our pasts - ii Chapter - 1 tracing Changes through a ... · •Bhil trade in Central India. •The Balochis in the North-W est. •Nagas and Ahoms in North-East India. •W ith the

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VII [ 1

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Tra

cing C

ha

nges

Thro

ugh

AT

hou

sand

Yea

rs

TheC

hro

nic

led

Per

iod

s

Gat

her

ing

of

war

rio

rs s

uch

as

Raj

apu

tra,

Mar

ath

as,

Sik

hs,

Jats

, Ah

om

s an

d K

ayas

thas

.

• •C

lea

rin

go

fti

mb

erl

an

d,

aug

men

tati

on

of

agri

cult

ure

.

Arc

hae

olo

gic

al s

ou

rces

are

acc

essi

ble

to

us

via

-in

corp

ora

ted

lan

dm

ark

s,sa

nct

uar

ies

coin

s, t

om

bs

and

co

mp

osi

tio

ns.

Th

e te

rm 'H

ind

ust

an' w

as a

uth

ore

d

by

Min

aj -

i- S

iraj

.

14th

cen

tury

wri

ter

Am

ir K

hu

srau

uti

lize

d t

he

wo

rd 'H

ind

'.

• •

Inco

rpo

rati

on

of

wo

rsh

ip

of

new

Go

ds.

Isla

m w

as p

atro

niz

ed b

y

nu

mer

ou

s ru

lers

.

• •

Dev

elo

pm

ent

of

sup

rem

est

ate

arra

ng

emen

ts

Mat

eria

l ad

van

cem

ent

and

in

tell

ectu

al

dev

elo

pm

ent.

Hu

nte

r-g

ath

erer

s, e

arly

farm

ers

and

ear

ly e

mp

ires

.

•L

arg

e st

ates

lik

e th

ose

of

the

cho

las,

th

e Tu

gh

lag

s, o

r th

e

Mu

gh

als

enco

mp

asse

d m

any

reg

ion

s.

•S

ign

ific

ant

clas

hes

bet

wee

n

dif

fere

nt

stat

es.

our

pas

ts - ii

Chap

ter

- 1 tr

acing C

hang

es t

hroug

h a

thous

and

year

s

http://bit.ly/2o33k3g

2 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – VII


New

Kin

gs

and

Kin

gd

oms

•L

ord

oft

en g

ifte

d B

rah

man

as

wit

h l

and

sh

ares

Ru

lers

we

ree

ng

ag

ed

in

bat

tles

fo

r g

ath

erin

g w

ealt

h.

•R

ajar

aja

I w

as t

he

mo

st e

ffec

tiv

e C

ho

laru

ler.

•C

ho

las

wer

e b

ig t

emp

le b

uil

der

s.

•A

gri

cult

ure

an

d w

ater

sy

stem

dev

elo

ped

.

•p

erfo

rmed

Ass

oci

atio

n o

f tr

ader

s k

no

w a

s n

agar

ams

.to

au

tho

rita

tiv

e c

apac

itie

s

•T

he

Sab

ha

too

k c

are

of

the

wat

er s

yst

em, g

ard

ens,

, etc

tem

ple

s.

Ras

htr

aku

tas

, Ch

alu

ky

as,

Gu

rjar

as -

Pra

tih

aras

.

•R

ule

rs s

har

ed p

ow

ers

wit

h

sam

anta

s, a

nd

wit

h a

sso

ciat

ion

of

pea

san

ts, t

rad

ers

and

Bra

ham

ans.

Res

ou

rces

wer

e u

seto

bac

k•

d

the

lord

’s f

ou

nd

atio

n, b

uil

d

san

ctu

arie

s an

d f

ort

ific

atio

ns.

•P

rash

asti

s te

lls

us

ho

w r

ule

rs w

ante

d

to d

epic

t th

emse

lves

as

val

ian

t an

d

vic

tori

ou

s w

arri

ors

.

Chap

ter

- 2

NEW K

INGS

AND

KIN

GDOMS




•In

scri

pti

on

s, c

oin

san

d a

rch

itec

ture

•H

isto

ries

, tar

ikh

/ta

war

ikh

wri

tten

in

Per

sian

lan

gu

age

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

.T

he

exte

nsi

on

of

Del

hi

Su

ltan

ate

occ

urr

ed

un

der

the

rule

of

Bal

ban

,Ala

ud

din

Kh

alji

and

Mu

ham

mad

Tug

hla

qB

in.

•S

lav

ep

ract

ice

pre

vai

led

.

•D

eleg

ated

mil

itar

yle

ader

sas

go

ver

no

ro

fd

om

ain

s.

•A

cco

un

tan

tsw

ere

app

oin

ted

to

chec

kth

eam

ou

nt

coll

ecte

db

y

the

mu

qti

s.

•T

he

Tug

hla

qth

eS

ayy

idan

dL

od

i,

dy

nas

ties

rule

dfr

om

Del

hi

&A

gra

un

til

15

26

.

•A

fgh

ans

&R

ajp

uts

emer

ged

inth

is

per

iod

.

•S

uri

Dy

nas

tyle

dD

elh

ifo

rsh

ort

per

iod

of

tim

e.

