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OTOMOTİV UYGULAMALARIND
A OPTİK İNCE FİLMLER
Berk Ş. DEMİRELMeta. Mal. Müh.
506041405
İÇERİK
• Düz Cama Giriş
• Float Cam Kaplamalrı & Uygulamalar
• Float Cam Kaplama Prosesleri
Düz Cama Giriş
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Mechanism of Light Absorbed by the The Mechanism of Light Absorbed by the MaterialMaterial
Float Cam Kaplamaları
& Uygulamalar
Float Cam;
Dış cephe kaplamaları ve otomobil camı uygulamalarında...
Float cam üretimi,“floating:yüzdürme" erimiş camın, erimiş kalay banyosu üstünde yüzdürülmesine dayanır.
Bu prosesle üretilmiş camların yüzeyleri birbirine ola bildiğince paralel ve üretim yünteminin tamamı yüzey hatalarının oluşumundan bağımsız.
Optik özellikleri değiştirmek için :
Transmission, Reflection, Absorption, Scattering
Termal izolasyon katmak için :
“U değeri”
Estetik özellik kazandırmak için :
Yansıyan renk ve Parlaklık
Yeni özellikler kazandırmak için:
Elektrik iletkenliği, Termal iletkenlik, Hydrophylic,
hydrophobic, photocatalytic, antistatik, low-e, güneş kontrolü
Yüzey dayanıklığı kazandırmak :
Kimyasal, fiziksel
Neden Kaplıyoruz
Fonksiyonel Sınıflandırma– Solar Kontrol (Güneş Kontrol) Kaplamalar– Heat Kontrol (Isı Kontrol) Kaplamaları– Solar & heat Kontrol multifonksiyonel Kaplamalar
– Değişik maksatlı Kaplamalar
Optik Özellik Olarak Sınıflandırma– Reflective Kaplamalar– Nötral Kaplamalar– Non-reflective(Yansıtmayan:AR) Kaplamalar
Fonksiyonel Camların Çeşitleri ve Kullanım Analnaları
Photocathalytic Cam
Solar Kontrol Cam
Buzlanmaya Karşı Cam
AR Yan Camlar
www.bmw.com
Akıllı Camların Optik Özellikleri
Geçirgenlik Geçirgenlik %T YansıtmaYansıtma %R SaoğurmaSaoğurma %A Saçılma Saçılma %S
%T +%R+%A+%S = 1
Güneş Radyasyonunun Spektral Analizi
Görinmeyen ultraviole (UV) Güneş Enerjisinin % 1
Görünür Işık Güneş Enerjisinin % 53
Görünmeyen Yakın Kızılötesi (NIR) Güneş Enerjisinin % 46
Güneş enerjisinin yarısı görünür ve diğer yarısı görünmeyen ışındır. Bu bölümlerin ikiside radyasyon ısısı taşıyaçak özelliğe sahiptir.
PARRY MOON EĞREİSİ
Wave lenghts in nanometers
Ra
dia
tio
n i
nte
ns
ity
(W
/m²n
m)
Float Cam (Kaplamasız)
Görüünür bölgede YÜKSEK ışık geçirgenliği, DÜŞÜK yansıtma !
Camın yasıma indeksi: n=1.52
MgF2: n= 1.23 Kalınlık = 110 nm, λ = 0.55 μm
Tek katlı AR filmler, genelde tek bir dalga boyunda(görünür bölgenin orta kısmı) anti raflekte özellik sağlarlar.
Çok katlı filmler, Toplam görünür spectrum için daha iyi sonuçlar vermektedir.
AR İnce Filmler
UV Vis NIR IR%T
Çok katlı AR ince film
Cam Altlık üzerine tek kat MgF2 ince film
Applications of AR Glasses
Computer Screens
Normal Glass AR Glass
Frames
Low trasmisssion in the UV values
Shopwindow, houses;
To keep the color of curtain, carpet etc.
To protect eyes from UV rays (eye glasses)
UV Vis NIR IR%T
UV Control Glasses
Reflection of Heat by low-E coatings
Low-E heat control coating normally on surface no 2 ;& also in cold climates on surface no 3
Note:
70 % of household heat escapes through windows by radiation.
