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Prof T. I. EldhoDepartment of Civil EngineeringIIT BOMBAY

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Water Audit & Budgeting: Water Resources and Environmental

Perspectives

Source: http://www.aesmani.com/water-audits.html

Outline Introduction Water Resources & Environmental Issues Water Resources - Indian Scenario Water Supply & Issues Water Auditing – Necessity & Objectives Water Auditing – Preparation & Planning Water Audit - Methodology Case Study Conclusions

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Introduction – Importance of Water

Too much water Too little water Poor-quality water Introduction - Importance of water

Water is one of our most important natural resources and Water Scarcitymay be the most underestimated resource issue facing the world today.

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Developing Water Management schemes became necessary!6

Water Resources and Environmental Issues

Too much water Too little water Poor-quality water

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Impacts of climate change on water availability and weather patterns

Influence of location (climate, geography and population) on water availability (rainfall, floods and drought)

Impacts of water stress (both drought and flood) on health and wellbeing of societies

Water Management – Main Issue -The basic processes of managing water for human use are: collection storage treatment and, distribution of water.

Water Resources Issues

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Can arise in fields of

Wastewater, storm water and water treatment

Solid waste management

Air pollution control

Hazardous waste remediation

Waste minimization and pollution prevention

Risk assessment and safety engineering

Water recycling and reuse

Water conservation

Environmental Issues

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Declining Water Availability

Source: Arnell N.W. Climate change and global water resources: SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios, Global Climate Change, 14(1), 31-52 (2004)

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Potentially significant demand supply gap

Source: 2030 Water Resource Group Report titled ‘Charting Our Water Futures’, 2009.

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Over-exploitation of Groundwater

Source: Gleeson, T.,Wada, Y., Bierkens, M. F. P. & van Beek, L. P. H. Nature 488, 197–200 (2012)

Global withdrawal of water for agriculture, industry andmunicipal use, and total use, in liters and gallons per capitaper day, 1900-95

Agri: Mun: Industrial:: World: 70: 15: 15; India - 83: 9: 8.

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India’s Water Resources- Indian Scenarios

Too much water Too little water Poor-quality water INDIA’S LAND RESOURCE, IRRIGATION

AND FOOD PRODUCTION

• India has 2% of world’s land, 4% of freshwater, 16% of population, and 10% of its cattle.

• Geographical area = 329 Mha of which 47% (142 Mha) is cultivated, 23% forested, 7% under non-agri. use, 23% waste.

• Per capita availability of land 50 years ago was 0.9 ha, could be only 0. 14 ha in 2050.

• Out of cultivated area, 37% is irrigated which produces 55% food; 63% is rain-fed producing 45% of 200 M t of food.

• In 50 years (ultimate), proportion could be 50:50 producing 75:25 of 500 M t of required food.

Blue revolution for a Second Green Revolution

1951 2001 2015Agricultural Production

65 m.t 200 m.t

252 m.t

Command area irrigation

22.6m.ha

90 m. ha

~120m.ha

Population 33 crores

100 crores

128 crores

SKEWED DISTRIBUTION - WATER AVAILABILITY

Inter-basin transfer of water : a key need

SOME INFERENCES FROM RIVER BASIN STATISTICS

• Himalayan Rivers Water: 300 utilizable, 1200 BCM available.

• Himalayan large dams presently store 80 BCM. New dams under consideration could store 90 BCM.

• Peninsular Rivers Water: 400 utilizable, 700 BCM available.

• Peninsular large dams presently store 160 BCM. New dams under consideration could store 45 BCM.

• In all, large dams presently store 240 BCM. New dams under consideration could store 135 BCM. Total storage thus could be 375 BCM only.

