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Outdoor and Environmental Studies

TAYLORS LAKES SECONDARY COLLEGEUNIT 3 REVISION 2013

Exam Format

Duration- 2 Hours 9 Questions

Unit 3- Relationships with the Outdoors

The focus of this unit is the ecological, historical and social contexts of relationships between humans and outdoor environments in Australia. Case studies of impacts on outdoor environments are examined in the context of the changing nature of human relationships with outdoor environments in Australia.

Outcome 1

On completion of this unit the student should be able to explain and evaluate how relationships with Australian outdoor environments have changed over time, with reference to specific outdoor experiences.

Key Knowledge

An overview of Australian outdoor environments before humans, including characteristics of biological isolation, geological stability, and climatic variations

Relationships with Australian outdoor environments expressed by specific Indigenous communities before and after European colonisation

Relationships with Australian outdoor environments as influenced by: The first non-Indigenous settlers’ experiences Increasing population – industrialisation Nation building

Key Knowledge Continued…

The foundation and role of environmental movements in changing relationships with outdoor environments, in relation to at least one of the following: The Wilderness Society Australian Conservation Foundation Victorian National Parks Association Greenpeace Gould League.

Key knowledge

An Overview of Australian Outdoor Environments before Humans, Including characteristics of Biological Isolation, Geological Stability and Climatic Variations.

Biological isolation

Limited transfer of animals and plants between countries/land mass due to isolation from the ocean or distance. Therefore species evolve without other intervention.

Introducing species- Aboriginals- introduced Dingos and eliminated Mega Fauna

changing the landscape (Excessive hunting). Europeans- made a larger impact by introducing a range of things

to make Australia feel more like Europe. For E.g. Patterson’s Curse, Rabbits, Kane Toads etc.

They also prevented fire stick farming and the nomadic existence of the aboriginals.

Geological stability

Describes how stable a country is in relation to level of movement in Techtronic Plates.

Australia is an example of a stable country, as it is not close to the meeting of two plates. Majority of the country’s landscape is flat. Due to limited amount of movement our soil quality is

lower than other countries closer to the ends of the Tectonic Plates.

In comparison New Zealand sits directly over Plates resulting in movement and a Mountainous landscape.

New Zealand Earth Quake 2011 an active Plate it is more likely to experience Earthquakes due to the plates slipping.

Climatic variations

Changing in weather patterns. Shapes and effects Flora and Fauna in different

areas of the planet. Recent increase in extreme weather can be

attributed to climate change.

Key knowledge

Relationships with Australian Outdoor Environments expressed by specific Indigenous communities before and after European Colonization.

Relationships before colonisation

Indigenous People- Respect of the land Living with the land Spiritual connection with the land Able to carry out normal way of life- nomadic

movement. Cultivated land and focus on sustainability.

Practiced Fire stick farming and did not overhunt areas.

Relationships After colonisation

European Relationships Europeans believed Australia to be Terra Nullius. Tricked Aboriginals into signing over land. Aboriginal life changed significantly due to reduction

of space to carry out every day life as a nomad.

Specific indigenous community

Wurundjeri People The first people that occupied the Melbourne area prior to

European colonisation were the Woiwurrung language group, specifically the Wurundjeri people..

Places of Significance The Wurundjeri are the traditional owners of a large part of the

land of inner and outer Melbourne. The Yarra River was central to the Wurundjeri people as it

provided a variety of foods such as eels and fish. Along its fertile banks the numerous variety of native animals and plants would be found.

Specific indigenous community Continued…

There are a number of identified significant sites, in particular those found near the Yarra & Maribyrnong Rivers and the Merri Creek. A place of great gathering occurred at the Bolin Bolin Billabong in Bulleen where sacred and social interaction between the clans would take place. The Wurundjeri would also gather with other members of the Kulin Nation on the land where the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MGC) now stands. Other places of significance for the Wurundjeri people are:

Coranderrk Mission Station (Healesville) Pound Bend (Templestowe / Doncaster) Mt William Aboriginal Stone Axe Quarry Dights Falls area (Collingwood) Heide Scarred Tree (Templestowe) The Sunbury Rings (Sunbury)

Key knowledge

Relationships with Australian Outdoor Environments as influence by- The First Non-Indigenous Settlers Experience Increasing Population Industralisation Nation Building

Key Skills

Describe the characteristics of the Australian environment before humans.

