05/10/2016 Dr. Frederic Trillaud 1

IIE - Cuernavaca

Overview of Appliedsuperconductivity and applications

Fig. 1: levitation of a NdFeB magnet using a nitrogen-cooled HTS bulk [matchrockets.com].

ftrillaudp@pumas.ii.unam.mx

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Contents

Introduction.

Timeline of superconductivity.

Applications.

Economical market.

Diverse wire, tape and cable technologies.

Manufacturers.

Comparison between technologies.

Instituto de Ingeniería – UNAM: existing projects.

References.

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Superconductivity

✔ Superconductivity is characterized by the absence of ameasurable resistance under certain conditions (theoreticallythe total absence of resistance). The term was first introduced in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes after the discovery of thefirst type-I superconductor, Mercury. He received the Nobelprize in 1913 for its work on helium liquefaction.

✔ Two theories of superconductivity prevail:

✔ The macroscopic Ginzburg-Landau theory (Vitaly LazarevichGinzburg, Nobel laureate 2003),

✔ The microscopic BCS theory (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer, Noblelaureates 1972).

John Bardeen (1908-1991), American physicist and electrical engineer [Wikipedia].Leon Neil Cooper (1930-), American physicist [Wikipedia].John Robert Schrieffer (1931-), American physicist [Wikipedia].

Cooper Schrieffer

Ginzburg (1916-2009), Russian physicist [Wikipedia].

Onnes (1853-1926), Dutch physicist [Wikipedia].

Bardeen

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Timeline of superconductivity

✔ The following figure shows the timeline of technologicalprogresses which led to the current state-of-the-artsuperconductors.

✔ After the capacity of producing liquid helium was achieved, manysuperconductors were discovered. However, it took nearly 50 yearsto migrate to the industrial sector.

✔ Out of the many found superconductors, only a few led to practicalapplications.

F i g . 1 : A t i m e l i n e o fsuperconductor discovery and their applications [Wikipedia][Gurevich].

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Advantages

✔ Superconductors can carry alarge amount of current for agiven cross-section areawithout measurable resistance.

✔ T h e a b s e n c e o f J o u l edissipation allows to transferpower without losses.

✔ Fig. 2 compares the resistivityof common conductors such ascopper, aluminum and silver toa commercial superconductor.

✔ Table 1 gives an example oftransport current capacity ofcopper and NbTi wires havingsame diameter equal to 1 mm.Whereas copper wires areoperated at room temperature,NbTi wires must be cooled downto 4.2 K [lecture 1 document].

Fig. 2: Comparison of resistivity versus temperature between common-used electrical materials and commercial YBCO coatedconductor provided by American Superconductor Corporation in 2006 [Trillaud].

Current (A)

NbTi 4000

Copper 16

Ratio 250 Tab. 1: Transport current comparison.

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Drawbacks

✔ Transferring power without losses is a strong motivation todevelop superconductors in order to supersede conventionalmaterials used in power distribution.

✔ To this date, the main application of superconductivityremains high energy physics and medicine. The cost ismitigated by the necessity to achieve strong magnetic fields.

✔ Two main issues must be addressed to allow superconductivityto increase its commercial potential:

✔ Simplification of the manufacturing process (reducing cost,increasing batch length, homogenization of quality),

✔ cryogenic system (reducing cost, ensuring safety, increasingefficiency).

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Bunch of applications✔ Medicine:

✔ MRI

✔ Science:

✔ Physics (accelerators: LHC, fusion:ITER, microgravity).

✔ Chemistry (NMR).

✔ Characterization (SQUID).

✔ Power applications:

✔ Distribution (power cables)

✔ Power devices (transformers, UPS,energy storage, …)

✔ Electronics:

✔ Communications

✔ sensors

✔ Signal processing

✔ Transportations:

✔ Trains (MagLev)

✔ Ships (cloaking hull, propulsion)

Fig. 3: from top left to bottom right. NMR 900 MHz (Bruker EST), MRI 1.5 T(GE), Shanghai MagLev train, hall 1 of LHC tunnel [Google Images].

