Our Palawan - PCSD PALAWAN 4.pdf · Palawan biosphere reserve environmental monitoring environmental indicators environmental media 1Project Development Officer and Head ECAN Policy,

©2015 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 37

Our Palawan The Scientific Journal of the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development

Forum/Conference Paper: Sustainable Development Monitoring

Available on-line at www.pkp.pcsd.gov.ph

Enhancing the Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation System of

Palawan Biosphere Reserve, Philippines

Madrono P. Cabrestante Jr.1

Abstract This paper presents an assessment of the environmental monitoring and evaluation system (EMES) of the Palawan Biosphere Reserve, an archipelago of more than 1,700 islands in southwestern Philippines. The biosphere reserve is an internationally recognized biodiversity hotspot, with its natural tropical forest and coral reefs threatened by high population growth and rapid economic development. The analysis focuses on the responsiveness of the EMES in monitoring the implementation of the environmentally critical areas network (ECAN) and the attainment of the goals of the Strategic Environmental Plan. The EMES Manual was assessed in terms of extent of coverage of the system among the various environmental media (air, water, soil/ land, flora, and fauna), and the adequacy of monitoring parameters or indicators. This paper provides recommendations to enhance the EMES and its implementation, including the institutional mechanism such that the local government units must be actively involved in the activity and not just PCSDS. Social acceptability and the participation of affected stakeholders will ensure the success of EMES implementation.

Keywords:

Palawan biosphere reserve environmental monitoring environmental indicators environmental media

1Project Development Officer and Head ECAN Policy, Monitoring and Knowledge Management, PCSDS Address correspondence to: PCSD Building, Sports Complex Road, Sta. Monica Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, P.O. Box 45, PPC 5300 Palawan, Philippines. Email: [email protected]

M. P. Cabrestante, Jr./Our Palawan 1(1): 37-47

38 ©2015 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development

1. INTRODUCTION

Monitoring and evaluation is mainly a tool to determine the extent by which a program or project attained its target and objectives. Monitoring is defined as the repeated measurement of a series of defined variables which allows for assessing changes where a baseline is available, or to establish the latter. It is aimed at detecting changes in terms of deviations from a standard or norm (BRIMS, 2001). In some, it is the systematic observation of changes in issues that are relevant for one’s own situation which is done to better understand the effects of one’s own activities, and to anticipate on new or expected situations (Kessler, 1998).

In monitoring of the environment, it is important that the “environment needs to be viewed as a holistic system, looking into its structures and processes in the context of causes and effects” (UBA, 2002). Monitoring is thus a tool that provides scientists with biological or environmental data and a means to identify trends and discriminate between natural, anthropogenic, and climatic changes (BRIMS, 2001). In order to be useful, monitoring should serve as basis for informed policy-making.

In the context of the Palawan Biosphere Reserve as mandated by law, environmental monitoring and evaluation is a mechanism of the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) for Palawan to determine the level of maintenance of environmental integrity vis-à-vis economic development. Palawan’s Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation System (EMES) was formulated in 1990-92 to guide policy and decision-makers of the province. Monitoring the environmental and socio-economic trends in Palawan has now become a necessity considering that its high annual population growth rate poses a threat to its unique biological systems, ecosystems and species diversity.

The Study Area

Palawan Biosphere Reserve encom-passes the entire island-province of Palawan in southwestern Philippines, straddling the Sulu Sea in the east/southeast and the West Philippine Sea/South China Sea to the west. The province of Palawan is known as the Philippines’ last ecological frontier. It is endowed with rich natural resources and highly diverse flora and fauna found in both land and

sea. It was inscribed as a biosphere reserve in 1990.

According to Schmidt (2010), citing IUCN (1993), fully functioning biosphere reserves are conceived to fulfill: (i) a conservation role: protecting locally occurring genetic resources, plant and animal species, and ecosystems and landscapes of value to maintain biological diversity and life-support systems; ii) a development role: combining conservation objectives with the sustainable use of ecosystem resources to benefit local communities; and iii) a logistics role: providing research, monitoring, education and training opportunities and facilities and information exchange. These functions are associated through a zonation system consisting of a core area, a buffer area and an outer or transition area, which have their respective aims and purposes (BRIMS, 2001). In the Philippines, the Palawan Biosphere Reserve sustains this zonation scheme through the establishment of the Environmentally Critical Areas Network or ECAN (SEP, 1992). The ECAN is a graded system of development control over the entire island-province of Palawan.