India’s Present Yearly Water Balance, (Km3 = BCM)- SUMMARY

Precipitation = 4000 Present Withdrawal = 630 = 58%

Inflow = 400 Still available = 470 = 42%

Extendable = +300 = 28%

Total = 4400 USES %

ET = 2200 Irrigation = 83.0

Infiltration = 300 Drinking / Municipal = 4.5

Available = 1900 Industry = 3.0

Energy = 3.5

Utilizable / = 1100 Others = 6.0

Developable

Extendable = +300 Total 100.0

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WITHDRAWAL OF WATER- 2050, AVAILABILITY

India’s Yearly Requirement in 2050 (Km3 = BCM)

• For growing food and feed at 420 to 500 million tonnes = 628 to 807 BCM

• Drinking water plus domestic and municipal use for rural population at 150 lpcd and for urban population at 220 lpcd = 90 to 110 BCM

•Hydropower and other energy generation = 63 to 70 BCM

•Industrial use = 81 to 103 BCM

•Navigational use = 15 BCM

•Loss of water by evaporation from reservoirs = 76 BCM

•Environment and ecology = 20 BCM

Total 970 to 1200 BCM

Availability 1100 to 1400 BCM

Water supply costs (1998 dollars / 1000 cub m)

for different technologies

Technology ($/1000 m3) Source

Large storage projects 8 -110 Keller

Medium and small storage projects 50 - 350 Keller

Micro storage projects 160 - 600 Keller

Dug storage 500 -1200 OAS, 1997

Groundwater development &pumping20 -110 Keller

Groundwater recharge 190 - 230 Gleick, 1993

Conservation practices 40 - 300 Keller et al., 1998

Recycling wastewater (secondary

treatment) 120 - 220 Gleick, 1993

Diversion projects (interbasin) 190 - 400 Gleick, 1993

Reverse osmosis (for brackish water) 160 - 540 Gleick, 1993

Recycling wastewater (advanced water

treatment 260 - 660 Gleick, 1993

Distillation 900 -1500 Gleick, 1993

Desalinization of seawater 600 - 2000 Keller et al., 1998---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Source: Paper by Andrew Keller and David Seckler (IWMI) on topic “Water scarcity and the role of storage in development”, 1999

Where does the water come from?

•New dams - inter-basin transfer

•Groundwater - underdeveloped

•Demand Management

•Water savings - increase in efficiency, reduce evaporation.

•Water productivity - increases in crop per drop

•Trade (virtual water), import food.22

India sustains nearly 17 per cent of the world’s population but is endowed with just four per cent of global water resources.

About 50 per cent of annual precipitation is received in just about 15 days in a year

Limited storage capacity of 36 per cent of utilizable resources Leakage and inefficiencies in the water supply system waste nearly

50 per cent of usable water The groundwater level is declining at the rate of 10 cm per year Over 70 per cent of surface water and ground water resources are

contaminated

Indian Scenario

All this is leading towards a water scarce situation in many parts of the country

Source: Kumar S V, Bharat G K(2014), Perspectives on a Water Resource Policy for India, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI, New Delhi.

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Inconsistent supply (2-5 hours) with high leakages, thefts

High Disparity in per capita water supply

High Unaccounted water in Urban water supply (generally 20-50%)

Very low coverage in metering

Water quality issues

Water tariff does not represent the actual O&M, social and environment cost of water

Urban water Issues in India

Source: Anshuman, Major Challenges in Urban water sector, Global/Indian Scenario, July 2014 24

Prioritization between domestic, agricultural and industrial water needs

“Zero sum game of water management", is one where authorities increase water supply to one user by taking it away from another

Increasing industrial water usage causes increase in conflict between local communities and the industry, on issues ranging from water pollution to water scarcity

Water Auditing can help in major way!

