately 72,000 employeesApproximately 72,000 employees

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Enforcement: Enforcement: EHALsEHALs FollowFollow--up Policyup Policy

SingedSinged: : April 2007April 2007PurposePurpose: : ……to determine whether identified to determine whether identified

hazards and deficiencies have hazards and deficiencies have been addressedbeen addressed

ScopeScope: : ……applies to any ergonomic inspection applies to any ergonomic inspection for which an ergonomic hazard alert for which an ergonomic hazard alert letter (EHAL) has been issued letter (EHAL) has been issued

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

EHALsEHALs FollowFollow--up Policy:up Policy:Initial ContactInitial Contact▪▪ Phone callPhone call▪▪ Explain this is followExplain this is follow--up to original inspectionup to original inspection▪▪ Attempt to speak to original management Attempt to speak to original management contactcontact▪▪ Fax original EHAL and FollowFax original EHAL and Follow--up letterup letter▪▪ Request:Request:

-- Measures taken to address EHALMeasures taken to address EHAL-- OSHA 300 logs since close of inspectionOSHA 300 logs since close of inspection-- Estimated # of fullEstimated # of full--time employees or work hours time employees or work hours for exposed employees for time period corresponding for exposed employees for time period corresponding to OSHA 300 logsto OSHA 300 logs

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Outreach and AssistanceOutreach and Assistance

Provide tools to help workplaces reduceProvide tools to help workplaces reduceand prevent ergonomic injuriesand prevent ergonomic injuriesProvide expertise to assist businesses & workersProvide expertise to assist businesses & workers

Support programs through training grants, Support programs through training grants, curriculum development and other meanscurriculum development and other means

Design compliance assistance tools, new Design compliance assistance tools, new partnerships and recognition programspartnerships and recognition programs

Encourage others to develop best practicesEncourage others to develop best practices

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Outreach and Assistance:Outreach and Assistance:Increasing ResourcesIncreasing Resources

Providing general and guidelineProviding general and guideline--specific specific outreach, assistance and supportoutreach, assistance and support

Featured resources and programsFeatured resources and programs::

●● OSHA WebsiteOSHA Website

●● Cooperative ProgramsCooperative Programs

●● Training and EducationTraining and Education

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Outreach and Assistance: Outreach and Assistance: OSHAOSHA’’ss WebsiteWebsite

www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/index.html

Any company listed on the site or its products does not constitute endorsement by OSHA.Moreover, citations to Web sites external to OSHA do not constitute OSHA endorsement of the sponsoring organizations or their programs and/or products. Furthermore, OSHA

is not responsible for the content of those Web sites.

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

IndustryIndustry--Specific Ergonomics Specific Ergonomics eToolseTools

▪▪ Ergonomics: Solutions Ergonomics: Solutions for Electrical Contractorsfor Electrical Contractors▪▪ Baggage HandlingBaggage Handling

▪▪ Beverage DeliveryBeverage Delivery▪▪ Computer WorkstationsComputer Workstations▪▪ Grocery WarehousingGrocery Warehousing

▪▪ HealthcareHealthcare

▪▪ Poultry ProcessingPoultry Processing

▪▪ PrintingPrinting▪▪ SewingSewing

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/outreach.html#eTools

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Outreach and Assistance:Outreach and Assistance:Training and EducationTraining and Education

OSHA has developed training programs OSHA has developed training programs to address ergonomic hazards:to address ergonomic hazards:■■ Course 225 Course 225 –– Principles of Ergonomics Principles of Ergonomics

Applied to Applied to WMSDsWMSDs

■■ 20 education centers20 education centers

■■ Training is key to safety Training is key to safety and health and health

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Ergonomics ResearchErgonomics Research

National Advisory Committee on National Advisory Committee on Ergonomics (NACE)Ergonomics (NACE)

Work with NIOSH and through NORA: Work with NIOSH and through NORA: encourage research in needed areasencourage research in needed areas

Research gaps identification: application Research gaps identification: application of ergonomic principles in the workplaceof ergonomic principles in the workplace

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Ergonomics Research: Ergonomics Research: NACE RecommendationsNACE Recommendations

■■ Develop guidelines for 16 industries:Develop guidelines for 16 industries:●● Nursing Homes* Nursing Homes* ●● Trucking & Courier Trucking & Courier ●● Air Air Transport Scheduled Transport Scheduled ●● Hospitals Hospitals ●●GroceriesGroceries-- Wholesale Wholesale ●● Motor VehicleMotor Vehicle--Equipment Equipment ●● Motor Motor Vehicles and Car Bodies Vehicles and Car Bodies ●● Plumbing, HVAC Plumbing, HVAC ●● Department Stores Department Stores ●● Retail Grocery* Retail Grocery* ………………. .