Describe and analyse the changing relationships with Australian outdoor environments expressed by specific Indigenous communities.

Describe and analyse the changing relationships with Australian outdoor environments influenced by historical events and associated key social and cultural issues.

Key Skills Continued…

Evaluate the role of a specific environmental movement in changing relationships with outdoor environments.

Plan for and reflect upon a range of practical sustainable outdoor experiences and analyse relevant information collected during these experiences.

Evaluate changing relationships in relation to a particular outdoor environment visited.

First Non Indigenous Settlers experience

Found the land Terra Nullius. Initial view of the land- hard, barren, seasons at the wrong

time, hot and not England. Acquired land and viewed Australia as a opportunity to

make money. No thoughts to sustainability. Introduced Plants and Animals to make more like England.

Increasing Population

Gold Rush Damage due to mining Technology increasing without thought to the

environment. Effects to the Australian Environment due to

increase in immigration. More people more facilities.

Industralisation

Increasing technology- increased efficiency in every day life as well as the consequences for the environment.

Infrastructure improved- roads, railways etc. The need to feed, house, employ and provide energy

and other services to a growing population. Development and Exports dominated the relationship

with the land.

Nation Building

The return of solders from WW1 and WW2 provided opportunity and challenges.

Increase in the Infrastructure developments. Returning Vets and immigration provided a

workforce to help in the construction of dams, roads, farms and large scale energy projects. All of which had large implications for the Australian environments.

Key knowledge

The foundation and role of environmental movements in changing relationships with outdoor environments, in relation to at least one of the following- The Wilderness Society Australian Conservation Society Victorian National parks Association Greenpeace Gould League

Environmental Movements

Need to research and know one in detail. Australians during the early 70s started to change

their view of the use of Australian resources. Sustainability is now starting to be considered. Today the battle between $ and sustainability

continues. Youtube examples

Outcome 2

Contemporary relationships with outdoor environments

In this area of study students examine current relationships between humans and outdoor environments. They examine a number of ways outdoor environments are portrayed in different media; the dynamic nature of relationships between humans and their environment; and the social, cultural, economic and political factors that influence these relationships.

Key Knowledge

Contemporary societal relationships with outdoor environments reflected in different forms of conservation, recreation, primary industries, and tourism practices.

The factors influencing contemporary societal relationships with outdoor environments, including: The effects of different technologies

Key Knowledge Continued…

Commercialisation of outdoor environments and outdoor experiences.

Portrayals of outdoor environments and outdoor experiences in the media, music, art, writing and advertising.

Social responses to risk taking. Social and political discourses about climate change,

water management, biosecurity and other contemporary environmental issues.

Key Skills

Plan for and reflect upon a range of practical sustainable outdoor experiences and analyse relevant information collected during these experiences.

Compare and contrast different contemporary societal relationships with outdoor environments.

Analyse and evaluate factors influencing contemporary societal relationships with outdoor environments.

Analyse contemporary social and political discourses about environmental issues.

Organ Pipes Excursion

Organ Pipes is a National Park which has been protected and preserved for future generations.

Features of the Park- Jacksons Creek - Water source for initial land users. Protects Flora and Fauna Tourism Practices

Problems the park is facing- Introduced Species Troubles re-introducing native species

Organ Pipes Ranges Excursion Continued…

Changes over time- Natural areas have reduced over time. Recent rehabilitation program Approach of the urban sprawl Initial hot spot for Geologists Now =Bushwalking and recreation

Reasons why we went to the excursion- Discover Human Impacts- History Aboriginal Heritage See effects of geological stability/instability

Grampians Excursion

The Grampians National Park (also Gariwerd) is a National Park in Victoria, Australia, 235 Kilometers west of Melbourne.

Features of the Park- Large areas of Wilderness. Many walking trails for recreational users Large camping grounds catering for many groups. Native wildlife and plant species. Brambuk cultural centre

Problems the park is facing- Pollution Human effects Past Mining at Heathlea Quarry

Grampians Excursion Continued…

Changes over time- Large amounts of indigenous heritage Relatively untouched until Industralisation brought quarrying. Walking tracks marked out for recreational users. Commercialisation of activities Declared a National Park to restrict deforestation and quarrying

Reasons why we went to the excursion- To see effects of Commercialisation and Tourism. Enjoy the area as a recreation and study site.