Environmental Monitoring System of Palawan

The conceptualization of the environmental monitoring system in Palawan started in 1984-85 during the implementation of the “Integrated Environmental Program (IEP)” of the Palawan Integrated Area Development Project, where the first draft of the EMES manual was produced. The EMES, together with environmental research and environmental education and extension, comprise the “support triad of ECAN”. The latest revision of the EMES took place after the legitimization of the SEP in 1992; it aimed at “strengthening the manual’s contents with the inclusion of monitoring methodologies and evaluation procedures” (SEP, 1992). The objectives of the EMES, as stated in the law and subsequent PCSD policy issuances (PCSD, 1992) are: 1) to ensure a systematic and reliable means of data generation for the various concerns of the SEP; 2) serve as vehicle of PCSDS in the monitoring and assessment of the implementation of the comprehensive local management plan; 3) provide periodic review and assessment of the environment which shall be used as basis to check the efficacy, effectiveness and possible defects of the ECAN Zoning Plan in meeting its objective of protecting and enhancing the

M. P. Cabrestante, Jr./Our Palawan 1(1):37-47


ecological system; and 4) be the lead in monitoring and assessing the implementation of ECAN Zoning Management Plan.

Purpose of this Paper

This paper aims to evaluate or assess the Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation System (EMES) of the Palawan Biosphere Reserve as to: its responsiveness to monitoring and evaluating the attainment of the SEP objectives through the implementation of ECAN and its management zonation; the sustainability of its institutional mechanism for implementation; and the adequacy of the EMES Manual in terms of coverage in monitoring the five environmental media as well as sufficiency of monitoring parameters and procedures.

2. METHODOLOGY

This study employed a literature-descriptive research to analyze the Manual of the Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation System (EMES) of the Palawan Biosphere Reserve, through the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff.

In the evaluation of the EMES Manual, the following criteria were considered:

Adequacy – whether or not it has adequately provided parameters and/or procedures in monitoring the five (5) basic environmental media: soil, water, air, animals (fauna) and plants (flora). Literatures point out that environmental monitoring must

encompass these media, as well as the transfer of materials, energy and information between them.

Applicability– whether the parameters of monitoring listed in the Manual are still applicable in relation to the current environmental and technological development and trends, or that the implementation thereof will incur least cost but nevertheless produce the same desired results.

Effectiveness – pertains to the likelihood of achieving the desired goals; in this paper, the implementation mechanism stated in the Manual was assessed on whether or not it will lead to sustained implementation of the EMES.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The process of environmental monitoring in Palawan, as contained in the EMES Manual, serves to respond to the management aim of having the required information in order to make the necessary policies, decisions and actions. Figure 1 illustrates this process.

The EMES Manual includes, among others, the long list of parameters to be monitored focusing on the following resources: land and soil, land-use and land classification, forest and agriculture, water, coastal-marine, and human. Based on the above, monitoring can be undertaken in any of the following:


Selection of monitoring criteria

Baseline measurement of monitoring criteria extent; quality; composition

Periodic long-term measurement of extent;

composition; monitoring criteria; quality

Sample site selection

Identification of environmentally-

significant activities/sites

Selected critical catchment

monitoring

Activity-specific sites Province-wide

monitoring

Figure 1. The Environmental Monitoring Process (Source: PCSD, 1992)


1) Province-wide monitoring: the parameters worth considering are land resources/land-use, forest and mangrove resources, water resources, and human resources. This paper agrees with the EMES Manual in undertaking a macro- or regional monitoring of Palawan. The conduct of province-wide monitoring on resources of greater significance to the island-province (and the entire biosphere reserve) must focus on resources whose changes will have provincial or regional significance.

2) Selected critical catchment (or watershed) monitoring: the parameters that must be looked into are coastal-marine resources, land resources, forest resources, water resources, and human resources. This paper concurs with the EMES Manual considering that changes in the resources in a specific catchment will impact the lives of its inhabitants.

3) Activity-specific sites monitoring: the projects or activities in specific sites that must be monitored should include mines, roads, logging, ports, etc. This paper recommends that monitoring of site-specific land, activities should be made compulsory for projects that are considered environmentally critical.

Assessment of EMES in monitoring the effectiveness of the zoning system

Pursuant to the objectives of EMES, there is a need to monitor how effective is the ECAN zonation and the corresponding management prescriptions.