•E

arly

12th

cen

tury

-1

19

2:

Raj

pu

tD

yn

asti

es

•13

20-

14

14

:Tu

gh

laq

Dy

nas

ty

•12

03-

1290

:S

lav

eD

yn

asty

•12

90-

1320

:K

hal

jiD

yn

asty

•14

14-

14

51

:S

ayy

idD

yn

asty

•14

51-

15

26

:L

od

iD

yn

asty

The D

elh

i

Su

lta

ns

Chap

ter

- 3

THE

DELH

I SU

LTAN

S




The C

rea

tion o

f

an E

mp

ire :

The

Mu

gha

l D

yna

sty

Mu

gh

als

foll

ow

edth

ecu

sto

mo

f

cop

arc

en

ary

inh

eri

tan

ce,

or

a

div

isio

n o

f th

e in

her

itan

ce a

mo

ng

st

all

the

son

s.

Th

een

roll

ed m

ansa

bs

and

jag

irs

y

wh

ich

hel

ped

them

toex

ten

d

thei

r d

om

ain

s.

•H

e d

ivid

ed h

is k

ing

do

min

to p

rov

ince

s c

alle

d s

ub

asg

ov

ern

ed b

y a

Su

bed

ar.

•H

is w

ork

s ar

e fo

un

d i

n'A

kb

arn

ama'

wri

tten

by

Ab

ul

Faz

al.

Th

eyw

ere

des

cen

dan

tso

ftw

og

reat

lin

eag

eso

fru

lers

:F

rom

thei

rm

oth

er’s

sid

e th

ey w

ere

des

cen

dan

ts o

f G

eng

his

Kh

anan

dfr

om

the

fath

er's

sid

eth

eyw

ere

des

cen

dan

ts o

f T

imu

r.

Th

ead

min

istr

ativ

ean

dm

ilit

ary

effi

cien

cy o

f th

e M

ug

hal

Em

pir

ele

dto

gre

at

eco

no

mic

an

dco

mm

erci

al p

rosp

erit

y.

•B

abu

r c

aptu

red

Del

hi.

•A

kb

ar c

aptu

red

Ch

itto

r,

Ran

tham

bo

r (1

569)

, Gu

jara

t , B

ihar

,

Ben

gal

, Kas

hm

ir.

•Ja

han

gir

to

ok

agai

nst

Sik

hs

cam

pai

gn

and

Ah

on

s.

•S

hah

Jah

an c

aptu

red

Ah

mad

nag

ar.

•A

ura

ng

zeb

pu

rsu

ed a

lo

ng

fig

ht

in

the

Dec

can

.

Chap

ter

- 4

THE

CREA

TION

OF

AN E

MPI

RE :

THE

MUG

HAL

DYNA

STY




Ru

lers a

nd

Bu

ild

ings

Tem

ple

san

dm

osq

ues

wer

ed

elig

htf

ull

y

bu

ilt

to d

emo

nst

rate

s. t

he

po

wer

wea

lth

,

and

dev

oti

on

of

the

pat

ron

.

To s

eize

val

uab

les

fro

m v

anq

uis

hed

ru

lers

.

•B

abar

go

t "C

hah

ar B

agh

' co

nst

ruct

ed i

n K

abu

l.

•A

kb

ar g

ot

'Ch

ahar

Bag

h' c

on

stru

cted

in

Kas

hm

ir, A

gra

an

d D

elh

i.

•S

hah

jah

an a

dap

ted

th

e ri

ver

- f

ron

t g

ard

en i

n t

he

lay

ou

t o

f th

e Ta

j M

ahal

.

•B

etw

een

7th

an

d 1

0th

Cen

turi

es, a

rch

itec

ts s

tart

ed a

dd

ing

mo

re r

oo

ms,

do

ors

an

d w

ind

ow

s to

th

e b

uil

din

gs.

•'T

rab

eate

' or

'Co

rbel

led

' sty

le o

f d

esig

n w

as i

nco

rpo

rate

d.

Th

e C

reat

ion

of

larg

e em

pir

es t

hat

bro

ug

ht

dif

fere

nt

reg

ion

su

nd

er

thei

rru

leh

elp

edin

this

cro

ss-

fert

ilis

atio

no

far

tist

icfo

rms

and

arch

itec

ture

sty

les.

Chap

ter

- 5

RULE

RS A

ND B

UILD

INGS




Tow

ns,

Tra

der

s

and

Cra

ftsp

erso

ns

•8t

h C

entu

ry o

nw

ard

s re

sid

enti

al c

om

mu

nit

ies

rose

in

In

dia

.

•T

her

e w

ere

stre

et m

ark

ets

cal

led

'hat

ta'.

So

me

of

the

trad

ers

com

mu

nit

y

wer

eth

eC

het

tiar

s,M

arw

ari,

Ban

iyas

, Mu

slim

Bo

hra

s, e

tc.

Go

ldsm

ith

, bro

nze

smit

h, b

rick

lay

ers,

wo

od

wo

rker

wer

eas

on

eca

lled

the

'Pan

chal

as'

or

'Vis

hw

akar

ma'

.

So

mn

ath

, Mad

ura

i, T

rup

ati,

i

Vri

nd

avan

, Ajm

er.

Th

anja

vee

r an

d U

dai

pu

r.

Po

rtan

dTr

adin

gTo

wns

Cam

bay

, Su

rat,

Bro

ach

, Mas

uli

pat

anam

,

Nag

apat

tin

am.