Key Knowledge

Contemporary societal relationships with outdoor environments reflected in different forms of conservation, recreation, primary industries, and tourism practices.

Different Forms of Conservation

Key Terms Contemporary Relationships- Refers to events and

interactions that have occurred within the last 10 to 15 yrs.

Conservation- The protection and enhancement of the environment.

Different Forms of Conservation

Definition of Conservation: The protection and enhancement of the environment.

Conservation - Examples:• Environmental groups

• The Wilderness Society• Australian Conservation Society • Victorian National Parks Association• Greenpeace• Gould League

Different Forms of Conservation

• National Parks Australia has over 500 national parks. Over 28 million hectares of land is

designated as national parkland, accounting for almost four per cent of Australia's land areas. In addition, a further six per cent of Australia is protected and includes state forests, nature parks and conservation reserves.

National parks are usually large areas of land that are protected because they have unspoilt landscapes and a diverse number of native plants and animals. This means that commercial activities such as farming are prohibited and human activity is strictly monitored. They are also areas that protect significant historical and Aboriginal cultural areas.

Australia's first national park, was proclaimed on 26 April 1879, south of Sydney in New South Wales. It is now known as the Royal National Park. It was the second such park to be declared in the world, the first being Yellowstone National Park in the United States of America.

Different Forms of Conservation

National Parks Continued…• State Parks- provide a natural setting for

recreational activities.• State Forests- exist to provide a sustainable flow

of timber supples.• Example of a close National parks- Great Otways

National Park and Brisbane Ranges National Park.• State Parks- Lerderderg State park and Werribee

Gorge.

Different Forms of Conservation

• Management strategies• Natural resource management refers

to the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations.

• It brings together land use planning, water management, biodiversity conservation, and the future sustainability of industries like agriculture, mining and tourism, fisheries and forestry.

Different Forms of Conservation

Management Strategies continued… It recognizes that people and their livelihoods rely on the health and

the productivity of our landscapes, and their actions as stewards of the land play a critical role in maintaining this health and productivity.

Examples of land management-

DSE- Department of Sustainability- Minimizing the impacts of pest plants and animals, protecting and enhancing native vegetation, ameliorating and mitigating the impacts of dryland salinity and other forms of land degradation, and supporting Landcare and community capacity and participation.

Different Forms of Conservation

• Minimal impact strategies-• Strategies and policies for different

environments- parks- both land and sea.

• Include- simple as “Pack in Pack Out” to National/State Parks and Marine Sanctuaries.

Different Forms of Conservation

Reduction in use of resources- Moving away from polluting practices,

such as; coal and petrol to produce energy.

Moving to Sustainable Energy, such as; Solar, Wind, Turbine etc.

Others___________________________

Different Forms of Conservation

Reduction of waste and pollution- A tax on Carbon in Australia for the major

polluting companies. Recycling across shires- the use of recycling

bins. Cash for Cans Recycled paper Others_________________________________

Different Forms of Conservation

Education and awareness Outdoor and Environmental Studies. Schools- Primary and Secondary.

Examples_______________________ Conservation groups

Different Forms of Conservation

• Development of environmentally friendly energy sources

• Transport- walking, riding car pooling etc.• Energy-

• Solar• Wind• Hydro• Other__________________________

Different Forms of Conservation

Examples of Conservation Campaigns- Historic Campaigns Franklin Dam- Tasmania Lake Pedder- Tasmania

Campaigns to stop the government from building Hydro Dams and as a result impacting on the biodiversity of the lakes.

Recent Campaigns- Links to website Wilderness Society Australian Conservation Foundation Victorian National Parks Association Greenpeace Gould League

Conservation Attitudes Over Time

Patterns of Conservation Interactions – • Aboriginal – areas for no hunting/gathering, only took what they needed, use

of fire for regeneration• Early European settlers – didn’t have any• 1800s – didn’t have any until late 1800s when national parks first became a

possibility• 1900s – recognition of land degradation, environmental awareness,

environment groups formed, national parks formed, acts of parliament passed and implemented, management strategies developed, use of resources limited

• Now - ______________________________ • WHY have these interactions changed? ___________________________________

Recreation

Recreation

Recreation is an activity of leisure. The need to do something for recreation is an essential element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities are done for enjoyment, amusement or pleasure. The term recreation implies participation to health refreshing mind and body.