The first objective of EMES is to monitor and assess the implementation of the ECAN zoning and management, which is an information gap in the existing EMES Manual. Table 1 attempts to fill-in this gap by

Table 1. Sample Indicators for Environmental Monitoring of ECAN Zones

ECAN Zones Sample Indicators for Monitoring ECAN management zones

Terrestrial Zones:

Core zone

>Ecosystem quality of strictly protected zones (i.e. forest stand,

biodiversity index, number of endemic or rare species present, etc.).

Restricted-use zone >Volume of harvested minor forest products; sustainable annual quota.

>Carrying capacity of tourism sites; established tourist pathways, viewing

decks/areas, etc.

Controlled-use zone >Extent or area of mining; ecosystem carrying capacity for such activities.

>Volume of harvested forest products, etc.

Traditional-use zone >Areas or extent of land cover (i.e. secondary forest, kaingin, open/bare

land, grassland, brushland, etc) .

Multiple-use zone >Areas or extent of land cover or land use (i.e. farm land, plantation,

paddy field, built-up or settlements, etc)

Coastal-Marine

Zones:

Coastal Core zone

>Extent or area of declared/legitimized and delineated/demarcated marine

protected areas (MPA), coastal core zones and others.

>Status/implementation of MPA management plan.

>Ecosystem quality of MPA (i.e. % live coral cover, mangrove stand,

etc.), including water quality.

Multiple-use zone:

Buffer/ Transition area

>Extent and ecosystem condition of restored marine habitats.

>Awareness level of communities on coastal resource management; etc.

Multiple-use zone:

General/ Sustainable –

use

>Areas or extent of sustainable use of coastal-marine waters; management

plan implementation status; etc.

Tribal- Ancestral

zone

>Biodiversity status inside ancestral land domains; IP resource

management plans/programs; extent of IP land-use and practices, etc.



suggesting some indicators for environmental monitoring of the ECAN zones. In the future, more detailed and specific indicators need to be identified in order to evaluate the ECAN management zones vis-a-vis the sustainable development framework.

Adequacy of the EMES Manual vis-à-vis Environmental Media Coverage

The EMES Manual of 1992 has provided a list of the various environmental media which will be subjected to monitoring such as water, soil/land, animals/fauna, and plants/flora. From an ecological point of view, according to Ellenberg et al. (1978), the environmental compartments (or media) soil, water, air, animals and plants, as well as the transfer of materials, energy and information between them, have to be examined in their entirety in any monitoring activity. A scrutiny of the EMES Manual reveals that no monitoring parameters and procedures were provided for ambient or atmospheric air.

In Germany and its neighboring countries, the joint monitoring of air quality in the former Black Forest used the parameters

particulate matter (PM₁₀, PM2.5), heavy metals, benzene, ammonia (NH3) and polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in their measurements, while in Barbados, air pollution monitoring measures particulates, lead, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and ozone (Abraham et al., 2005; Burnett,1995). The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 emphasized the monitoring of particulate matter (total suspended particulates and PM10), sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. Thus, the EMES Manual must incorporate these parameters in the monitoring of atmospheric air.

Adequacy of the EMES Manual for monitoring water, land, flora & faunal resources

The EMES manual provided certain monitoring parameters for most of the environmental medium, still there are other important parameters that were not included. Thus, it is recommended that new or additional parameters, as shown in Table 2, should be included in the Manual.

In Germany, the water and wastewater monitoring activities focus on conventional pollutants using the following parameters: biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), solids, conductivity,

pH, oil and grease, fecal coliform, heavy metals, and a few organic compounds (Newburn,1988). Monitoring of inorganic nutrient loading of water bodies is important, as Benndorf (2010) pointed out that the primary reason for eutrophication is the undesired over-fertilization of water bodies with inorganic nutrient, mainly phosphorus (as phosphate) and nitrogen (as nitrate and ammonium). Klapper (1991) attributes the causes of progressive increase in the nutrient pollution of natural bodies of water to the intensification of agricultural and industrial output and the rising incidence of domestic sewage. Freedman (1989) specifically attributed the eutrophication through fertilization with nutrients in sewage that contain detergents, human wastes, and animal wastes, as well as from agricultural run-offs contaminated with fertilizer. If nutrient loading is not controlled, an increase in phytoplankton may become the most conspicuous symptom of eutrophication (Freedman, 1989), which may further enhance occurrence of ‘harmful algal blooms’ and ‘red tide’ phenomena in the Philippines.