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Power applications: HTS power cable

✔ Various available technologies:

✔ Warm and cold insulation

✔ One phase per conductor or 3 phasesper conductor

✔ Advantages over conventional cables:

✔ Higher energy density (1 HTS cableagainst 3 to 5 conventional cables)

✔ Subterranean cables benefiting fromexisting sites

✔ No electromagnetic pollution

✔ No heating issue

✔ Disadvantages:

✔ Cost of material (~$200/kA-m)

✔ Need for cryogen (LHe, hydrogen, LN2,

etc.)

Fig. 4: Different technologies.

3 cable, one cryostat

3 phases, onecable

One phase, one cryostat

Hollow

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Power applications: Fault-current limiter

✔ Two main topologies:

✔ Resistive

✔ Inductive

✔ Advantages over conventionalprotection systems:

✔ Low impedance in no-fault operation

✔ Passive system that requires lowmaintenance

✔ Allow service continuation duringfaults of short durations

✔ Disadvantages:

✔ Cost of material

✔ Need for a cryogenic cooling system

Fig. 6: Left: inductive design (Courtesy J. Wolsky2013). Right: resistive design [Nexans].

Fig. 5: Dramatic example of a faultoccurring in power transformer.

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Power applications: SMES

✔ SMES: Superconducting Magnetic EnergyStorage

✔ 2 topologies:

✔ Solenoid (large stray field)

✔ Toroidal (larger amount of conductorrequired)

✔ Main applications:

✔ Storage such as batteries, flywheel, etc.

✔ Grid stabilization

✔ Advantages over conventional systems:

✔ Fast response time

✔ No moving mechanical parts

✔ Environmental friendly (compared tobatteries for energy storage)

✔ Disadvantages:

✔ Need for large systems to be of practicaluse in the power grid

✔ Power converter related issues (cost andefficiency)

Fig. 8: Largest operated SMES systems[Oregon state].

Fig. 7: General overview of a SMES systemwith its power converter [ClimateTechWiki].

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Power applications: Motors

✔ Mainly for applications requiring compactlight systems such as ships and aircraftsbesides large generators (> 6 MW) foroff-shore wind power

✔ A few prototypes have been built andtested

✔ Two possible configurations:

✔ Full superconducting machine (rotor andstator)

✔ Hybrid machine, generally the rotor issuperconducting

✔ Competition with permanent magnetmachines. Advantage, superconductingconductors require lesser amount of rareearth (cost).

Fig. 10: Right: prototype of a 5 MW ship propulsionmotor with exciter from American SuperconductorCorporation [MaNEP]. Left: superconducting winding incryostat.

Fig. 9: 3D CAD an hybrid machine [IEEE Spectrum].

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Science: accelerator of particles✔ Main technologies: Bending and focusing magnets: LHC (>1125 tons

of NbTi)[Narlikar]

✔ Future technologies in light sources: Superconducting undulatorsand wigglers

✔ Advantages over conventional technologies:

✔ Allow reaching higher energy beam

✔ Most of cases: the only feasible technology (LHC at >7 TeV)

Fig. 11: SCU15 for production of high-brilliance X-rays installed in the ANKA storage ring [Phys.org: KIT/ANKA/BNG]

Fig. 12: Preliminary design of the Indian SCU at DAVV, Indore in collaboration with the Institute ofEngineering of UNAM (MOU signed in 2015 for a 5 yearscollaboration).

Light sources: Superconducting Undulators

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Present and future Benefits

✔ Betting on expected economicalviability, the future benefits aresubstantial.

✔ A few advantages:

✔ Compactness.

✔ lightness.

✔ High energy density.

✔ Nearly no Joule losses.

✔ Impacts on society:

✔ Low maintainability.

✔ No visual pollution.

✔ Cost effective solutions.

✔ Reduction of green house effect.

✔ New technologies focus on energyefficiency and environmentalimpacts.

Fig. 13: from left to right. Underground network in Manhattan NY, USA,aerial power lines [Google Images], and comparison between a conventionalmotor and a superconducting motor of similar power [AmSC®].

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Market of superconducting systems

✔ The contribution of superconductivity to powerapplications are slowly becoming a reality.

✔ Power devices made of NbTi wires or BSCCO wiresare currently in operation.

✔ Some commercial products:

✔ NMR and MRI magnets.