Lah

ore

, Ag

ra, F

ateh

pu

r S

ikri

and

Del

hi.

Chap

ter

- 6

TOWNS

, TR

ADER

S AN

D CR

AFTS

PERS

ONS




Trib

es,

Nom

ad

s

and

Sett

led

Com

mu

nit

ies

•N

om

adic

Pas

tora

list

s m

ov

ed o

ver

lo

ng

dis

tan

ces

wit

h t

hei

r an

imal

s.

•T

hey

liv

ed o

n m

ilk

an

d o

ther

pas

tora

l

pro

du

cts.

•T

he

Ban

jara

s w

ere

the

mo

st i

mp

ort

ant

trad

er -

no

mad

s.

•K

ho

kh

ar t

rib

e in

Pu

nja

b.

•L

ang

ahs

and

Arg

hu

ns

in M

ult

an.

•G

add

is i

n t

he

Him

alay

as.

•K

oli

s an

d B

erad

s o

f G

uja

rat.

•G

on

ds

of

Ch

hat

tisg

arh

.

•B

hil

tra

de

in C

entr

al I

nd

ia.

•T

he

Bal

och

is i

n t

he

No

rth

-Wes

t.

•N

agas

an

d A

ho

ms

in N

ort

h-E

ast

Ind

ia.

•W

ith

th

e d

evel

op

men

t o

f ec

on

om

y,

new

jat

is a

nd

var

nas

ro

se.

•T

he

rise

of

Raj

pu

t cl

ans

to t

he

po

siti

on

of

rule

rs s

et a

n e

xam

ple

fo

r th

e tr

ibal

peo

ple

to

fo

llo

w.

•L

ived

in

'Go

nd

wan

a'.

•P

ract

iced

'h

ifti

ng

cu

ltiv

atio

n'

s.

•R

ose

wh

en D

elh

i S

ult

anat

e d

ecli

ned

.

•M

igra

ted

to

Bra

hm

apu

tra

val

ley

fro

m p

rese

nt

day

My

anm

ar.

•B

uil

t a

larg

e st

ate.

•V

ery

so

ph

isti

cate

d s

oci

ety

.

Chap

ter

- 7

TRIB

ES, NO

MAD

S AN

D SE

TTLE

D CO

MMUN

ITIE

S




Devoti

ona

l

Pa

ths t

o t

he

Div

ine

•S

tart

ed b

y B

asav

ann

a

•A

rgu

ed s

tro

ng

ly f

or

the

equ

alit

y o

f

all

hu

man

bei

ng

s -

all

form

so

pp

ose

d

of

ritu

als

and

id

ol

wo

rsh

ip.

Jan

esh

war

, Nam

dev

, Ek

nat

h,

Tuk

aram

Sak

ku

bai

, fam

ily

of

Ch

ok

ham

ela

Fo

cuse

d o

n t

he

Bh

akti

of

Vit

thal

a.

•P

rop

agat

ed s

tric

t m

on

oth

eism

or

sub

mis

sio

n t

o o

ne

Go

d.

•R

ejec

ted

id

ol

wo

rsh

ip.

•D

evel

op

ed a

ho

ly l

aw c

alle

d s

har

iat.

•G

haz

zali

, Ru

m a

nd

Sad

i w

ere

som

e

of

the

gre

at s

ufi

of

Cen

tral

Asi

a.

Sh

iva,

Vis

hn

uan

dD

urg

a

cam

eto

be

wo

rsh

ipp

ed

thro

ug

h e

lab

ora

te r

itu

als.

Em

erg

en

ceo

fn

ew

reli

gio

us

mo

vem

ents

led

by

:N

ayan

ars

(Sai

nts

dev

ote

dto

Sh

iva)

and

Alv

ar (

Sai

nts

dev

ote

d t

o V

ish

nu

).

•S

han

kar

aw

asan

adv

oca

teo

fth

e

do

ctri

ne

of

the

on

enes

so

fth

e

ind

ivid

ual

sou

lan

dth

eS

up

rem

e

Go

dth

elt

imat

eea

lity

wh

ich

is

ur

.

•R

aman

pro

no

un

ced

th

e d

oct

rin

eu

ja

of

‘Vis

his

hta

dv

aita

’.

Chap

ter

- 8 D

EVOTI

ONA

L PA

THS

TO T

HE D

IVIN

E




The M

akin

g

of R

egio

na

l

Cu

ltu

res •

Kat

hak

sw

ere

ao

f st

ory

- t

elle

rs i

nin

itia

lly

cast

e

No

rth

In

dia

.

•T

he

leg

end

s o

f R

adh

a -

Kri

shn

a w

ere

enac

ted

in

fo

lk

pla

ys

call

ed R

asal

ila.

•U

nd

er M

ug

hal

ru

le K

ath

ak w

as p

erfo

rmed

in

th

e co

urt

,.

•Tr

adit

ion

of

Min

iatu

re p

ain

tin

gs

dev

elo

ped

.

•P

ort

rait

s o

f ru

lers

an

d c

ou

rt s

cen

es c

ame

to b

e p

ain

ted

.

Bei

ng

a r

iver

ine

pla

in,

fish

is

the

stap

le f

oo

d.

Ear

ly p

ilg

rim

s g

ot

ass

ista

nce

frm

o

inst

ruct

ors

call

ed

Pir

s.

Ben

gal

io

rig

inat

ed

fro

m S

ansk

rit.