30 % of household heat escapes through windows by conduction
1 2
3 4
Exterior Interior
1. Solar energy penetrates inside without much obstruction increasing the passive solar gains.
2. Long wave heat energy is generated inside by the heaters, household activities, sunlit carpets, furniture, etc.
3. Long wave radiant heat energy is reflected back to the interior sources lowering the U values by 36 % and thus increasing the heat insulation value.
Low-E Coated Glass
HEAT INSULATION
U value
The effectiveness of heat insulation is expressed in terms of U (or k)
values which are defined in W/m²K unit.
U values indicate the amount of energy in watts which passes
from the warmer side to the cooler side in one second through 1 m²
of building element when there is a difference of 10 Kelvin (or
Centigrade) between two adjacent sides.
Therefore lower U (or k)= W/m²K values indicate better heat
insulation and lower energy needs for heating.
T + R + A =1Wavelenght > 2500nm : T= 0
R + A = 1A = 1 – R = e
What do we use for coating
- Single layer or multi layer - Metal or Metal compounds.
P, O, N, B... Compounds
Architectural Glass Automotive Glass
Architectural glass is highly transparentand generally neutral in color with varioustinted solar control combinations.
The automotive industry needs highlytransparent bendable glass but also solarcontrol glass, mirrors and defrostinglayersLow-e coating Solar Control Coating
•Sn •Ag•Zn •NiCr•Bi•Ti
•Sn •Cr•Zn•Bi •Au•Ti
•Sn•Cr•Ti•ZnSn•In2O2/SnO2
•InSn
Thickness of thin films : Angstrom, 2000 A – 3000 A ( 1Angstrom =10Thickness of thin films : Angstrom, 2000 A – 3000 A ( 1Angstrom =10 --
11nm=10 nm=10 -7-7 mm = 10 mm = 10-10-10 m) m)
Materials and Properties SiO2 - Low index material, very low absorption in the UV, visible and infrared
TiO2 - High index material, very low absorption in the visible and infrared
Ta2O5 - High index material, very low absorption in the visible and extended transmission (down to 400 nm)
HfO2 - High index material, particularly suited to UV filters
ITO - Transparent conducting oxide
Cr, Co and Ferrooxides – Absorp the visible and IR lights
Ag - Reflects visible light
MgF2 - Low index coating material, used for anti-reflection and multilayer coatings
SnO2 - Max transmittance in the visible region. highly durable for salt spray, sulfur dioxide
Standard Materials used in Glass Coating
Smart Glasses
Photochromic glasses can be changed by light.
Thermochromic glasses can be changed by temperature.
Electrochromic glasses can be changed by electrical flow.
Gaschromic glasses can be changed by gas appliance.
The optical properties of;
Automotive Applications
Front window: AR,electrochromic,hydrophobic, photocatalytic
Side and rear windows : AR, Solar control
Rearview mirror : electrochromic
Side mirror : Defrosting, hydrophylic
Sunroof: Solar control– Electrochromic
• High T at “Visible light”• Low “Total Sun Energy” transmission.• Low diffusion• Low R• Natural view
Solar Control Glasses and Multi Functional Glasses
g
interior
qo
e
qi
Tee
exterior
1 2 3 4
surfaces
Total incident solar energy between wave
lenghts 300-2500, % 100
e Reflection out
e Absorbtion
qo Absorbed solar energy “cooling” outward
qi Absorbed solar energy “cooling” inward
Te Direct solar transmittance
g Total solar transmittance (solar factor)
• Energy saving for both heating and
cooling• Natural view• Energy saving for illumination
Synergy of Two Coatings
1. Absorbed portion of the solar energy heats the outer glass which in turn emits far infra-red long wave energy.
2. This long wave energy is reflected to the outside by the low-E heat control coating which is normally transparent to shortwave radiation .
3. The same low-E coating rejects and reflects the long wave household energy back to the inside.
Interior
Surface no 3 low E coating
1 2 3 4
Exterior
Surface no 2 solar coatingLow-E heat control coatings in combination with solar control coatings are also helpful in upgrading the overall solar control capabilities of the unit.