✔ D-SMES (10 systems in the USA including TVA, AlliantEnergy and Wisconsin Public Service)[D-SMES brochure].

✔ Power cables from prototypes to pre-productionsystems (China, Denmark, Korea, Japan, Mexico, Spain,Russia).

✔ Upcoming products:

✔ Motors (SeaTitan® wind turbine, ship propulsionengineered by AmSC®).

✔ Power distribution (Fault-Current limiters:demonstrators in Germany, China, ...).

✔ In Mexico, CIDEC (Centro de Investigación ydesarrollo CARSO) is the only Mexican companydeveloping and installing superconducting devicesin Latin America [Condumex].

Fig. 14: integration of a 2,000 ftlong power cable in LIPA grid,Holbrook, long island, USA [AmSC®].

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Economical aspects

✔ The following table summarizes the different commercialsuperconductors available on the market.

✔ LTS have a fairly well-established niche where the generation ofhigh magnetic field is required. The technology is near its apexand alternative materials are soon needed to go beyond the currentstate-of-the-art.

✔ HTS conductors are improving constantly. Lengths with betterhomogeneity increase yearly. However, the cost-performance mustdrop below $50/kA-m to have a significant commercial impact.

✔ Magnesium diboride is a fairly new superconductor discovered in2001. Manufacturing techniques remains to be optimized.

Material Length (m) Price ($/kA-m) Type Applications

Copper >1000 m $25-$50 Wire, cable, tape Power applications, science

LTS >1000 mNbTi (8 T, 4.2 K): $4-$6Nb

3Sn (12 T, 4.2 K): $15-$30 Wire, cable Science, medicine, power

devices

MTS (MgB2) >1000 m $1 (projection) Wire, tape Medicine

HTS (2G: YBCO,1G: BSCCO)

2G: 56-790 m1G: >1000 m

2G (0 T, 77 K): $2001G (20 T, 4.2 K): $150

2G: tape1G: wire, tape, cable Power applications, science

Tab. 2: comparison between commercially available conductors.

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Superconductor technologies

✔ Superconductors need particular manufacturing processes.

✔ In the following slides, a broad panel of common techniques areintroduced. Crystallographic structures, phase diagrams, wire ortape layouts are presented as well.

✔ In addition to manufacturing processes, special handling issometime required due to the poor mechanical properties of somesuperconducting phases.

Fig. 15: Nb3Sn insulated

cable. The filaments ofsuperconductor are visible.

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NbTi conductors

Bruker EST (NMR, MRI) Oxford Instruments (highstabilization)

Outokumpu Poricopper (ITER)

Furukawa Electric (LHC)

Cable in conduits (fusion)

Aluminum stabilized cable (ATLAStoroid-CERN)

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Nb3Sn

NED project (future accelerators)Supercon Inc. (externalstabilization)

Supercon Inc. (internalstabilization)

Cable stack (Alstom-MSA)Bruker EST (rectangularconductor)

Cable in Conduit (ITER)

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BSCCO conductors

Power cable (Nexans, Endesa andCentre Labein Technalia)

BSCCO-2223/Ag tape

BSCCO-2212 cable (Oxford Instruments)

BSCCO-2212 (OxfordInstruments)

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YBCO conductors

YBCO cable (AmSC® and ORNL)

Copper laminated (AmSC®) Electroplated copper (Superpower Inc.)

Roebel cable

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MgB2 conductors

Mono-filament (Hyper TechResearch, Inc.)

Multi-filaments (Hyper TechResearch, Inc.)

19 strand MgB2/Ti/CuTape (Columbus Superconductors SpA)

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Comparison between superconductors

Fig. 16: Comparison of transport current of various superconductors at 4.2 K, self-field [P.J. Lee].

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Manufacturers of superconductors

✔ The following list may not be exhaustive. It presents variousmanufacturers of superconducting wires:

✔ SuperPower Inc. (http://www.superpower-inc.com/)

✔ Oxford Instruments (http://www.oxford-instruments.com/Pages/home.aspx)

✔ American Superconductor Corporation (http://www.amsc.com/).

✔ Nexans S.A. (http://www.nexans.com/).

✔ Outokumpu (http://www.outokumpu.com/).

✔ Bruker EST (http://www.bruker-est.com/).