•T

he

Ch

eras

ru

lers

in

tro

du

ced

Mal

ayal

am

lan

gu

age

and

scr

ipt

in t

hei

r in

scri

pti

on

s.

•T

he

Ch

eras

als

o d

rew

San

skri

tic

tra

dit

ion

s.

All

ru

lers

wh

o c

on

qu

ered

Od

ish

a ,

atte

mp

ted

tog

ain

con

tro

lo

ver

Jag

ann

ath

aTe

mp

leto

mak

eth

eir

rule

acc

epta

ble

to

th

e lo

cal

peo

ple

.

•R

ajas

than

was

ru

led

by

Raj

pu

t ru

lers

.

•P

rith

vir

aj C

hau

han

was

on

e o

f th

e g

reat

est

Raj

pu

t

rule

rs.

Chap

ter

- 9

THE

MAK

ING

OF

REGI

ONA

L CU

LTUR

ES




Chap

ter

- 10

18th

cen

tury

politica

l fo

rmat

ions

18

th C

entu

ry

Poli

tica

l

Form

ati

ons

Est

abli

shed

by

Bu

rhan

-ul-

Mu

lk

.S

add

at K

han

Th

e M

arat

has

kin

gd

om

asce

nd

ed u

nd

er S

hiv

aji.

Th

ey w

ere

pro

sper

ou

s

agri

cult

ura

list

s.

Est

abli

shed

by

Mu

rsh

id

Qu

li K

han

.E

stab

lish

ed b

y N

izam

-ul-

Mu

lk

Asa

f Ja

h.

•O

ld M

ug

hal

pro

vin

ces

lik

e A

wad

h,

Ben

gal

& H

yd

erab

ad.

•W

atan

Jag

irs

wh

ich

in

clu

ded

sev

eral

Raj

pu

t p

rin

cip

alit

ies.

•S

tate

s u

nd

er c

on

tro

l o

f M

arat

has

,

Sik

hs

and

jat

s.

•G

rad

ual

ly t

he

effi

cien

cy o

f th

e,

imp

eria

l ad

min

istr

atio

n b

rok

e

do

wn

.

•It

bec

ame

dif

ficu

lt f

or

the

late

r

Mu

gh

al e

mp

ero

rs t

o k

eep

a c

hec

k

on

th

eir

po

wer

ful

man

sab

dar

s.

•P

easa

nt

and

zam

ind

ars

reb

elle

d.

Em

erg

ed t

o p

ow

er u

nd

er

Gu

ru G

ob

ind

Sin

gh

.




Envi

ronm

ent

En

vir

on

men

t is

ou

r b

asic

life

su

pp

ort

sy

stem

.

•S

oci

ety

•E

con

om

y

•P

oli

tics

•F

lora

l

•F

aun

a

•M

icro

bia

•L

and

•A

ir

•W

ater

•L

ivin

g t

hin

gs

Fo

rms

the

soli

d p

art

of

the

eart

h.

Co

ver

s 3/

4th

of

the

eart

h i

n t

he

form

of

wat

er.

Itis

the

thin

lay

ero

fai

r th

at s

urr

ou

nd

s th

eea

rth

.

Itis

an

arro

wzo

ne

of

the

eart

h w

her

e la

nd

,w

ater

and

air

inte

ract

wit

hea

cho

ther

tosu

pp

ort

lif

e.

It i

s a

com

ple

x n

etw

ork

or

com

mu

nit

ym

ade

up

of

liv

ing

and

no

n-l

ivin

go

rgan

ism

s.It

stu

die

s an

d e

xpla

ins

the

inte

ract

ion

sb

etw

een

hu

man

san

dth

eir

nat

ura

lsu

rro

un

din

gs.

En

vir

on

men

t

our

env

ironm

ent

Chap

ter

- 1 eN

VIRO

NMEN

T




Insid

e

Ou

r E

arth

Inte

rio

ro

fth

eE

arth

•In

ner

mo

st l

ayer

.

•R

adiu

s o

f ab

ou

t 35

00 k

m.

•M

ade

up

of

nic

kel

an

d i

ron

.

•T

he

cen

tral

car

e h

as v

ery

hig

h t

emp

erat

ure

an

d

pre

ssu

re.

•S

itu

ated

ju

st b

enea

th t

he

cru

st.

•H

as a

dep

th o

f 29

00 k

m.

Up

per

mo

st l

ayer

Th

inn

est

of

all

the

lay

ers.

Ab

ou

t 35

km

Sil

ica

& a

lum

ina

Sil

ica

& m

agn

esiu

m

•V

ery

use

ful

to m

ank

ind

.

•F

or

exam

ple

: c

oal

, nat

ura

l

gas

an

d p

etro

leu

m.

San

dst

on

e

Gra

nit

e

Bas

alt

Sla

te a

nd

Mar

ble

Chap

ter

- 2

iNSI

DE O

UR E

ARTH




Chap

ter

- 3

Our

Cha

nging e

arth

Ou

r C

ha

ngin

g

Ea

rth

En

do

ge n

icFo

rces

Exo

gen

i cF

orc

es

•R

iver

•W

ind

•S

ea-w

aves

•G

laci

er

Sud

den

Fo

rces

Bu

ild

ing

mo

un

tain

s

•V

olc

ano

•L

and

slid

es




Air

Up

per

mo

st l

ayer

of

atm

osp

her

e.

