Overview of biomass resources - UEF

Overview of biomass resourcesBlas Mola-Yudego

Supply and energy use of lignocellulosic biomass

Lignoselluloosabiomassat ja niiden energiakäyttö

(6 ECTS) 3513129

[email protected]

[email protected]

Bioenergy

Jon Sullivan, CC

Archaeologists identified charred animal bones and stone tools in wood ash in Wonderwerk Cave of Kuruman Hills in South Africa, providing evidence of controlled fire use by prehistoric “mankind” creatures one million years ago

human beings start using “bow-drill fire making” ca. six thousand years ago

220–300 °C or higher temperature, most dry plant materials ignite in air to cause fire

Combustion starts initially with exothermic pyrolysis of wood at around 260 °C to generate solid char and gaseous fume.

C6H10O5 + 6O2→6CO2 + 5H2O + heat + light

Guo, M., Song, W., & Buhain, J. (2015). Bioenergy and biofuels: History, status, and perspective. Ren & Sus Ene Rev, 42, 712-725.

~15 MJ kg−1

Ben Brooksbank, CC

EnergyWood

Technology

Efficiency

Planning Sustainability

My view

Bioenergy

(Modern wood fuels)

Wood for energy

Lighting Power Per Unit of Energy

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

Campfire

(Australopithecus 1,4 m

bc)

Animal Fat Lamp

(Paleolithic 42,000 bc)

Sesame Oil Lamp

(Babylonians 1,750 bc)

Candles (Greeks,

Romans I bc)

Whale Oil Lamps

(1,800)

Kerosene Lamps

(Petroleum PA, 1,859)

Electric Carbon Lamps

(Edison, 1,882)

Fluorescent Bulb

(1,992)

With 1 hr of WORK…

…we can purchase 840 000 time more light than the Australopithecus

…we can purchase 45000 times more light than the XVIII man

Sala-i-Martin, 2003

Efficiency

Efficiency

There is a general trend of land use efficiency reflected in yield improvements over almost every single country

Data soures: FAO databases

Efficiency But there are changes in policy framework, population, demand, competition, etc…

Data soures: FAO databases

Carbon market/trading

Biomass market

Roundwoods, fuelwoods, chipps, wood residue…….

Mkt of wood products and wood waste…….

Municipal waste …. Market of Agri-biomass energy

Energy market ….

Richardson, J. (2002). Bioenergy from sustainable forestry: guiding principles and practice (Vol. 71). Springer Science & Business Media.

Bioenergy

11

Energy consumption in Finland

1.4 M TJ

Wood 0.35 M TJ(Hydro)(Wind)

Official Statistics of Finland (OSF): Energy supply and consumption [e-publication]. ISSN=1799-7976. Helsinki: Statistics Finland. http://www.stat.fi/til/ehk/index_en.html

Official Statistics of Finland (OSF): Energy supply and consumption [e-publication]. ISSN=1799-7976. Helsinki: Statistics Finland. http://www.stat.fi/til/ehk/index_en.html

Energy consumption in Finland

TJ

oil

nuclear

hydro and wind

coal

nat. gas

wood

peat

Wood45 M m3

(different forms)

Biomass

http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/link1.htm

Forest biomass

Roundwoods, fuelwoods,

chipps, wood residue…….

Wood products and wood

waste…….

Municipal waste …. Agri-biomass energy

Residues….

Biomass Sources

Fuel crops

Agricultural by-products

Animal by-products

Agro industrial by-products

Municipal by-products

AGROENERGY

Direct fuel woods

Indirect fuel woods

Recovered fuel woods

Solid: fuel wood (wood in the rough, chips,

saw dust, pallets), charcoal

Liquid: black liquor, methanol, Pyrolitic oil,

Biodiesel,

Gas: products from gasification and pyrolysis

gases of above fuels

Production, Supply Common groups User side, demand with examples

MUNICIPAL BY-

PRODUCTS

WOOD ENERGY

Solid: straw, stalks, husks, bagasse,

charcoal from agricrops

Liquid: ethanol, raw vegetable oil, oil diester,

methanol, pyrolitic oil

Gas: biogas, producer gas, pyrolisis gases

from agro fuels

Solid: municipal solid waste (MSW)