Outdoor Education definition- Recreation in the outdoors.

Types of Recreation

Fishing Bushwalking Hiking Motorbike riding Shooting Camping Watersports 4WD

Rock climbing Sky Diving Paragliding Mountain Bike Riding Others___________________________

____________________________________

Why do people participate in Recreation

Enjoyment Happiness Fitness Social Risk taking

Thrill seeking/rush Experiences Other???

Primary Industries

The sector of an economy making direct use of natural resources. This includes agriculture, forestry and fishing, mining, and extraction of oil and gas.

This is contrasted with the secondary sector, producing manufactures and other processed goods, and the tertiary sector, producing services.

The primary sector is usually most important in less developed countries, and typically less important in industrial countries.

Environmental Impacts as a result?

Primary industries

Related websites and organisations Department of primary Industries-

www.dpi.vic.gov.au Australian Government- Department of

Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry- www.daff.gov.au

Forestry

Forestry- is the interdisciplinary profession embracing the science of managing, using and conserving forests and associated resources in a sustainable manner to meet desired goals, needs and values for human benefit.

Protection of Forests in Australia- National and State Parks Reserves and Parks Sustainable Logging- Plantations e.g. Ballarat.

Mining

Mining in Australia is a significant Primary Industry and a large contributor to the Australian Economy. Historically Mining booms have encouraged immigration and boosted the countries workforce and population. There are a wide range of minerals that are mined in Australia these include: Iron ore – Australia was the world's third largest supplier in 2008 after C

hina and Brazil, supplying 342 million metric tonnes.

Nickel – Australia was the world's second largest producer in 2006 after Russia.

Bauxite/aluminum Copper Gold – Australia is the second largest producer after China

Mining

Mining examples continued- Silver Uranium – Australia is responsible for 11% of the world's produc

tion and was the world's third largest producer in 2010 after Kazakhstan and Canada.

Diamond – Australia has the third largest commercially-viable deposits after Russia and Botswana.

Opal – Australia is the world's largest producer of opal, being responsible for 95% of production.

Zinc – Australia was second only to China in zinc production in 2008, producing just under 14% of world production.

Coal – Australia is the world's largest exporter of coal and fourth largest producer of coal behind China, USA and India.

Mining

Mining examples continued- Oil shale Petroleum – Australia is the twenty-eighth largest producer of

petroleum Natural gas - Australia is world's third largest producer of LNG and f

orecast to be world leader by 2020.

Much of the raw material mined in Australia is exported overseas to countries such as China for processing into refined product. Energy and minerals constitute two thirds of Australia's total exports to China, and more than half of Australia's iron ore exports are to China.

Environment and and Political effects of mining

Mining has had a substantial environmental impact in some areas of Australia. Historically, the Victorian gold rush resulted in substantial deforestation, consequent erosion, and arsenic pollution. The effects on the landscape near Bendigo and Ballarat can still be seen today. Queenstown, Tasmania’s mountains were also completely denuded through the combination of logging and pollution from a mine smelter remain bare today.

Uranium mining has been controversial, partly for its alleged environmental impact but more so because of its end uses in nuclear power and nuclear weapons. The Australian Labor Party, maintains a policy of ‘No new Uranium mines”. As the world’s demand for Uranium increases their has been pressure both locally and internationally for this policy to change. Australia is a participant in the international anti-proliferation efforts designed to ensure that no exported Uranium is used in Nuclear weapons.

Fisheries

Fisheries- is an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish. A fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish

through farming or aquaculture. Directly or Indirectly 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture. Overfishing, including the taking of fish beyond sustainable levels is reducing stocks around the world.

Protection of Fisheries- Marine National Parks Legislation and Laws aimed at protecting sustainable Fishing.

Catch Limits and Size Restrictions.