Av

erag

e h

eig

ht

is 1

3 k

m.

Ext

end

s b

etw

een

80-

400

km

.

Ext

end

s u

pto

80

km

.

Ext

end

s u

pto

50

km

.

Hig

h a

ir p

ress

ure

is

fou

nd

at s

ea l

evel

.L

ow

air

pre

ssu

re i

s as

soci

ated

wit

hcl

ou

dy

skie

san

dw

etw

eath

er.

• •

Fac

tor

that

infl

uen

ces

the

dis

trib

uti

on

of

tem

per

atu

reis

in

sola

tio

n.

•

Trad

e w

ind

s, w

este

rlie

san

d e

aste

rlie

s. Mo

nso

on

s

Lan

d a

nd

sea

bre

eze

: lo

o.

•C

on

ven

tio

nal

rai

nfa

ll

Oro

gra

ph

ic r

ain

fall

•

Cy

clo

nic

rai

nfa

ll•

Mak

es u

pto

0.0

4% o

f th

e ai

r.

•G

reen

pla

nts

use

it

to m

ake

foo

d.

•M

akes

up

to 0

.03%

of

the

air.

•H

um

ans

& a

nim

als

nee

d i

t.

Mak

es u

pto

21%

of

the

air.

•

•P

lan

ts n

eed

it.

Mak

es u

pto

78%

of

the

air.

•

Chap

ter

- 4

AIR




Wa

ter O

cean

s

Ice-

cap

s

Gro

un

d w

ater

; fr

esh

wat

er

Fre

sh w

ater

, lak

es a

nd

in

lan

d s

eas

Sal

t la

kes

Atm

osp

her

e

Riv

ers

: : : : : : :

97.3

%

02.0

%

0.68

%

0.00

9%

0.00

9%

0.00

19%

0.00

01%

100.

00

—S

alin

e w

ater

Fre

sh w

ater

•E

vap

ora

tio

n

•C

on

den

sati

on

•P

reci

pit

atio

n

•In

filt

rati

on

•S

urf

ace

run

-off

Ris

e an

d f

all

of

wat

er o

n

the

surf

ace

of

oce

an.

•S

pri

ng

tid

es

•N

eap

tid

es

•W

arm

oce

an c

urr

ents

•C

old

oce

an c

urr

ents

Chap

ter

- 5

wAT

ER




Na

tura

l

Vegeta

tion a

nd

Wil

d L

ife

Fo

un

din

Afr

ica,

Asi

a&

area

sar

ou

nd

th

e M

edit

erra

nea

n S

ea.

Fo

un

d i

n U

SA

, Ch

ina,

New

Zea

lan

d.

Co

mm

on

tre

es :

Oak

,as

h ,

bee

ch, e

tc.

• •

Fo

un

d i

n U

SA

, So

uth

Ch

ina

and

So

uth

Eas

t B

razi

l.C

om

mo

n t

rees

: O

ak, p

ine,

eu

caly

ptu

s.

• ••

Fo

un

d i

n I

nd

ia, N

ort

her

n A

ust

rali

a.•

Co

mm

on

tre

es :

Sal

, tea

k.

•A

lso

kn

ow

n a

s tr

op

ical

rain

fore

st.

•C

om

mo

n t

rees

: R

ose

wo

od

,o

bo

ny,

mah

og

any.

•F

ou

nd

on

eit

her

sid

e o

f th

eeq

uat

or

and

ext

end

s ti

ll t

he

tro

pic

s.•

Exa

mp

le :

Sav

ann

ah G

rass

lan

ds

of

Afr

ica.

•F

ou

nd

in

th

e m

id-l

atit

ud

inal

zon

es a

nd

in

th

e in

teri

or

par

tso

f th

e co

nti

nen

ts.

•G

rass

her

e is

sh

ort

an

d n

utr

itio

us.

•F

ou

nd

in

th

e d

ry d

eser

t li

ke

reg

ion

s.•

Exa

mp

le :

Bla

ckb

erry

.

Chap

ter

- 6

NATU

RAL

VEGE

TATI

ON

AND

WIL

D LI

FE




Hu

ma

n E

nvir

onm

ent

-

Sett

lem

ent,

Tra

nsp

ort

and

Com

mu

nic

ati

on

Car

ryp

eop

lean

dca

rgo

at

fast

sp

eed

.

•In

lan

d w

ater

way

s•

Sea

ro

ute

s

Rai

lway

s ca

rry

hea

vy

go

od

s an

dp

eop

le o

ver

lo

ng

dis

tan

ce.

Pu

cca

Ro

ad

Ex

am

ple

:P

eo

ple

liv

ing

in

dee

p f

ore

st,

ho

tan

dco

ldd

eser

tan

d m

ou

nta

ins.

Ku

tch

a R

oad

Exa

mp

le :

Peo

ple

bu

ild

ho

mes

to

liv

e in

.

•N

ews

pap

ers

•R

adio

•Te

lev

isio

n

•S

atel

lite

s

•In

tern

et

Chap

ter

- 7

HUMAN

ENV

IRoNM

ENT

SETT

LEMEN

T, T

RANS

PORT

AND

CO

MMUN

ICAT

ION




Hu

ma

n E

nvir

onm

ent

Inte

ra

cti

ons :

the

Trop

ica

l a

nd

the

Su

btr

op

ica

l R

egio

n

RainforestinAm

azo

nBas

in

•H

ot

and

wet

cli

mat

e th

rou

gh

ou

t th

e y

ear.