■■ Best practices and success storiesBest practices and success stories

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Ergonomics Research: Ergonomics Research: NACE RecommendationsNACE Recommendations

■ Gaps in research about MSDs- Examine validity of techniques used to diagnose MSDs. - Examine the role of psychosocial factors. - Develop animal models to study the effects of physical loading on living tissues. - Examine validity and reliability of existing exposure assessment methods.

- Determine economic impact of ergonomic interventions. - Address multi-factorial causes of MSDs.- Describe natural history of MSDs. - Study factors concerning causation, diagnosis, duration of disability, and other outcomes related to MSDs.

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Ergonomics Research: Ergonomics Research: NACE RecommendationsNACE Recommendations

■ Guiding points for the future- Ergonomics is a noun, not an adjective. -…it is used as suchin formal documents. - Hazards exist in the form of poorlydesigned work practices and/or workplaces. - Ergonomics is a process that can be beneficially used to address job and workplace design. -… Improved safety characteristics occur in concert with productivity improvements. - Once workers no longer need to devote maximum energy to “overcoming” the demands of their work practices and/or workplaces, they can devote those same energies to productivity and quality aspects of their jobs. - The pursuit of a single definition of MSDs has not reached consensus. - OSHA should continue development of guidelines independent of any final definition of MSDs.

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Ergonomics Research: Ergonomics Research: NACE RecommendationsNACE Recommendations

- MSDs are a consequence of exposures to risk factors ofmulti-factorial nature. - Although the exact cause of specific MSD may not be known, and the precise effectiveness of an intervention may not be predictable, objective of ergonomics is to reduce… the demands …of doing the work by controlling these exposures. - To this end a number of tools and guidelines may be useful. - Ergonomics should be included in comprehensive occupational safety and health programs.- It must be recognized there are non-occupational components that also contribute to the development …. of MSDs. -…these components are best addressed by educating the workforce concerning such non-work hazards.

■ Guiding points for the future

www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/recommendations.html

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Ergonomics:Ergonomics:Comprehensive ApproachComprehensive Approach

GoalsGoals::Decrease ergonomic hazardsDecrease ergonomic hazardsReduce injuries and illnessesReduce injuries and illnessesHelp employers prevent Help employers prevent MSDsMSDsEnsure flexibility and encourage Ensure flexibility and encourage innovationinnovation

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Telecommunication Industry:Telecommunication Industry:Prevalence of Prevalence of WMSDsWMSDs

86.5%86.5% 95.5%95.5%

30.0%30.0% 77.5%77.5%

50.0%50.0%

74.2%74.2%36.0%36.0%

Fagarasanu, M. and Kumar, S. 2006. WORK, 27:137-142

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Call Centers: New Area for Call Centers: New Area for Ergonomic ResearchErgonomic Research

▪▪ Call CenterCall Center▪▪ Contact centerContact center▪▪ Customer interaction Customer interaction centercenter▪▪ Call CentreCall Centre

““A work environment in which the A work environment in which the main business is conducted via telephone while main business is conducted via telephone while simultaneously using a VDT Workstationsimultaneously using a VDT Workstation””

(HSE 2006, UK)(HSE 2006, UK)

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Call Centers:Call Centers:Risk factors for Risk factors for MSDsMSDs

●● Awkward posturesAwkward postures

●● Static posturesStatic postures●● Repetitive movementsRepetitive movements

●● Use of excessive forceUse of excessive force

●● Contact stressContact stress

▪▪ Time pressureTime pressure▪▪ Routine work Routine work ▪▪ Low job controlLow job control▪▪ Performance Performance monitoringmonitoring▪▪ Customer diversityCustomer diversity▪▪ Mental stressMental stress

▪▪ High workloadHigh workload▪▪ Task complexityTask complexity

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Call Center Ergonomics:Call Center Ergonomics:RecommendationsRecommendations

► Improved workstation design► Proper placement of input devices

► Adequate pauses and rest breaks► Adequate environmental conditions

► Ergonomics training

► Stretching► Headset selection

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Call Center Ergonomics:Call Center Ergonomics:Additional InformationAdditional Information

- Code of Practice: Occupational Safety and Health in Call Centres. Commission for Occupational Safety and Health, Western Australia, 2005.

- Advice regarding call centre working practices. Health and Safety Executive, UK, 2006.

- Health and Safety Guidelines for Call Centres. Catalog No. 589. WorkCoverNew South Wales. Australia, 2003.

- Ferreira M. et al., 2002. Computer-telephone interactive tasks: predictors of MSDaccording to work analysis and worker’s perception. App Erg 33: 147-153

- Rocha L.E. et al., 2005. Risk factors for MSDs among call center operators of a bank in San Paulo, Brazil. Ind Health 43:637-646.

- Norman K. et al., 2004. Working conditions and health among female and male employees at a call center in Sweden. Am Jour Ind Med 46:55-62.

- Smith M. et al., 2003. Do ergonomics improvements increase computer workers’productivity: an intervention study in call centre. Erg 46(1-3): 3-18.