Water Fall-outs in India

Source: http://www.cseindia.org/dte-supplement/industry20040215/fall-outs.htm

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Weak legal and institutional framework Water Security Juridical Security

Inefficient and unsustainable investments in infrastructure

Scarce hydro-meteorological information for decision making

Disaster prevention, control and protection

Water Auditing part of Integrated Water and environmental management approaches

Other Issues

Source: http://www.cseindia.org/dte-supplement/industry20040215/fall-outs.htm 26

Water Supply & Issues

Too much water Too little water Poor-quality water

Need for Successful Water Management Practices

Source: https://globalwaterpartnership.wordpress.com/page/3/27

Water Losses – many times UFW > 50% Equitable distribution (Alternate day / 2 hrs/day) Accountability Water to Slums (inefficient system) Water network coverage and inadequacy of network Water supply management during summer peak demand Old and inefficient assets Delay in capacity augmentation for future demand from

limited water sources. Capital availability Low water tariff and Poor billing mechanism. Lack of professional approach

Water Sector Issues & Challenges

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Issues & Challenges – Eg. Nagpur City (before implementation of JnNURM)

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1. Integrated Approach

2. Address both Engineering + Behavioral Practices

3. Procuring Accurate baseline data

4. Logical sequence –implementation in phases

5. Not only how much water but how it is used

6. Quality versus Application matching

7. Considering True Cost of Water

8. Understanding Life Cycle Cost

Successful Water Management Practices –Require Water Audit

Source: Dasgupta, P (2011), Water Audit in Industry – CII’s Perspective, National Seminar on Standards for Quality and Empowerment, New Delhi

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Water Audit & Efficiency

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Water Audit – Necessity & Objectives

Too much water Too little water Poor-quality water

Water Audit - Assessment of the capacity of total waterproduced by Water Supply Authority and the actual quantity ofwater distributed throughout the area of service of the Authority,thus leading to an estimation of the losses. It identify how much water is lost & its costs. Not all the water supplied reaches the customer! Not all of the water that reaches the end user is measured or paid for

Also known as non-revenue water or Unaccounted-ForWater (UFW) which is the difference between the quantity ofwater produced and the quantity of water which is billed oraccounted for.

Water Audits - Definition

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Unaccounted-For Water (UFW)

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To assess the following:

Water produced

Water used

Losses both physical and non-physical,

Identify Unaccounted-ForWater (UFW) To identify and prioritize areas which need immediate attention

for control.

Thus Water Audit is a “Systematic Approach of Identifying,Measuring, Monitoring and Reducing the WaterConsumption by various activities by a user”

Water Audits - Objectives

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A Comprehensive Water Audit gives a detailed profile ofthe distribution system and water users, thereby facilitatingeasier and effective management of the resources withimproved reliability

WhyWater Audit ? It helps in correct diagnosis of the problems faced in order

to suggest optimum solutions Effective tool for realistic understanding and assessment of

the present performance level and efficiency of the service Shows adaptability of the present system for future

expansion & rectification of faults during modernization

Why Water Audits?.

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In Irrigation, Domestic, Industrial sectors

Legal Requirement (In many states)

CREP (Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection)

Water stress regions – Availability / Quality

Corporate image

Business risk involved - Sustainability

Payback options in places of high water tariff for industry

Why Water Audits?

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Water Auditing – Preparation, Planning & Methodology

Too much water Too little water Poor-quality water

Water allocation

Pollution control

Monitoring

Financial management

Flood and drought management

Information management

Audits in

Water Legislation The Indian government set standards for water management and the quality

and use of water Water Protection Act, 1974 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Environmental Protection Act, 1986 Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995

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Verification and updating of Maps: Mapping andinventory of pipes and fittings in the water supply system:If the updated maps are available and bulk meters are inposition network survey can be taken up as a first step.Otherwise maps have to be prepared and bulk metersfixed.

Installation of Bulk meters: Being a major activity,Bulk meters required at the following locations:

All major system supply points.

All tube wells which supply the system directly.

Major transfer mains which are expressly required foraudit.

Water Audit – Preparation & Planning

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Assessment of leakage rates through the features ofwater supply system includes: Raw water transmission system Reservoirs Treatment plant Clear-water transmission system Inter zonal transmission system Tube wells

Monitoring of water flow from distribution point intothe distribution system (Waste Metering Areas,WMA).

Consumer sampling. Estimating metered use by consumers. Estimating losses in the appurtenances and distribution

pipe line network including consumer service lines.

