Overview of Animal Feed situation in East

Africa: Feed safety issues Ben Lukuyu, Alan Duncan and Delia Grace

International Workshop on Feed Risk Assessment - Chemical safety 30 September – 1 October 2013

Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Content Dairy production in East

Africa Feed sources and feeding

strategies Feed safety issues Implications of feed availability

and demand on feed safety On farm feed safety Community feed safety Market feed safety

Conclusions

Dairy production in East Africa • Dairy production dominates the

livestock sectors of the East African Highlands

• Increasing population pressure on land and a growing demand for dairy products are driving these systems.

• A key challenge for small-scale dairy producers is how to utilize better their limited land and family labour to engage and compete in the growing market for milk and processed dairy products.

• Central to this challenge is the production and utilization of the feeds required for their dairy animals

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Key feed sources in East Africa: 2003 and 2020

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Feed resource %

2010 2030

Grazing 65 35

Green forages 50 70

Crop residues 30 40

Crop by products 5 10

Concentrates 5 35

Source: World Bank 2012

Approximate distribution of different feed resources in East African small scale dairy

7 Source: World Bank 2012

Past, current and projected feeding systems

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• Feed systems are changing over time (both exotic & local breeds)

• Presents opportunities to supplement fodder, i.e. provide high quality forages & concentrates

Source: World Bank 2012

Source: EADD, 2010

On-farm inefficiencies in feeds purchase and utilization

• Purchase based on how affordable the cost of feed is and not quality and safety standards

• Feed quality and safety is often not known (variability…)

• Lack of knowledge on nutrient requirements

• Response due to feed use not measured

• Who advises? Are they qualified?

• Variable forage quantity and quality- (seasonality and opportunistic feeding) – Feeding based satisfying animal

and not meeting quality and safety needs/standards

Water availability and quality

Key Issues: • Inadequate

availability and access to water

• Large herds of livestock require elaborate water quantities

• Poor water quality in most areas

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Water content Analyzed level

Maximum guideline value

mg/l (ppm) mg/l (ppm) Total dissolved solids

17,840 1,500

Alkalinity (CaCO3) 8,100 500 Chloride (Cl) 680 250 Nitrite (NO3)- 1.0 3.0 Sodium (Na)+ 4,878 200 Total Iron (Fe)+++ 0.01 3.0 Manganese (Mn)++

0.06 0.5

A chemical analysis report for Qokar borehole water, Wajir South, Kenya

Source: EADD, 2011

Community – feed safety

Urban and Peri urban livestock keeping: • Risks associated with grazing

& scavenging Diseases and parasites Non degradable material Metallic objects Poison/poisonous plants

• Risks associated with forage production from sewage areas Enteric diseases Heavy metals

• Horticultural and vegetable waste • Organic chemicals- e.g.

pesticides 15

Food chain Im

plications on meat and m

ilk trade

Regulation in the animal feed industry

• Compounded feed standards are currently so variable amongst all East African countries

• Feed quality is variable in spite of the standards due to; – Lack of enforcement of the national livestock feeds policies

to regulate importation, manufacture distribution and use of compounded livestock feeds, feed ingredients & supplements, cereals and legume grains (quality and safety).

– Lack of institutional arrangements and approaches to support enforcement of rules and regulations in the feed industry e.g. Stakeholders participation, feed analysis laboratories etc.

– Limited information about feed quality and safety – Limited intervention currently going on to address feed

safety 20

Aflatoxin contamination of foods/feed in Uganda

Food Max. Levels (ppb) Maize 701 Groundnuts 2000 Cassava chips 30 Sweet potato chips 15 Soybean 40 Sunflower seeds 25 Fish (Silver) 32

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Source: Kaaya A.N (2011)

Aflatoxin content in animal feeds

Feed Aflatoxin levels (ppb)

Range Mean Broiler Starter 0 - 60 40.5 Broiler Finisher 0 - 75 42.8 Layers Mash 15 - 85 67.5 Chick Mash 0 - 45 30.2 Growers’ Mash 10 - 70 38.6 Dairy Meal 5 - 150 60.4 Sow and Weaner Meal 10 - 50 35.5

23 Source: Kaaya A.N (2011)

Risks in fodder trading supply chains • Disease

contamination:- African Swine Fever

• Insects and Pests:- Ticks etc

• Spoilage: (Aspergillus Fusarium, Pencillium etc)

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Conclusions

• Intensification of farming systems are changing feed systems over time; grazing being replaced by forages/ supplements.

• The pressing need to alleviate feed shortages (quality and quantity) tends to override the need to consider feed quality and safety issues.

• Lack of enforcement of feed standards and regulations largely compromises feed quality and safety.

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Conclusions

• Lack of institutional arrangements and approaches largely contributes to inadequate enforcement of feed standards and regulations.

• Limited information and knowledge about feed quality and safety.

• No interventions are currently going on to address feed safety.

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Thank you