For monitoring of soil, land and agricultural resources, this paper recommends inclusion of additional important parameters such as soil pH, which could be affected by the current global climatic changes. In the United States, forest ecosystem health is monitored in terms of physical and chemical properties of soil because any environmental stressor that alters the natural function of the soil has the potential to influence the vitality, species composition, and hydrology of forest ecosystems (USDA, 2005a), including other indicator as vegetation type, relative abundance, and vertical position of all trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns and fern allies (USDA, 2005b).

The monitoring of the level of criticality of faunal species (including amphibians) should be regularly undertaken, further classifying these wildlife as to endemicity or in terms of criticality based on the Red Data List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), or the National Red List of Philippine Wild Fauna.

Institutionalization: Key to sustainability of EMES implementation

To sustain environmental monitoring operation in Palawan, the participation of local



Table 2. Existing parameters for monitoring (PCSD, 1992) and new parameters being recommended

Environmental

Media

Resources/

Parameters

Existing indicators of

monitoring stated in

the EMES Manual

(1992)

Parameters being recommended

for inclusion in the EMES

Manual

(as per this study)

Water Rainfall Mean annual, seasonal

distribution

Other parameters such as pH

variability; other physico-

chemical characteristics.

River discharge,

sediment load,

water quality

Rate of flow, water

level, suspended

sediment load,

dissolved oxygen, pH,

turbidity

Standards; other parameters such

as total suspended solids (TSS)

and total dissolved solids (TDS).

Water quality & standards;

monitoring of other surface

waters (i.e. lakes, dams);

nutrient loadings for phosphorus

& nitrogen content.

Ground water Static water level Salinity, pH, and other water

quality and standards

Coastal and Marine

Resources

Fish Fish production Fish diversity through fish

census; fish sampling to analyze

toxicity levels; standards

Coral Reefs Extent, species,

condition

Monitoring changes may be

supplemented by Remote Sensing

or Geographic Information

System.

Seagrass Extent, distribution,

condition, species

Include seaweeds and its

diversity.

Water quality Salinity, temperature

turbidity, siltation

Standards; other parameters such

as dissolved oxygen (DO),

chemical oxygen demand (COD),

biological oxygen demand (BOD),

total coliform & fecal coliform.

Nutrient (inorganic) loadings to

determine phosphorus &

nitrogen content.

Flora Forest/Land Use Extent of forest,

brushland/ shrubland,

kaingin/grassland,

permanent cultivated

land, rocky outcrops,

mining, industrial &

settlement areas,

rivers, lakes

&reservoirs.

Determine ratio of permanent

forest area versus development

area.

Forest tree species, structure,

diversity, average diameters.

Include the mangrove forest:

species diversity, extent, size &

structure of trees.



Environmental

Media

Resources/

Parameters

Existing indicators

of monitoring stated

in the EMES

Manual (1992)

Parameters being recommended

for inclusion in the EMES

Manual

(as per this study)

Forest/Land

Classification

Extent (in hectare)

and proportion of

public lands, A&D

lands, ISF per

municipality

More detailed land-use and land

cover changes (or change

detection)

Timber

Production

Volume of logs from

logging concessions

& from DENR

confiscated timber

Must relate to the community-

based forest management or

municipal communal forest

mechanisms

Minor Forest

Products

Volume of rattan,

charcoal, almaciga

resin, nipa shingles,

mangrove wood,

honey, bamboo

harvested

Carrying capacity of the resource

base; sustainable allowable

harvestable volume.

Fauna Birds Population Species

diversity

Species classification based on

IUCN or CITES list.

Habitats and their extent

Mammals Population of major

species

Species classification based on

IUCN or CITES list.

Habitats and their extent

Amphibians & other fauna:

classification of species accord-

ing to IUCN, CITES or Philippine

Red list, their habitats & extent.

Quality & condition of species:

size, weight, fat deposits, age/sex

structure of population, and

incidence of disease (from

Mackinnon, et. al., 1986).

Quality and condition of habitats:

through examining soil loss &

water run-off patterns, total

biological productivity, or

assessing species composition

(from Mackinnon, et. al., 1986)



government units must be harnessed. The EMES Manual illustrates the linkages and relationship among various institutions in EMES implementation as shown in Figure 2.

Among the powers devolved to the LGUs, the financial resources available to local governments has been increased by broadening their taxing powers and providing them with a specific share from the national wealth exploited in their area and increasing their share from the national taxes (Pabico, 2007). Thus, LGUs are now in a better position to participate in environmental management activities as they have flexibility in terms of resource availability. Furthermore, they are empowered by the by the local government code to protect the environment and impose appropriate

penalties for acts which endanger the environment. In data collection, according to Kessler (1998), it is better to look into making strategic alliances with other agencies or entities, and attribute to them specific monitoring tasks, possibly for a range of programmes, projects or activities. The participation of local people in monitoring often leads to a greater understanding by the affected stakeholders.