Monitoring Production & Distribution System

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Analysis:Water Audit will provide accurate area wise losses to prioritize thearea into 3 categories viz. Areas that need immediate leak detection and repair. Areas that need levels of losses (UFW) to be closely monitored. Areas that appear to need no further work at the current time.

After water audit of few cities it has been established that thecomponents of UFW may generally be as follows: Leakage (physical losses): 75 to 80% Meter under-registration: 10 to 15% Illegal/unmetered connections: 3.5 to 6% Public use: 1.5 to 3.5%

Water Audit – Analysis

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Water Losses: Physical losses (Technical losses): pipes, joints &

fittings, reservoirs & overflows of reservoirs & sumps.

Non-physical losses (Non-technicallosses/Commercial losses): Theft of water throughillegal, already disconnected connections, under-billingeither deliberately or through defective meters, waterwasted by consumer through open or leaky taps, errorsin estimating flat rate consumption, public stand postsand hydrants.

Water Losses & Leak Control

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Objective of Leakage Control:

To reduce losses to an acceptableminimum

To meet additional demands with watermade available from reduced lossesthereby saving in cost of additionalproduction and distribution.

To give consumer satisfaction.To augment revenue from the sale of water

saved

Water Losses & Leak Control

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Preliminary data collection and planning. Pipe location and survey. Assessment of pressure and flows. Locating the leaks. Assessment of leakage.Following equipment used for conducting tests for leak assessment: Road measurer. Pipe locator. Valve locator. Listening sticks or sounding rods. Electronic sounding rods. Leak noise correlator. A street water tanker attached to a pump with ease to fabricate

pipe assembly with valves to control pressure. Turbine water meters with pulse head, pressure point and data

loggers. Leak Locator.

Leakage Detection & Monitoring

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Detecting leaks on 6000 Km network with sounding is difficult task because: Listening leak sound through Rod is highly skilled job. Traffic / parked vehicles / underground Cables are hindrances in sounding method. Pressures are low due to high peak. Supply hours are short in some zones as less as 90 minutes. Covering 6000 Km network in cyclic manner even twice a year would require huge

manpower. Random Leak detection is a futile exercise unless backed by Water Audit / Leak

assessment.

The recommended course of action is: Extended supply hours can increase the efficacy of Leak detection. Pressures will be better due to lower peak in longer supply hours. Initially the Tracer gas method instead of sound listening method would be more effective. The provision of bulk flow measurements would facilitate the zones required to be given

priority (with high NRW) instead of random leak detection. The bulk flow measurements with District Metering Areas (DMAs) will be next step. DMAs will be periodically checked for NRW and investigated in details if NRW is off

limits.

Leakage Management in Mumbai - Issues

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Water Audit – Methodology

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IWA/AWWA Water Audit Method: Water Balance

WaterImported

OwnSources

TotalSystemInput

( allowfor

knownerrors )

TotalSystemInput

(allowfor

knownerrors)

WaterSupplied

WaterExported

WaterSupplied

WaterExported

WaterLosses

AuthorizedConsumption

WaterLosses

AuthorizedConsumption

RealLosses

ApparentLosses

UnbilledAuthorized

Consumption

BilledAuthorized

Consumption

Non-Revenue

Water

RevenueWater

Leakage & Overflows at Storage

Billed Unmetered Consumption

Billed Metered Consumption

Billed Water Exported

Leakage on Service Lines

Leakage on Mains

Customer Metering Inaccuracies

Unauthorized Consumption

Unbilled Unmetered Consumption

Unbilled Metered Consumption

Systematic Data Handling Error

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Auditing Information Building floor plan

Plumbing drawings

Facility operating schedules

Number of employees and visitors

Maintenance and janitorial schedules

Lists of water-using equipment

Number of plumbing fixtures

Outdoor water use applications, quantity, and schedule

Prior water and energy surveys Water bills for past two years Anticipated water billing rates for

next two years Records of actual water use for last

two years Maps showing location of each water

meter Recommended flow rates of water-

using equipment

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Key Validation Areas of the Water Audit Bring the people from different functional areas together to confirm the

various process data that goes into the water audit

Verify the Production Meter Data The water audit starts here and errors in this data carry throughout the entire audit