Liquid: sewage, pyrolysis of MSW

Gas: landfill gas, sludge gas

FAO, 2004

CONVERSION PRODUCT MARKET

Combustion

Gasification

Pyrolysis

Digestion

Hydrolysis + Fomentation

Extraction +Esterification

Heat

Fuel gas

Biodesel

Bio oil

Biogas

Bioethanol

Heat/CHP

Chemicals

Transportation fuel

Electricity

RESOURCE

Solid biomass(wood, straw)

Wet biomass(organic waste, manure)

Starch plants(sugar, cereals)

Oil crops(rap seed, sunflower)

Sources and Technologies

Wood-based fuels

Energy Forests

ShortRotation Forestry

Forest Biomass

Primary residues

Logging residuesStumps

Whole trees for energy

Secondaryresidues

Industrial residues BarkSawdustShavings and chipsEndingsBlack liquor

Recycled wood

Used wood fromConstructionsDemolitionWooden packages

Wood fuels

Röser, D., Asikainen, A., Stupak, I., & Pasanen, K. (2008). Forest energy resources and potentials. In Sustainable Use of Forest Biomass for

Energy (pp. 9-28). Springer Netherlands.

Resources

Wood biomass sources

Black liquor 21.1 M m3

Bark 7 M m3

Sawdust 2.1 M m3

Other 1.1 M m3

Pellets 0.6 M m3

Chips 7.3 M m3

Chopped wood 6 M m3

Hakkila, P., & Parikka, M. (2002). Fuel resources from the forest. In Bioenergy from Sustainable Forestry (pp. 19-48). Springer Netherlands.

Tree biomass

VTT

E.Alakangas

SPRUCE

PINE

BIRCH

Tree biomass


Wood fuel: supply

Röser, D., Asikainen, A., Stupak, I., & Pasanen, K. (2008). Forest energy resources and potentials. In Sustainable Use of Forest Biomass for Energy

(pp. 9-28). Springer Netherlands.

Resources


Assortments

How?

Wood biomasseffectiveness

60% forest machineryin Europe: made in Finland

Potentials – Logistics – Sustainable

Research, expertise & know howAvailable machineryAdequate framework

Support schemesRole of local initiatives

Photo Source: Jouko Parviainen


Energy (pp. 9-28). Springer Netherlands.

Mechanization

Low mechanization level!

Mechanization

Asikainen, A., Liiri, H., Peltola, S., Karjalainen, T., & Laitila, J. (2008). Forest energy potential in Europe (EU27). Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa.

Share of mechanization in cutting (%)

Ava

ilabl

e re

siud

esfr

om fe

lling

res

iude

s(%

)

y = 0.0015x + 0.278

R² = 0.53

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Felling residues

Assortments

Resiudes

Stumps

Whole tree

Stems, small diameter

Stumps

Small diameter trees

Logging residues


Energy (pp. 9-28). Springer Netherlands. (p 190)

Harvesting factors

Whole trees: Forest energy harvesting “whole-trees” from thinnings

Logging residues: Harvesting logging residues

Belowground: Stump harvesting

Pre-drying or leaving part of the harvestable material behind

Limiting harvesting to certain seasons

Road side storage to buffer demand

Wood ash recycling

Hardening of wood ash

+: benefits-: drawbacks

Harvesting factors

The forest owner perspective

Discussion and collective review

Wood fuel supply

Transporting Biomass Efficiently

Francescato, V., Antononi, E., & Bergomi, L. (2008). Wood Fuels Handbook. Italian Agrioforestry Energy Association. Italian

Agriforestry Association, Italy, 1-79.

http://www.biomasstradecentre2.eu/scripts/download.php?file=/data/pdf_vsebine/literature/wood_fuels_handbook.pdf

Bulk Density


Volume and biomass

Units

Francescato, V., Antononi, E., & Bergomi, L. (2008). Wood Fuels Handbook. Italian Agrioforestry Energy Association. Italian Agriforestry

Association, Italy, 1-79.


Hakkila, P., & Parikka, M. (2002). Fuel resources from the forest. In Bioenergy from Sustainable Forestry (pp. 19-48). Springer

Netherlands.