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Utility Cover Removal: IndustryUtility Cover Removal: Industry--Specific Problematic TaskSpecific Problematic Task

▪▪ Heavy manual liftingHeavy manual lifting

▪▪ Excessive pulling forceExcessive pulling force▪▪ Forceful exertionsForceful exertions

▪▪ High speed jerking movements High speed jerking movements ▪▪ Awkward postures Awkward postures

▪▪ Unfavorable environmental conditionsUnfavorable environmental conditions

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Utility Cover Removal:Utility Cover Removal:Effect of Tool Design Effect of Tool Design

J J –– hook toolhook tool Fulcrum bar toolFulcrum bar tool Magnetic lift toolMagnetic lift tool

Chien-Chi Chang et al., 2003. Investigating the effect of tool design in a utility removal operation. Int Jour Ind Erg 32:81-92

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Potential Ergonomic Solutions: Potential Ergonomic Solutions: Kneeling TasksKneeling Tasks

Balance Balance snapsitsnapsit

www.balansprodukter.se

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Potential Ergonomic Solutions: Potential Ergonomic Solutions: Wire StrippingWire Stripping

Kinetic Reflex Wire Stripper

“Bend the tool not the hand”

www.idealindustries.com

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Potential Ergonomic Solutions: Potential Ergonomic Solutions: CuttingCutting

WireManWireMan PliersPliers

ElectricianElectrician’’s Jab Saws Jab Saw

www.idealindustries.com

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Potential Ergonomic Solutions: Potential Ergonomic Solutions: ScrewdrivingScrewdriving

Black & Decker Cordless Black & Decker Cordless Pivot ScrewdriverPivot Screwdriver

CRAFTSMAN High Performance Screwdriver CRAFTSMAN High Performance Screwdriver

“Bend the tool not the hand”

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Potential Ergonomic Solutions:Potential Ergonomic Solutions:Low Height Tasks Low Height Tasks

WalkstoolWalkstool

www.walkstool.com

Pneumatic Pneumatic StoolStool

Adjustable Adjustable Work StoolWork Stool

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Potential Ergonomic Solutions:Potential Ergonomic Solutions:Handling Wire ReelsHandling Wire Reels

Wire CartWire Cart

Hand Truck Wire CartHand Truck Wire Cartwww.greenlee.com

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Potential Ergonomic Solutions:Potential Ergonomic Solutions:Lifting TasksLifting Tasks

Mobile manipulatorMobile manipulatorDHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2007-111

Design featuresDesign features::

-- Mobile with multiple speedsMobile with multiple speeds-- Compact and easy to stow orCompact and easy to stow ortransporttransport

-- Full range of motionFull range of motion-- Operator controls movementOperator controls movement-- Leveling and stability providedLeveling and stability providedby jacksby jacks

-- Gripping attachments forGripping attachments forspecific tasksspecific tasks

-- Power choices: onPower choices: on--boardboardbattery, compressed air or battery, compressed air or 110110--V cordV cord

-- Braking on lifting arm for load controlBraking on lifting arm for load control-- Loads lifted: 50 Loads lifted: 50 –– 600 lbs600 lbs

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Additional Ergonomics ResourcesAdditional Ergonomics Additional Ergonomics ResourcesResources

WORK: Journal of Prevention, Assessment and WORK: Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation Rehabilitation

ErgonomicsErgonomics Applied ErgonomicsApplied Ergonomics

International Journal of Industrial ErgonomicsInternational Journal of Industrial ErgonomicsHuman FactorsHuman Factors Ergonomics in DesignErgonomics in Design

American Journal of Industrial MedicineAmerican Journal of Industrial Medicine

Journal of Occupational & Environmental HygieneJournal of Occupational & Environmental HygieneJournal of Occupational RehabilitationJournal of Occupational Rehabilitation

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

● NIOSH: Ergonomics and MSDshttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ergonomics/

● European Agency for Safety and Health at Workhttp://osha.europa.eu/info

● Health & Safety Executive, UK http://www.hse.gov.uk/● Canada’s National Occupational Safety & Health

Resource http://www.ccohs.ca/● Cornell University Ergonomics Web

http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/● University of Michigan Center for Ergonomics

http://www.engin.umich.edu/

Additional Ergonomics ResourcesAdditional Ergonomics Additional Ergonomics ResourcesResources

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

Safety and HealthSafety and HealthAdd ValueAdd Value

•• To Your BusinessTo Your Business•• To Your WorkplaceTo Your Workplace•• To Your LifeTo Your Life

The ChallengeThe Challenge

Adding valueAdding valueWorking together Working together Moving the dialogue Moving the dialogue forwardforwardReducing ergonomic injuriesReducing ergonomic injuries

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

USDOL/OSHA/R2/DG

1-800-321-OSHA

www.osha.gov