Learn how the customer billing system works Billings systems have been designed for financial reasons, but we now use their

consumption data for multiple purposes

Recognize some key leakage factors Gather data on leakage repair response time Evaluate pressure levels in your system Know your policy on customer service line leakage

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Data Collection – Setting Reliable Inhouse Data Collection Procedures

When launching the auditing process, it is important to bring together the utility staff most familiar with:

Production Metering

Customer Metering

Customer Billing

Distribution System operations & leak detection

Mapping/Geographical Information Systems

Hydraulic Modeling (if available)

Strive to have the knowledgeable people participating- the water audit is not an administrative task (Don’t assign water audit data collection to the secretary)

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Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”

Several steps exist to reliably quantify the “water supplied” quantity

1. Source water, imported water and exported water should always be metered

a. Ideally, these meters should be the continuously recording type ideally linked to a Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) System

b. If meters are not linked to a SCADA System, then data should be collected as frequently as possible, at least weekly

c. If meters are not continuously recording type, and are read infrequently, plan to upgrade the metering installation as soon as possible

This is the most important quantity in the Water Audit!

It is the largest number in the Water Audit Any error in this value carries throughout the entire Water Audit

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Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”

Testing Approach

Volumetric Meter Test Comparative Meter Test

Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”

2. Meters should be regularly verified for accuracy

a. Large meters can be compared with an inline insertion or strap-on meter measuring flow downstream of the primary meter

i. Make certain that the temporary metering location is representative and accurate

ii. Strive for minimum 24-hr period if using this method

iii. Philadelphia Water Department conducts over 50 verifications each year in this manner

b. Smaller meters might be tested using field test apparatus as is conducted on large customer meters

c. Document/store the inaccuracy values to serve as a basis for data adjustments

d. Recognize that calibration of the related instrumentation (differential pressure transmitters) does not verify the flow measuring capability of the meter! Insertion pito rod measuring and

recording flow54

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Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”

3. Meters should be recalibrated, repaired or replaced regularly to maintain reliable performance

a. New, current-technology meters should replace dated or defective meters

b. Permanently installed insertion type meters can be a less costly means of establishing or renewing reliable metering

c. Refer to AWWA M33 guidance manual “Flowmeters in Water Supply” for information on meter selection

d. Many dated meters exist throughout the North American water industry

Magnetic Flow meter replacement on 48-inch

untreated water line 2008 in Philadelphia

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Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”

4. Regularly determine Master Meter Error Adjustment

a. Data should be reviewed at least weekly, but ideally, each business day, for trends/anomalies

b. Balance flows to account for storage level changes and district water transfers

c. Adjust for recorded inaccuracy levels of given meters

d. Adjustments due to data error

e. Adjustments due to data gaps

f. Aggregate master meter error is:

i. Added if source meter under-registration exists

ii. Subtracted if source meter over-registration exists 16-inch turbine meter on wholesale account being verified via inline pito

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Data Collection – Unbilled Authorized Consumption

Unbilled Authorized Consumption components metered and/or un-metered consumption, e.g.: Street cleaning

Mains flushing

Fire fighting

Generally small portion of the “water supplied” volume

Don’t spend lots of time on quantify this valueif data is not available

Instead, use the default value for“Unbilled Unmetered Consumption”

Improve data validity over time

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Proper network details in the shape of maps not available (notupdated with proper indication of appurtenances).

Not much attention paid by Water authorities to water auditof the water supply schemes.

Except few major cities, separate Water audit units notavailable with the Authority, and where available, the wateraudit staff not motivated enough to carry out the work.

Water authorities not equipped with necessary equipment. Proper budgetary provision not available for carrying out

continuous and effective water audit. Lack of co-ordination between Water Audit unit and

operational and maintenance staff. No emphasis given on Information Education and

Communication (IEC) activities for conservation of water.