The implementation mechanism presented in the EMES Manual is not sustainable unless local government units, the communities and other concerned sectors are involved. It is recommended that PCSDS strengthen the LGU’s capabilities in conducting environmental monitoring in their

Evaluate ef-

fectiveness of

efforts

Provide cor-

rective

measures

Project long-

term trends

Assess critical

areas

Identify and

locate serious

problems

Special re-

ports (early

warning)

Annual report

PCSDS

Line

agencies

Local gov-

ernment

units

NGO

s

CLP

Private

business

Provincial

National level

institutions and

organizations

Political

support

Public at

-large

EIS

System

Research

network

Manpower,

funds,

equipment

facilities

QRS

(Quick

Response

System)

Results

EMES

Accurate

relevant

integral

data

Mass me-

dia system

Figure 2. EMES Linkages (Source: PCSD, 1992)



LGUs

(Catchment mon-

itoring)

PCSDS

(Province or bio-

sphere-wide moni-

toring)

National government

agencies

Non-government

organizations

Private

businesses

Other multi-

sectoral bodies

Academe

EME

System

Figure 4. Proposed simplified institutional linkage of EMES implementation.

respective geographical jurisdiction, particularly in critical catchments/watersheds. All other actors or stakeholders who play their respective roles in environmental monitoring must work with both PCSDS (for biosphere-wide monitoring) and LGUs (for catchment/watershed monitoring). Likewise, in monitoring activity-specific sites, the existing institutional linkages in the multi-partite monitoring teams (MMT) is worth emulating and replicating (Figure 3). Here, the stakeholders get to participate as well as allocate their respective resources.

The illustration in Figure 4 is being proposed to simplify the EMES, which eliminates the single-directional path for its implementation. All the other sectors and key players shall work both with PCSDS and the LGUs in the EMES implementation, such that in the event that any of the two (2) major implementers falter, it will not lead to the total collapse of the system. This proposed networking or linkage likewise promotes social acceptability and participation of other stakeholders.


Figure 3. MMT inspection in a limestone quarry area, Bataraza, Palawan. 2013. (©Perlita Quiling)



On the enhancement of the EMES Manual

The existing EMES system and its manual has not specifically provided the parameters and indicators in monitoring the ECAN zoning and their management prescriptions. Specific parameters or indicators need to be identified and utilized to ascertain whether or not the ECAN zonation effectively attains its set objectives. The EMES Manual will approach certain level of adequacy if the following shall be considered:

Inclusion of parameters in monitoring the ambient air. This environmental medium is important in this period of global climatic change attributed to anthropogenic activities.

More focused monitoring of nutrient loading (particularly phosphorus and nitrogen) into water bodies coming from domestic sewage and agricultural activities, which are significant contributors to undesirable algal

REFERENCES

Abraham, J., Berger, F., Ciechanowicz-Kusztal R., Jodłowska-Opyd, G., Kallweit, D., Keder, J., Kulaszka W. and Novák, J. 2005. Joint report on air quality in the Tri-border region of the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany in 2004. Online. www. umweltbundesamt.de/luft-e/infos/publikationen/ index.htm. Ac-cessed 02 April 2010.

Benndorf, J. 2010. Sustainable Water Quality Management. Study Materials for the UNEP/UNESCO/BMU International Postgraduate Course on Environmental

blooms and ultimately, “red tide” occurrence.

On the EMES implementing mechanism

The EMES implementing mechanism limits itself to a particular institution, PCSDS. The involvement and participation of local government units and communities is important (Figure 5). Since the local people have immediate influence on the environment, they will be the first to reap the positive or neg-ative effects/ impacts of changes therein. Other agencies and entities may be involved in environmental management and monitoring to enhance the acquisition of scientific information in analyzing trends and changes in the ecological and socio-economic systems. The EMES will be better-off jointly implemented by PCSDS and the local government units of Palawan, each entity contributing its own resources and commitment towards the attainment of a common good .

4. CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author would like to thank the following for making his study and the writing of this pa-per possible: the Management and Officers of PCSD and PCSDS, the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Natural Conservation and Nuclear Safety, the United Nations Environment Program, the WWF-Russel E. Train Education for Nature Program, the Centre for International Postgraduate Studies of Environmental Management. (CIPSEM) Course Director Dr. Ingr. Rodulf Bauer and his research adviser at Technische Universitat Dresden, Prof Dr. Peter A. Schmidt.