Role of Functional Coatings on Climate Control
Standard reflective solar coatings:
•Obstructs solar energy whether visible or non visible;
•Indifferent to escaping household heat
Low-E heat control coatings:
•Allows passage of solar energy to the interior;
•Obstructs outging far infrared household heat;
Passive solar gains acquired in this manner may be problematic in summer.
Reflective solar control+Low-E heat control:
•First coating obstructs solar energy
•While the second obstructs the household heat thus providing a multifunctional solution
Special Low-e multifunctional coatings:
Solar control and heat control in one coating
•Allows visible energy spectrum (light)
•Obstructs non-visible solar energy (near infrared)
•Obstructs outgoing far infrared household heat
Visible solar energy (daylight 380-780nm)
Non visible solar energy (near infrared 780-2200 nm)
Electrochromic İne Fİlmler
• Tungsten-Vanadium Oxide• Cerium-Titanium Oxide • Tungsten Oxide • Lithium Nickel Oxide... vs
Float Cam Kaplama Prosesleri
DC sputtering yönteminin şematik görünümü
Magnetron sputtering sistemlerinin şematik görünümleri
Şişecam`ın kaplama hattı
Kaplama için Targetlar
Tek parça NiCr Rotatable target (C-Mag)
Çok parça SISPA®
Off-Line(Hat Dışı) kaplama Sistemi
Yükleme
Tampon bölge
Yıkama-Kurutma
Giriş Tüneli
Kaplama Odası
Çıkış Tüneli
Transfer Odası Transfer Odası
Kontrol
Tampon bölge
Boşaltma
Katotlar
SnSnAgNiCr
PPG SOLARBAN® 60PPG SOLARBAN® 60
includes two thin films of silver surrounded by thin metal oxide layers, including titanium, zinc oxide and zinc stannate
The enhanced performance of coated glass is due to two thin layers of silver, which are highly reflective in the infrared (IR)
Silver also reflects visible light, it is combined with other layers that act as anti-reflectors, such as zinc stannate and zinc oxide, among others.
The metal oxide films "anti-reflect" the metallic silver, resulting in a neutral color with low visible reflectance and high visible light transmittance
10 thin layers that measure only 1,500 Angstroms
Sıvı faz pirolitik kaplamaÇözelti spreyleme
Cam: 5800C
On line Proses :
Sıvı Faz “pyrloytic coating“
Cam; 5800 C
CVD Prosesi
Schematic view of online coating reactor used to deposit fluorine-doped tin oxide.
Glass is a durable, pyrolytically deposited coating. (Line - in)
It includes a thin layer of fluorine-doped tin oxide for superior thermal
insulating properties.
The proprietary graded index layer suppresses color reflection to give
the glass a neutral, clear look.
Coated Glass features a % 30 U-value improvement compared to the
U- value of the uncoated glass.
PPG SUNGATE® 500
Pyrolitic Process Sputtering
High Production Rate Variaty of products
Low Cost High Performance
High Strength & Durability Appropriate to stock
Suitable for heat-treatment
Long shelf life
Comparing of Two Processes in Turkey
New Trends for coating system
Cold Process – Magnetron Sputtering
Molecular bombardment
The film is coated not glass
Uses a wide range of metals for performance and appearance
Deposits a smooth layer of metal
Slow process = expensive
Referanslar
[1] www.sisecam.com (10.11.2004)[2] www.glassfiles.com (10.12.2004)[3] www.glassonweb.com (10.12.2004)[4] www.pilkington.com (14.11.2004)[5] www.cerac.com (18.11.2004)[6] Bach H., Krause D.,“Thin films on glass”, Berlin : Springer, 1997[7] Macleod H. A., “Thin-film optical filters”, Bristol ; Philadelphia :
Institute of Physics Pub., 2001[8] Hummel R. E., Guenther K. H., “Handbook of optical properties”,
Boca Raton : CRC Press, 1995
[9] http://windows.lbl.gov/Default.htm (19.12.2004)
Thank you for your patience
&
Happy New Year
MAGNESIUM FLUORIDE, MgF2
• A low index coating material
• has been used for anti-reflection and multilayer coatings
• It is insoluble and hard if deposited on hot substrates
• The factor that limits MgF2 layer
thickness to ~1 µm is internal stress
• MgF2 can be doped with BaF2 to
reduce this stress and permit thicker layers to be grown.