Agriculture

Victoria is Australia’s largest food and fibre exporting state. Our strong agricultural sector produces goods valued at around $8 billion a year, or 28 per cent of the national total. Victoria’s temperate climate, high quality soils and clean water support our world-class agriculture industries. The state’s largest export earner, the dairy industry, provides no less than 7 per cent of dairy products traded globally.

Australia is a major producer and exporter of Agriculture and its closely related sectors earn $155 billion a year for a 12% share of Australia’s GDP.

Australian farmers and grazers own 135,996 farms, covering 61% of Australia’s landmass.

Agriculture Continued…

There are three main Agriculture zones in Australia- Tasmania and a narrow coastal zone- used for diary and beef production. Wheat and sheep zone- For wool, lamb and mutton. This zone is used for

grazing and winter crops. Pastoral Zone- Less fertile land used for grazing of beef and cattle and

sheep for wool. The major issues facing agriculture in Australia are drought, water

security, low soil fertility, overuse, weeds, global warming, biosecurity (biological threats from imported foods and livestock), tariffs placed upon Australian exports, subsidies to other countries and currency fluctuations.

Energy

Producing energy in Australia is done using different resources. We require fossil fuels such as- coal and other resources to produce electricity.

Fossil fuels currently meet 95% of our stationary energy needs. Victoria’s renewable energy is generated by harnessing the sun’s

radiation or heat, the wind, the tides or heat stored underground to make electricity and heat. Generating electricity from renewable energy sources produces very little carbon pollution.

Victorian Energy has been privatized and is currently owned by private companies.

Tourism

Tourism is making use of an environment to profit and make a living.

Different types of Tourism- Eco-tourism- Sustainability Visiting Natural Resources Man made tourism- MCG, Water world etc.

Tourism changes over the years- Technology increases have increased accessibility

Tourism Continued…

Has Tourism benefited the Natural Environment? Positive-

More money injected into area. Improving area to make it more desirable.

Negative- More people = more impact Industralisation (Environmental Changes).

Has Tourism changed societies relationship with the environment? Yes because we are more engaged and have more information about

what the environment has to offer.

Key Knowledge

The factors influencing contemporary societal relationships with outdoor environments, including: The effects of different technologies Commercialisation of outdoor environments and outdoor

experiences. Portrayals of outdoor environments and outdoor experiences in

the media, music, art, writing and advertising. Social responses to risk taking. Social and political discourses about climate change, water

management, biosecurity and other contemporary environmental issues.

S

Technological Change in the Outdoors

Case studies of changing technologies …

Technological change in the outdoors

Surfing

The design of surfboards including shapes, curves, tails, fins

Surf Research – www.surfresearch.com.au

Technological change in the outdoors

Surfing

Board materials

Technological change in the outdoors

Surfing

Fin systems

Technological change in the outdoors

Surfing

Wax and deck grip …

Technological change in the outdoors

Surfing

Tow in surfing with jet skis …

Technological change in the outdoors

Surfing

Internet weather forecasts …

Technological change in the outdoors

Surfing

The next generation?

“Designer Marco Torres has designed a surfboard with built in GPS and radio. The concept is for separated surfers to locate one another with ease through two-way communication and a large onboard display, while keeping riders apprised to changes in currents and weather through constant updates and weather alerts”

Technological change in the outdoors

Camping

Tents …

Technological change in the outdoors

Camping

Tents …

Technological change in the outdoors

Camping

Tent poles …

Technological change in the outdoors

Camping

Tent pegs …

Technological change in the outdoors

Camping

Fuel stoves …

Technological change in the outdoors

Camping

Sleeping mats …

Technological change in the outdoors

Camping

Packs …

Technological change in the outdoors

Camping

Boots, shoes and footwear …

Technological change in the outdoors

Camping

Navigation …

Technological change in the outdoors

Camping

Waterproof fabrics …

Technological change in the outdoors

Rockclimbing

Ropes …

Technological change in the outdoors

Rockclimbing

Harnesses …

Technological change in the outdoors

Rockclimbing

Helmets …

Technological change in the outdoors

Rockclimbing

Shoes …

Technological change in the outdoors

Rockclimbing

Specialist gear (cams, belay plates, etc.) …

Technological change in the outdoors

Rockclimbing

Portaledges …

Technological change in the outdoors

Rockclimbing

Indoor climbing …

Effects of Technology on societies relationships with the

Outdoors

How has Technology improved societies relationship with the Outdoor environment? Safety Knowledge- environmentally sustainable Comfort Accessible Enjoyable

How would Outdoor Experience of 100 years ago compare with today’s experience due to advances in technology?