✔ Columbus Superconductors SpA (http://www.columbussuperconductors.com/).

✔ Supercon, Inc. (http://www.supercon-wire.com/default.html).

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Instituto de Ingeniería - UNAM

✔ Various international projects covering the development of powersystems and scientific instruments based on superconductingtechnology:

✔ Thermal, mechanical and electromagnetic modelling of HTS bulks forelectrical machines (collaboration with the University of Lorraine,Nancy, France)

✔ Design of a superconducting undulator for a new generation of FreeElectron Laser (Memorandum of Understanding with the University ofIndore, Indore, India)

✔ Design of a fault-current limiter for the national power grid (PhDprogram, collaboration with CEPEL, Brazil, and SupElec, France)

✔ Design of a HTS power cable in collaboration with Servicio Condumex S.A.(PhD program, on hold)

✔ Estimation of power losses in large scale superconducting devices (PhDprogram, collaboration with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germanyand the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Fl, USA)

Thank you for your attention

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References✔ [matchrockets.com] http://www.matchrockets.com/ether/superconductor.html

✔ [Wilson] M.N. Wilson, “Superconducting magnets”, Monographs on Cryogenics, 2, ClarendonPress, 1987.

✔ [Hyperphysics] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/scbc.html

✔ [Wikipedia] Wikipedia:

✔ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_low-temperature_technology

✔ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_thermodynamics

✔ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_superconductors

✔ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect

✔ [Leitner] Alfred Leitner: http://www.alfredleitner.com/superconductors.html

✔ [Godeke] A. Godeke, “Performance Boundaries in Nb3Sn Superconductors”, PhD thesis, University

of Twente, PrintPartners Ipskamp, Enschede, The Netherlands, 2005. ISBN: 90-365-2224-2

✔ [Nobelprize.org] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/illpres/vortices.html

✔ A. Gurevich, “General aspects of superconductivity”, SRF workshop, Beijing, China, 2007.

✔ [Trillaud] F. Trillaud, MIT 2007.

✔ [Google Images] http://www.google.com/imghp

✔ [Phys.org] SCU15 at ANKA synchrotron radiation facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,Germany

✔ [Oregon state] Largest SMES. Internet website:

http://www.physics.oregonstate.edu/~demareed/313Wiki/doku.php?id=superconductor_electricity_transmission

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References

✔ [ClimateTech wiki] http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/jiqweb-ee

✔ [MaNEP] http://www.manep-nccr.ch/en/technological-challenges/emfields.html

✔ [IEEE Spectrum]. Internet link:

http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/renewables/winner-superconductors-on-the-high-seas

✔ [AmSC®] (American Superconductor Corporation):

✔ http://www.amsc.com/

✔ http://www.amsc.com/newsroom/documents/LIPA%20Energized%200408%20-%20Final.pdf

✔ [P.J. Lee]:

✔ http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/search/personnel/getprofile.aspx?fname=Peter&lname=Lee

✔ http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/magnettechnology/research/asc/plots.html

✔ [ H o f f m a n L a b o r a t o r y , H a r v a r d ] H o f f m a n L a b o r a t o r y , H a r v a r d :http://hoffman.physics.harvard.edu/materials/Cuprates.php

✔ [Hyper Tech Research, Inc.] Hyper Tech Research, Inc.: http://www.hypertechresearch.com/

✔ [MAGreen] M.A. Green, “The cost of helium refrigerators and coolers for superconductingd e v i c e s a s a f u n c t i o n o f c o o l i n g a t 4 K ” , L B N L , L B N L - 6 3 5 0 6 , 2 0 0 7 .http://www.osti.gov/bridge/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/928493-GPQDBb/

✔ [Sheaken] T.P. Sheaken and B. McConnell, “Cryogenic Roadmap”, DOE, Superconductivity programfor Electric systems, 2001. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/htsc/documents/pdf/Cryogenic_Roadmap.pdf

✔ [Radebaugh] R. Radebaugh, “Refrigeration for Superconductors”, Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 92,NO. 10, p. 1719.1734, 2004.

✔ [Strobridge] T.R. Strobridge and R.O. Voth, “REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY FOR SUPERCONDUCTORS”,IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-24, NO. 3, p. 1222-1226, 1977.