Water Audit – Problems Faced

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Reduced water lossesFinancial improvement Increased knowledge of distribution

systemMore efficient use of existing supplies Safeguarding public health and property Improved public relationReduced legal liability

Benefits of Water Audit

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Reporting WorksheetWater Audit Report for: Philadelphia Water Department

Reporting Year:

All volumes to be entered as: MILLION GALLONS (US) PER YEAR

WATER SUPPLIED

Volume from own sources: 7 94,536.900 Million gallons (US)/yr (MG/Yr)Master meter error adjustment: 10 2,779.300

Water imported: n/a MG/Yr

Water exported: 10 7,100.400 MG/Yr

WATER SUPPLIED: 84,657.200 MG/Yr.

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTIONBilled metered: 7 57,242.400 MG/Yr

Billed unmetered: n/a MG/YrUnbilled metered: n/a MG/Yr Pcnt: Value:

Unbilled unmetered: 8 764.200 MG/Yr 1.25%

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 58,006.600 MG/Yr

WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 26,650.600 MG/Yr

Apparent Losses Pcnt: Value:

Unauthorized consumption: 8 2,086.300 MG/Yr 0.25%

Customer metering inaccuracies: 8 190.300 MG/Yr

Systematic data handling errors: 5 4,674.400 MG/Yr

Apparent Losses: 6,951.000 MG/Yr

Real LossesReal Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 19,699.600 MG/Yr

WATER LOSSES: 26,650.600 MG/Yr

NON-REVENUE WATERNON-REVENUE WATER: 27,414.800 MG/Yr

= Total Water Loss + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered

2,086.300

764.200

AWWA WLCC Free Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet

2008

over-registered

7/2007 - 6/2008

<< Enter grading in column 'E'

MG/Yr

190.300

Choose this option to enter a percentage of

billed metered consumption. This is NOT a default value

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Back to Instructions

Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades

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Use buttons to selectpercentage of water supplied

ORvalue

?Click here: for help using option buttons below

WAS v4.0

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Copyright © 2009, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

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http://www.awwa.org/resources-tools/water-knowledge/water-loss-control/downloadwlcsoftware.aspx

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SYSTEM DATA

Length of mains: 9 3,137.0 miles

Number of active AND inactive service connections: 7 547,932Connection density: 175 conn./mile main

Average length of customer service line: 7 12.0 ft

Average operating pressure: 10 55.0 psi

COST DATA

Total annual cost of operating water system: 10 $219,182,339 $/Year

Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses): 9 $4.97Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): 9 $215.50 $/Million gallons

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

Financial IndicatorsNon-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied: 32.4%Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system: 17.8%

Annual cost of Apparent Losses: $34,546,470Annual cost of Real Losses: $4,245,264

Operational Efficiency Indicators

Apparent Losses per service connection per day: 34.76 gallons/connection/day

Real Losses per service connection per day*: 98.50 gallons/connection/day

Real Losses per length of main per day*: N/A

Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 1.79 gallons/connection/day/psi

Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 2,178.15 million gallons/year

9.04

* only the most applicable of these two indicators will be calculated

WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE:

PRIORITY AREAS FOR ATTENTION:

1: Volume from own sources

2: Billed metered

3: Systematic data handling errors

$/1000 gallons (US)

A weighted scale for the components of consumption and water loss is included in the calculation of the Water Audit Data Validity Score

Based on the information provided, audit accuracy can be improved by addressing the following components:

*** YOUR SCORE IS: 82 out of 100 ***

Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [Real Losses/UARL]:

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(pipe length between curbstop and customermeter or property boundary)

For more information, click here to see the Grading Matrix worksheet

http://www.awwa.org

AWWA Free Water Audit Software© Grading MatrixGuidance on Use of Water Audit Data

Functional Focus Area

Audit Data Collection

Short-term loss control

Long-term loss control

Target-setting

Benchmarking

Identify Best Practices/ Best in class - the ILI is very reliable as a real loss

performance indicator for best in class service

For validity scores of 50 or below, the shaded blocks should not be focus areas until better data validity is achieved.