•R

ain

alm

ost

ev

ery

day

.•

Day

tem

per

atu

re i

s h

igh

an

d a

t n

igh

t it

go

es d

ow

n.

•A

lso

cal

led

th

e eq

uat

ori

alre

gio

n.

•N

um

ero

us

trib

uta

ries

jo

inth

e A

maz

on

riv

er t

o f

orm

the

Am

azo

n B

asin

.

•T

hic

k f

ore

sts

gro

w d

ue

to h

eav

y r

ain

s.•

So

th

ick

th

at s

un

lig

ht

can

no

t re

ach

th

e g

rou

nd

.•

Ric

h i

n f

aun

a.

•P

eop

le e

ng

age

in h

un

tin

g, f

ish

ing

.•

Pra

ctic

e sl

ash

an

d b

urn

ag

ricu

ltu

re.

•S

tap

le f

oo

d i

s ca

ssav

a.

Taj

Mah

alsi

tuat

edo

nth

eb

ank

s o

f th

e ri

ver

Yam

un

a.

Ro

adw

ays,

rai

lway

s , w

ater

way

san

d a

irw

ays

use

d.

All

ahab

ad, K

anp

ur,

Var

ansi

,et

car

elo

cate

dal

on

gth

eri

ver

Gan

ga.

Ele

ph

an

ts,

tig

ers

,d

ee

rsan

d m

on

key

s a

re c

om

mo

n.

Th

ick

bam

bo

o g

rov

esar

e co

mm

on

ly f

ou

nd

.

Has

var

ied

to

po

gra

ph

y.

Mo

nso

on

cli

mat

e.

Chap

ter

- 8 H

UMAN

ENV

IRONM

ENT

iNTE

RACT

IONS

: THE

TR

oPI

CAL

AND

THE

SUBT

RoPI

CAL

REGI

ON




Lif

e in

the

Des

erts

Th

eC

old

Des

ert

-L

adak

hTou

rism

is

the

maj

or

sou

rce

of

inco

me.

•G

rass

es a

nd

sh

rub

s fo

un

d,

app

les,

ap

rico

ts a

nd

wal

nu

ts

gro

w h

ere.

•G

oat

, wil

d s

hee

p, y

ak f

ou

nd

her

e.

•C

actu

s, d

ate

pal

ms

and

acac

ia f

ou

nd

her

e.

•C

amel

, hy

enas

, jac

kal

s,

foxe

s, s

corp

ion

s, s

nak

es

and

liz

ard

s fo

un

d h

ere.

Th

e B

edo

uin

s an

d T

uar

egs

trib

es l

ive

her

e.•

Ext

rem

ely

co

ld a

nd

dry

.

•F

reez

ing

win

ds

and

bu

rnin

g h

ot

su

nli

gh

t.

•E

xtre

mel

y h

ot

and

dry

.

•D

ays

are

ver

y h

ot

and

nig

hts

may

be

free

zin

g c

old

.

Th

eH

ot

Des

ert

-S

ahar

a

Chap

ter

- 9

LIFE

IN

THE

DESE

RTS




On

Eq

ua

lity

•T

hro

ug

h l

aws.

•T

hro

ug

h g

ov

ern

men

t p

rog

ram

mes

an

d s

chem

es.

•In

dia

n C

on

stit

uti

on

rec

og

nis

es e

ver

y p

erso

n a

s eq

ual

.

•E

ver

y p

erso

n i

s eq

ual

bef

ore

law

.

•N

o d

iscr

imin

atio

n t

o b

e p

ract

iced

on

th

e b

asis

of

the

thei

r re

lig

ion

, rac

e, c

aste

, pla

ce o

f b

irth

, etc

.

•E

ver

y p

erso

n t

o h

ave

acce

ss t

o p

ub

lic

pla

ces.

•F

ou

nd

atio

nal

Ch

alle

ng

e.

•C

hal

len

ge

of

Ex

pan

sio

n.

•D

eep

enin

g o

f D

emo

crac

y.

Ina

vo

teb

ased

cou

ntr

yli

ke

Ind

iaad

ult

sar

eg

iven

the

,

rig

ht

to v

ote

un

der

Un

iver

sal

Ad

ult

Fra

nch

ise.

•C

on

tras

t ex

ists

am

on

gst

ric

h a

nd

po

or.

•C

aste

fra

mew

ork

is

rig

id.

•D

alit

s an

d m

ino

riti

es a

re d

enie

d u

nif

orm

ity

.

social

& p

olitica

l life

Chap

ter

- 1 ON

EQUA

LITY




Role

of

Governm

ent

in H

ea

lth

•N

um

ber

s o

f d

oct

ors

ru

n t

hei

r

ow

n p

riv

ate

clin

ics.

•F

acil

itie

s m

ean

t fo

r o

nly

th

ose

wh

o c

an a

ffo

rd.

•P

riv

ate

hea

lth

care

ser

vic

es a

re i

ncr

easi

ng

.

•C

on

cen

trat

e in

rban

are

asu

.

•M

edic

ines

are

exp

ensi

ve.

•N

ot

mea

nt

for

po

or

stra

ta o

f th

e so

ciet

y.