What is wood?




Wood density




Wood density


Netherlands.

Heating value


Netherlands.

Heating value


Heating value


Netherlands.

Energy density

toe MWh GJ

toe 1 11.630 41.868

MWh 0.08598 1

GJ 0.02388 1

Energy density

Rules of the thumb:

1 m3over bark =2 MWh =7.2 GJ

http://fpjoule.fpinnovations.ca/Views/Welcome.aspx

Heating value and costs

Chopped

firewood

Chip

Pellets

Crushed wood

Reducing bulk density

Volume and Biomass


Energy Balance

Volume and Biomass

Storage and logistics


Röser, D., Erkkilä, A., Mola-Yudego, B., Sikanen, L., Prinz, R., Heikkinen, A., ... & Väätäinen, K. (2010). Natural drying methods to promote fuel

quality enhancement of small energywood stems.Vantaa: Metla.










Wood moisture and logistics

Wood moisture and logistics

In Finland around 80% of theannual increment of forests is harvested

Europe is exceptional amongcontinents in that almost allof its forests are in commercialuse, yet the growing stock is continuously increasing

Multiple goal and sustainable

forest planning

Transportation

Transporting Biomass Efficiently

Moisture content, heating value, wood density, bulk density…

Location & Time

How would you plan a trip?

Planning a trip to go back home

- Fix the objective:

As quick as possible?

As cheap as possible?

As safe as possible?

As flexible as possible?

As comfortable as possible?

- Define variables and sources of information

- Set the steps

Logistics

Logistics

“Tools”S

kid

der

Fo

rwar

der

Har

ves

ter

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/481533385129880748/

http://www.ponsse.com/fi/tuotteet

“Tools”

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/481533385129880748/

TERRAINCHIPPING-METHOD

Crushing of bundles or loose residues in the plant

Bundling of logging residues

CHIPPING INROAD SIDE-METHOD

Chipping of residueson road-side terminal

On-road transportation ofloose logging residues

On-road transportation by log trucks

Forest haulage bytractor equipped for log haulage

Logging residue compacting truck trailer

BUNDLINGMETHOD

LOOSE RESIDUES

BIOENERGY

BIOMASS

Logistics

TERRAINCHIPPING-METHOD

Crushing of bundles or loose residues in the plant

Bundling of logging residues

CHIPPING INROAD SIDE-METHOD

Chipping of residueson road-side terminal

On-road transportation ofloose logging residues

On-road transportation by log trucks

Forest haulage bytractor equipped for log haulage

Logging residue compacting truck trailer

BUNDLINGMETHOD

LOOSE RESIDUES

Supply chains

Big scale

50 - 500 MW

Commune size

1 - 50 MW

Small boilers

20 - 1000 kW

Fireplaces

5 - 20 kW

End product restrictions

Harvesting and forwarding of roundwood to roadside storage

Logging residues/ cut-to-length method

Chipping at roadside

Transporting

of the chips

Transporting of whole

trees

Comminution

at terminal

Transporting of

the chips

End use facility

Comminution

at end

use facility

Chipping in

the fieldBundling

Organizing the supply

Whole tree method

Transporting

of the chips

Comminution

at terminal

Comminution

at end

use facility

Supply chains




Choice technology

Supply chains




Supply chains

Díaz-Yáñez, O., Mola-Yudego, B., Anttila, P., Röser, D., & Asikainen, A. (2013). Forest chips for energy in Europe: Current

procurement methods and potentials. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 21, 562-571.

Supply chains

Díaz-Yáñez, O., Mola-Yudego, B., Anttila, P., Röser, D., & Asikainen, A. (2013). Forest chips for energy in Europe: Current

procurement methods and potentials. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 21, 562-571.

Supply chains

Finland

Supply chains

Windisch, J., Röser, D., Mola-Yudego, B., Sikanen, L., & Asikainen, A. (2013). Business process mapping and discrete-event simulation of two forest biomass supply chains. biomass and bioenergy, 56, 370-381.

Supply chain

Germany


Supply chain


Wood fuel: logistics and moisture

Documents

Overview of biomass resources - UEF