• can be evaporated by Electron beam, Resistance heating, Magnetron sputtering
TITANIUM OXIDES TiO2
• Has been used for the visible region,• Provides the highest index film material for the visible region,• It is hard and stable in combination with other oxides,• Titanium and oxygen form a number of stable phases, the most practical being
TiO, TiO2, Ti2O3 and Ti3O5
• Yield a durable protective coating used in multilayers for laser mirrors, beam splitters, cold mirrors and heat-reflecting mirrors.
• Can be evaporated by resistance heating, electron beam, Magnetron Sputtering
• Self-Clean Property (Changes the energy of surface)
Tin-Doped Indium Oxide, ITO : 1.95
• is used to make transparent conductive coatings,
• can be deposited by Electron-beam evaporation or Sputtering,
• Electrochromic displays, energy conserving architectural windows, defogging automobile windows, heat-reflecting coatings to increase light bulb efficiency, antistatic window coatings, wear resistant layers on glass,
• High conductivity (or low sheet resistance) is balanced against high transmission in the visible region,
• Sheet resistance can be less than 10 Ohms/sq. with a visible transmission of >80%.
Silicon Monoxide,SiO : 1,6
• is an amorphous solid which does not have a characteristic XRD pattern,
• is stable at room temperature, but at temperatures of 400-800°C, X-ray readings show traces of the disproportionation products silicon and quartz,
• are used for optical applications in reflectors, flood lamps, mirrors, jewelry, and other products,
• can reduce reflection in the NIR range,
• SiO layers formed in oxygen atmosphere are used for AR films for ray splitting in the visible range,
• Evaporating at 2x10-6 Torr with substrate temperatures of 100 to 150°C.
Zirconium Oxide, ZrO2 : 2
• is a high index, low absorption material usable for coatings in the near-UV (300 nm) to IR (~8 µm) regions,
• can be deposited by electron-beam evaporation or sputtering,
• near-UV laser AR and dielectric mirror designs,
• The films generally grow with a crystalline microstructure,
TANTALUM OXIDE, Ta2O5 : 2,1
• is a high-index, low-absorption material usable for coatings in the near-UV (350 nm) to IR (~8 µm) regions,
• can be deposited by electron-beam evaporation or sputtering,
• near-UV to near-IR antireflection and multilayer filter designs,
• can be used in combination with SiO2 to form high index-contrast multilayer structures.
• A particular advantage over titanium dioxide layers for near-IR laser and bandpass coatings is the absence of absorption above 900 nm.
V2O5-WO3
is its potential to provide a neutrally coloringelectrochromic electrodeWO3 the spectral position of the broad absorptionband in the NIR (near infrared spectral region) varies between approximately 1.3 eV fordisordered films (8-23) and 0.9 eV for a single-crystalline WO3.
CeO2-TiO2 finds use as optically passive counter-electrode in electrochromic devices. Optically passivemeans that the change in visible transmittance upon ion intercalation does not exceed a few percent. PureTiO2 itself is known to be cathodically coloring upon ion insertion. Since CeO2 is only slightly cathodicallycoloring the TiO2 content in the compound essentially determines the degree of coloration upon Li+intercalation
Reactions occur during Sol – jel process
• M-O-R + H2OM-OH + R-OH Hydrolize• M-OH + HO-MM-O-M + H2O Water Condensation• M-O-R + HO-MM-O-M + R-OH Alcohol Condensation
Dipping Forming of wet surface Removing the solvent
SiO2 Coating by sol- gel
Criteria for Determining the Choice ofa Support Metal for the Float Bath
Advantages of the Float glasses High Optical Quality
• No waviness• Fire polished surface• Thickness range 0.4-30 mm• Widths to 3.5 m• Capacity 150-700 tons/day
Efficient Process• Couples well to melting furnace• Flat glass width can be set to match product requirements• Only waste is 5 cm strip on glass edges• But, color changes are still inefficient
Simplified Annealing, Cutting and Handling
Low Labor Requirements, but High Capital Cost
Tin Bath Float Glass Process
Tempered
Laminated