•P

oo

r ca

nn

ot

bea

r m

edic

alw

hic

hex

pen

ses

are

bey

on

d t

hei

r re

ach

.•

Ch

ain

of

hea

lth

care

cen

ters

an

d

ho

spit

als

run

by

th

e g

ov

ern

men

t.

•F

acil

itie

s ar

e m

ean

t fo

r ev

ery

on

e.

Itim

pli

esto

ou

rca

pac

ity

to s

tay

fre

e o

f d

isea

se a

nd

wo

un

ds.

•In

dia

has

big

ges

t n

um

ber

of

the

ther

apeu

tic

sch

oo

ls.

•In

dia

has

larg

e n

um

ber

of

a

do

cto

rs, c

lin

ics

and

ho

spit

als.

Chap

ter

- 2

ROLE

of

the

GOVE

RNMEN

T IN

HEA

LTH




How

th

e

Sta

te G

over

nm

ent

orks

W

It i

sp

lace

wh

ere

op

inio

ns

the

are

exp

ress

edre

late

dto

the

wo

rk o

f G

ov

ern

men

t.

Mem

ber

s o

f L

egis

lati

ve

Ass

emb

ly (

ML

As)

are

elec

ted

by

th

e p

eop

le.

Ev

ery

sta

te o

f In

dia

has

a

Leg

isla

tiv

e A

ssem

bly

.

Eac

h s

tate

id

ivid

ed i

nto

s

con

sist

enci

es.

Ap

oli

tica

lp

arty

wh

os

ML

As

ew

in

mo

reth

an

ha

lfth

en

um

be

ro

f

con

stit

ue

nci

es

inth

est

ate

ge

t

maj

ori

ty. T

he

po

liti

cal

par

ty i

s ca

lled

the

ruli

ng

par

ty.

Aft

er e

lect

ion

s, r

uli

ng

par

ty e

lect

s

the

Ch

ief

Min

iste

r.

Th

eta

te G

ov

ern

men

t th

en m

akes

S

law

sre

gar

din

gsa

nit

atio

n,

hea

lth

faci

liti

es, e

tc.

Chap

ter

- 3

HOW T

HE S

TATE

GOVE

rnMEN

T WORK

s




Grow

ing

up

as

Boy

s a

nd

Gir

ls

Wo

rkd

on

eb

yw

om

en

wit

hin

the

ho

use

ho

ldis

no

t re

cog

nis

ed a

s w

ork

.

•M

ost

of

them

are

wo

men

, yo

un

g b

oy

s

or

gir

ls. W

ages

are

lo

w.

Do

es n

ot

hav

e m

uch

val

ue

atta

ched

•.

•G

ov

ern

men

t h

as s

et u

p a

ng

anw

adis

in

sev

eral

vil

lag

es.

•L

aws

hav

e b

een

pas

sed

fo

r 'c

rech

e fa

cili

ties

'.

•M

ore

gir

ls t

o a

tten

d s

cho

ol.

•S

oci

etie

s m

ake

clea

r d

isti

nct

ion

s b

etw

een

bo

ys

and

gir

ls.

•It

beg

ins

fro

m a

ver

y y

ou

ng

ag

e.

•In

man

y s

oci

etth

e ro

les

men

an

d w

om

anie

s

pla

y a

re n

ot

val

ued

eq

ual

ly.

Chap

ter

- 4

gro

wing U

P AS

BOYS

AND

GIR

LS




Wom

en

Cha

nge

the W

orld

•W

om

en a

re g

iven

fe

er o

pp

ort

un

itie

sw

.

•W

om

en's

ro

le l

ink

ed w

ith

in t

he

fam

ily

.

•G

irls

do

no

t g

et t

he

sam

e su

pp

ort

as

bo

ys

in v

ario

us

asp

ects

.

•G

oin

g t

o s

cho

ol

isim

po

rtan

tan

par

t

of

life

.

•A

s ti

mes

pro

gre

ssed

, wo

men

stru

gg

led

to

lea

rn t

o r

ead

an

d w

rite

.

•T

his

bro

ug

ht

chan

ges

in

th

e so

ciet

y.

•To

day

bo

th b

oy

s an

d g

irls

att

end

sch

oo

l in

lar

ge

nu

mb

ers.

•P

oo

r fa

mil

ies

stil

l ca

nn

ot

affo

rd e

du

cati

on

.

•S

om

e d

rop

ou

t d

ue

to d

iscr

imin

atio

n.

Sh

ow

so

lid

arit

y w

ith

oth

er

wo

men

an

d c

ause

s.

Rai

se v

oic

e w

hen

vio

lati

on

s

tak

e p

lace

.

Rai

sep

ub

lic

awar

enes

s

on

wo

men

's r

igh

ts i

ssu

es.

Led

tofi

gh

td

iscr

imin

atio

n,

vio

len

ce, s

exu

al h

aras

smen

t.

Chap

ter

- 5

WOMEN

CHA

NGE

THE

WORL

D




Und

erst

and

ing

Med

ia

•D

iver

se i

nn

ov

atio

ns

in m

ass-

med

ia a

re e

xp

ensi

ve.

.It

co

sts

a lo

t o

f m

on

ey

•To

mee

t th

is c

ost

, med

ia n

eed

s ca

sh.