Figure 5. Environmental (water quality) monitor ing and training, El Nido, Palawan. 2012 (©PCSDS)


Newburn, L.H. 1988. Modern Sampling Equipment : Design and Application. In Keith, Lawrence, ed (1991): Principles of Environmental sampling. American Chemical Society. ACS Professional Refer-ence Books. United States of America. Pp 209-219.

Pabico, A. P. 2007: Parables and paradox in devolution. iReport: Good (Local) Governance, January 2007. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Online. Http://pcij.org/stories/parables-and-paradox-in-devolution/. Accessed 20April 2010

Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD).1992. Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation System (EMES) Manual. Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff. Puerto Princesa City, Philippines. Pp 74.

Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP). 1992. Philippine Republic Act No 7611 otherwise known as the Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Law of 1992. Online. Http://www.pcsd.ph/sep_law/ra7611.htm. Accessed 02April 2010.

Schmidt, P.A. 2010. Nature Conservation/ Conservation of Biodiversity. Study Materials for the UNEP/UNESCO/BMU International Postgraduate Course on Environmental Management for Developing and Emerging Countries, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. Pp 101.

UBA. 2002. Integrated Environmental Monitoring. Concept and Implementation. 2nd Edition. Bavarian State Ministry for Regional Development and Environmental Affairs, München, Germany. Umwelt Bundesamt (Federal Environmental Agency), Berlin, Germany. Online. Http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/umweltbeobachtung-e/oeub/index.htm. Accessed 03March 2010.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2005a. Field Guide–Soil Measure-ments and Sampling, US Department of Ag-riculture–Forest Service. Online. Http://fia.fs.fed.us/library/field-guides-methods-proc/docs/2006/p3_3-0_sec11_10_2005_rev_ 01_23_06.pdf. Accessed 22April 2010.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2005b. Field Guide – Vegetation Diversity and Structure, US Department of Agriculture – Forest Service. Online. Http://fia.fs.fed.us/library/field-guides-methods-proc/docs/2006/p3_3-0_sec13_10_2005.pdf. Accessed 22April 2010.


Management for Developing and Emerging Countries, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. Pp 28.

Biosphere Reserve Integrated Monitoring (BRIMS) 2001. BRIM/SM/INF.2/Rev.1_24 August 2001. Online. www.fao.org/gtos/doc/brim2.pdf. Accessed 13 Feb 2010.

Burnett, W. 1995. Developing an Air Pollution Monitoring Network for a Small Island State–Case Study on Barbados. In Environmental Management in Developing Countries. Readers for Participants in the UNEP / UNESCO/ BMU Postgraduate Training Course in Environmental Manage-ment held at the Dresden University of Technology and for Scholars in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Volume 4, 1998. Dres-den, Germany. Pp13-37.

Ellenberg, H., O.Fränzle and P. Müller. 1978. Ökosystemforschung im Hinblick auf Um-welt- und Entwicklungsplanung. Umwelt-forschungsplan des Bundesministers des Innern, FuE-Vorhaben 78-10104005, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Berlin, Bonn. pp 268. Cited in Schröder, et al (2006): Online. www.springerlink.com/content/5r154x7u38555367/fulltext.pdf. Ac-cessed 02April 2010.

Freedman, B. 1989. Environmental Ecology: the impacts of pollution and other stresses on ecosystem structure and function. Aca-demic Press, Inc. San Diego, California, USA. pp.424.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 1993. A global overview of wetland and marine protected areas on the world heritage list. Gland, Switzerland.

Kessler, J.J. 1998. Monitoring of Environmental Qualities in Relation to Development Objectives. Online. www.seanplatform.org/products/toolbox/full/Background/ Monitoring.htm. Accessed 01April 2010.

Klapper, H. 1991. Control of Eutrophication in Inland Waters. Translater, Bernard Hem-mings. Ellis Horwood series in water and wastewater technology. West Sussex, England. Pp. 335.

Mackinnon, J., Child, K.C. and Thorsell, J. 1986. Managing Protected Areas in the Tropics. A compilation, based on the Work-shops on Managing Protected Areas in the Tropics World Congress on National Park, Bali, Indonesia 1982. Organized by the IUCN Commision on National Parks and Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Pp 295.

Documents

Our Palawan - PCSD PALAWAN 4.pdf · Palawan biosphere reserve environmental monitoring environmental indicators environmental media 1Project Development Officer and Head ECAN Policy,