Preliminary Comparisons - can begin to rely upon the

Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) for performance

comparisons for real losses (see below table)

Performance Benchmarking - ILI is

meaningful in comparing real loss standing

Continue incremental improvements in short-term and long-term loss control

interventions

Establish long-term apparent and real loss reduction goals

(+10 year horizon)

Establish mid-range (5 year horizon) apparent and real

loss reduction goals

Evaluate and refine loss control goals on a yearly

basis

Begin to assess long-term needs requiring large

expenditure: customer meter replacement, water main

replacement program, new customer billing system or

Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system.

Begin to assemble economic business case for long-term needs based upon improved

data becoming available through the water audit

process.

Conduct detailed planning, budgeting and launch of

comprehensive improvements for metering,

billing or infrastructure management

Annual water audit is a reliable gauge of year-to-year

water efficiency standing

Research information on leak detection programs. Begin

flowcharting analysis of customer billing system

Conduct loss assessment investigations on a sample

portion of the system: customer meter testing, leak survey,

unauthorized consumption, etc.

Establish ongoing mechanisms for customer

meter accuracy testing, active leakage control and

infrastructure monitoring

Refine, enhance or expand ongoing programs based

upon economic justification

Stay abreast of improvements in metering,

meter reading, billing, leakage management and infrastructure rehabilitation

Launch auditing and loss control team; address production metering

deficiencies

Analyze business process for customer metering and billing

functions and water supply operations. Identify data gaps.

Establish/revise policies and procedures for data collection

Refine data collection practices and establish as routine business process

Water Loss Control Planning GuideWater Audit Data Validity Level / Score

Level I (0-25) Level II (26-50) Level III (51-70) Level IV (71-90) Level V (91-100)

http://www.awwa.org

Water Audit – Keys to Reliable Data Collection

Steps to set procedures for reliable water audit data collection

Set reliable inhouse procedures Watch for “flagged” data in the AWWA Free Water Audit Software©

Built-in checks in the software help alert the auditor to data issues

Water audit components to watch: Production Metering – “Volume from Own Sources” and “Water Imported” quantities

Exported water quantity

Unbilled authorized consumption

Systematic Data Handling Error

Length of Private Pipe

Annual Cost of Operating the Water System

Be objective in grading all components – refer to the grading matrix criteria

http://www.awwa.org/resources-tools/water-knowledge/water-loss-control/downloadwlcsoftware.aspx

Source: Enhancing water-use efficiency of thermal power plants in India: need for mandatory water audits, Policy

Brief, Ed: Batra, R.K., TERI, December 2012

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Case Study– Thermal Power Plant

GOAL: Identify, quantify, and verify water losses and costs andIdentify water efficiency resource opportunities

Water Balance of Thermal Power Plant

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Specific Water Consumption (SWC)

Actual Overall SWC– about 5 m3/MW

Scope for optimizing (Achievable SWC) – 3 m3/MW

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Water use before Audit

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Potential Water use after Audit

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Potential Water saving

Immediate saving potential of about 23% of total intake water

Significant financial savings from water saving interventions of about INR 7-9 Crores

Cost benefit of water recycling system was positive with a payback period of just 2.3 years

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Comprehensive study/ diagnosis of the system Auditing based on the Issue(s) to address Water Audit validation for most water utilities is

coming in trend to improve its efficiency, sustainability and public image

For Auditing, it is key to assemble employees from the pertinent groups to contribute accurate data and knowledge of all the operations

Start in basic mode, and improve incrementally Auditing increase the efficiency of the water supply.

Concluding Remarks

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Dr. T. I. EldhoInstitute Chair Professor,Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,Mumbai, India, 400 076. Email: eldho@iitb.ac.inPhone: (022) – 25767339; Fax: 25767302http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in