•M

edia

ear

ns

cash

by

ad

ver

tisi

ng

dif

fere

nt

thin

gs.

•In

dem

ocr

acy

med

ia p

lay

s a

ver

y

imp

ort

ant

role

.

•T

hro

ug

h m

edia

, cit

izen

s co

me

to

kn

ow

ab

ou

t th

e g

ov

ern

men

t w

ork

s.

•G

ov

ern

men

t ca

n a

lso

use

'Cen

sors

hip

'

on

cer

tain

th

ing

s.

•P

lay

s im

po

rtan

t ro

le i

n d

ecid

ing

wh

ich

sto

ries

to

fo

cus

on

an

d d

ecid

es w

hat

is

new

swo

rth

y.

•P

lay

s v

ital

par

t in

or

liv

es a

nd

in

u

shap

ing

ou

r th

ou

gh

ts.

•B

oth

pri

nt

and

ele

ctro

nic

med

ia h

ave

pla

yed

an

im

po

rtan

t ro

le i

n s

oci

al c

han

ge.

•C

han

gin

g t

ech

no

log

y h

as h

elp

ed m

edia

to r

each

mo

re p

eop

le.

•Te

chn

olo

gy

has

im

pro

ved

th

e q

ual

ity

of

sou

nd

an

d i

mag

es t

hat

we

see.

Chap

ter

- 6

UNDE

RsTA

NDIN

G MED

IA




Ma

rket

s

rou

nd

Us

A

•W

e b

uy

mil

k, g

roce

ries

, eat

able

s,

med

icin

es f

rom

su

ch s

ho

ps.

•A

dv

anta

ge

: Nea

r o

ur

ho

me,

bu

yer

&s

sell

er k

no

w e

ach

oth

er s

ho

ps

pro

vid

e,

go

od

s o

n c

red

it.

•M

ark

et i

n u

rban

are

as a

re c

alle

d

sho

pp

ing

co

mp

lexe

s.

•M

ult

i-st

ore

yed

air

co

nd

itio

ned

bu

ild

ing

s w

ith

sh

op

s ar

e ca

lled

mal

ls.

All

tra

der

s in

th

e m

ark

et

earn

un

equ

al a

mo

un

ts.

•G

oo

ds

no

wa

day

s ca

n b

e o

rder

ed t

hro

ug

h-

-

inte

rnet

an

d a

re d

eliv

ered

at

the

do

ors

tep

s.

•B

uy

ing

an

d s

elli

ng

tak

es p

lace

s in

dif

fere

nt

way

s an

d n

ot

nec

essa

ry t

hro

ug

h s

ho

ps

in

mar

ket

s.

•H

eld

on

a s

pec

ific

day

of

the

wee

k.

•D

o n

ot

hav

e p

erm

anen

t sh

op

s.

•T

hin

gs

are

avai

lab

le a

t ch

eap

er r

ates

.

•M

ost

th

ing

s av

aila

ble

at

on

e p

lace

.

Chap

ter

- 7

MAR

KETS

ARO

UND

US




AS

hir

t in

the

Ma

rket

Mar

ket

and

Eq

ual

ity

Th

e ri

ch a

nd

po

wer

ful

get

the

max

imu

m p

rofi

t.

Po

or

dep

end

on

th

e ri

ch

for

man

y t

hin

gs.

Pu

ttin

gO

ut

Sy

stem

-

'Wea

vin

gC

loth

atH

om

e'

Th

e ar

ran

gem

ent

bet

wee

n t

he

mer

chan

t

and

th

e w

eav

ers

is a

n a

pt

exam

ple

.

Mer

chan

t su

pp

lies

th

e

raw

mat

eria

l.

Rec

eiv

es t

he

fin

ish

ed

pro

du

ct.

Mar

ket

off

ers

peo

ple

op

po

rtu

nit

ies

the

for

wo

rk a

nd

sel

l th

ing

s.

Chap

ter

- 8 A

SHI

RT I

N TH

E MAR

KET




Str

uggle

for

Eq

ua

lity

•Is

a f

eder

atio

n o

f fi

shw

ork

er's

co

op

erat

ive.

•It

is

n o

rgan

isat

ion

fig

hti

ng

fo

r th

e ri

gh

ts o

fa

dis

pla

yed

fo

rest

dw

elle

rs o

f th

e sa

tpu

ra f

ore

st

in M

adh

ya

Pra

des

h.

•T

he

San

gh

org

anis

ed r

alli

es a

nd

a c

hak

ka

jam

to f

igh

t fo

r th

eir

rig

hts

.

•T

hro

ug

ho

ut

the

wo

rld

peo

ple

are

fig

hti

ng

,

for

thei

r ri

gh

ts a

nd

eq

ual

ity

.

•W

om

en's

str

ug

gle

an

d m

ov

emen

ts f

or

equ

alit

y i

s an

ap

t ex

amp

le.

•P

ov

erty

an

d l

ack

of

reso

urc

esk

eyar

e

.re

aso

ns

for

ineq

ual

ity

•It

rec

og

nis

es t

he

equ

alit

y o

f al

l p

erso

ns.

•T

he

Ind

ian

Co

nst

itu

tio

n h

as b

een

ref

erre

d

to a

s 'li

vin

g d

ocu

men

t' m

any

tim

es.

Chap

ter

- 9

STRU

GGLE

s F

OR

EQUA

LITY


Documents

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