Effects of Technology on societies relationships with the

Outdoors Continued… How would Outdoor Experience of 100 years ago

compare with today’s experience due to advances in technology? Less knowledge Impact on environment higher Accessibility reduced Harder- equipment, navigation etc.

Commercialisation of outdoor environments and outdoor

experiences.

Has commercialisation been a good thing for the environment? Depends- on your impact. 40 years ago- bad for the environment. Today we are much improved.

Commercialisation of outdoor environments and outdoor experiences

continued…

Types of commercialisation- Positive-

Tasmania- Cradle Mountain- Minimal Impact Built boardwalks St. Kilda

Negative- Any human intervention

Key Knowledge

Portrayals of outdoor environments and outdoor experiences in the media, music, art, writing and advertising.

How do these different forms of media portray the Outdoors? Appealing- Sell the environment Fear- Unsafe, unpredictable etc. Risk Takers- Thrill seekers, irresponsible etc.

Portrayals of outdoor environments and outdoor experiences in the media, music, art, writing and advertising continued…

How do they effect societies view and participation in the Outdoors?Positive and negative way.

Excellent revision for this section- Revisit task on “Portrayals of the Outdoors” (A3 double sided table). This covers all of the different forms of media depicted above.

Xavier Rudd – Bow Down

I sit here now 2010 government still stealing landMaking lame excuses for their greed while thatoil spills into the seaAnd the Whalers now still killing whales and oldgrowth bush still being rapedAnd I know we will have busy lives but sing alongif you have the time

Bow Down to your Godbut don't forget about the earthplace your hand on a treeWho's helping your breathGive thanks to the sunwhen you open your lungsThrow your buts in the binhelp the old turtles swim

Selling tourism on sacred land while the localmob sit on their handsif what I'm speaking here makes any sense openup my friend and jump the fence

Bow Down to your Godbut don't forget about the earthplace your hand on a treeWho's helping your breathGive thanks to the sunwhen you open your lungsThrow your buts in the binhelp the old turtles swim

Freedom for all

Key Knowledge- Social Response to Risk taking

How does Society respond to Risk taking? Bad- Deaths, injury, stupidity, irresponsible etc.

Positive- brave, adventurous, role model etc.

Positive Examples- Negative Examples-

Social Response to Risk taking continued…

Examples- Jessica Watson (Sailing)- Irresponsible, brave, ground

breaking etc. Tim Holding- Parliamentary Minister (Bushwalking)-

became lost while on a bushwalk- underprepared. Extreme Kayaking- dangerous, insane, suicide etc. School Caving Incident- risk management, negligence etc.

Key Knowledge

Social and political discourses about climate change, water management, biosecurity and other contemporary environmental issues.

Social and Political Discourses- essentially Conversations about Outdoor Environments amongst the community and within Politics (government).

E.g. Climate change conversations or debate.

Conversations around Climate Change

The Debate- How much effect on the Planet is Climate Change making?

Remember in your exam always back up your point of view with evidence and/or real world examples.

Conversations around Climate Change

Continued… Examples-

Irregular weather Rising of sea levels Coral bleaching Whale beaching etc. Real world example- Carbon Tax, Investing in clean energy etc.

Stakeholders- Conservationists Fossil Fuel producers and/or companies Meteorologist Society etc.

Conversations around Water Management

Main issues surrounding water management? Drought and weather Pollution Allocation- sustainably

Stakeholders involved? Government Water companies Farmers and local members of the community

Main example- Murray-Darling Basin.

Conversations around Biosecurity

Definition- Procedures intended to protect humans or animals against disease or harmful biological agents: "biosecurity risks".

Types of protective processes- Customs

Hendra Virus Equine Influenza

Other Contemporary Issues

Mining Fossil fuels and burning Fossil fuels for energy.

Sea Level rising. Greenhouse gases. Ocean Acidification. Environmental Degradation- Invasive species and

Habitat Destruction.