Fulvia Pilat VCU Workshop, October 17 2014

Overview of Jefferson Laboratory

Outline Introduction to Jefferson Lab 12 GeV Project & Commissioning SRF production and R&D Participation to LCLS-II Future of US nuclear physics: the Electron Ion Collider

Jefferson Lab Overview

Core Competencies • Nuclear Physics Research • SRF Technology • Polarized Electron Sources • Cryogenics Research and Development • FEL, accelerator physics

• Created to build and Operate the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF), world-unique user facility for Nuclear Physics:

– Mission is to gain a deeper understanding of the structure of matter and advance technology – Established in 1986 by a collaboration of U.Va and W&M that gave birth to SURA – In operation since 1995 – 1,261 Active Users – 178 Completed Experiments to-date – Produces ~1/3 of US PhDs in Nuclear Physics (478 PhDs granted to-date; 193 in progress)

• Managed for DOE by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC (JSA)

• Human Capital: – 729 FTEs – 22 Joint faculty; 20 Post docs; 6 Undergraduate, 34 Graduate students

• K-12 Science Education program serves as national model

• Site is 169 Acres, and includes: – 81 Buildings & Trailers; 890K SF – Replacement Plant Value: $389M

Jefferson Lab At-A-Glance

FY 2013: Total Lab Operating Costs: $169M Non-DOE Costs: $9M

Outline Intro to JLAB

12 GeV Project & Commissioning Participation to LCLS-II Future of US nuclear physics: the Electron Ion Collider

Scope of the 12 GeV Upgrade

• Add 5 high performance cryomdules in each linac and their associated LLRF Systems

• Double the capacity of the Central Helium Liquefier

• Upgrade magnets and power supplies for recirculation arcs

• Upgrade Extraction, Instrumentation and Diagnostics, and Safety Systems

• Add new beamlines for Arc 10 and Hall D • Add new experimental Hall D and upgrade

existing Halls

12 GeV Upgrade Project Highlights 12 GeV Upgrade progress on many fronts

Accelerator 100% complete: cryomods, cryogenics, beam transport done

Hall D 97% complete: on track for beam commissioning Fall 2014

Hall C 73% complete: shield house installed ; Dipole coil winding

Hall B 73% complete: PCAL/FTOF installed ; Torus coil winding

Commissioning Milestones

Three main goals for the November 2013 – May 2014 run period: • Deliver 2.2 GeV Beam to the 2R dump. • Deliver greater than 6 GeV beam to Hall A and run first CW beam of

the 12 GeV era to an experimental Hall. • Deliver greater than 10 GeV in 5.5 passes to Hall D.

Timeline of Commissioning Progress

Commissioning Milestones

2.2 GeV Beam on ARC 2 Viewer

8 Hour Availability for 2.2 GeV Run

First data from Scattered Electrons in Hall A

Six Beams in the NL for the First Time 10.5 GeV Beam to Hall D Tagger Dump

10.5 GeV Beam to Hall D Ramp

Outline Intro to JLAB 12 GeV Project & Commissioning

SRF production and R&D Participation to LCLS-II Future of US nuclear physics: the Electron Ion Collider

SRF R&D

R&D areas Efficiency (High Q0)

Intensity (High Ib)

Energy (High Eacc)

CEBAF LCLS-II

CLS (4K)

EIC/FCC FELs PIPII ESS ADS

ILC XFELs

υ−Factory µ−Collider

FCC

e.g. ISOTOPES C therapy UV FELs

SRF infrastructure

Ingot/Large Grain/Single Crystal Cavities

LG Upgrade cavities

LG Ichiro 9-cells

Single Crystal Cavit W. + X.Singer

19” disk made by enlarging smaller slice

650 MHz Project X ANL crab cavity

HZDR gun cavity

ILC 9-cell cavities

Ingot with large central grain

Formed cup

2.45 GHz “magnetron”

Ingot and Low RRR Niobium Three 650 MHz single cell cavities have been fabricated from enlarged high RRR material (1) and reactor grade Nb ( 2) Three CEBAF type single cell cavities were also fabricated: one large grain with RRR~140; one fine grain from RG niobium, one “stitched” RG. All reached 90- 120 mT (~20 – 25 MV/m) Candidates for further process development

Doe Site Visit July 9,

First test of 650 MHz cavity made from enlarged ingot slice

FE limited

Preliminary

19” disk made by enlarging smaller slice Three 650 MHz test cavities

JLab high-current cavities Two 1.5 GHz, one 750 MHz prototypes built and tested

– Results exceed requirements – High power RF window demonstrated to > 60 kW CW

BBU simulations for 1.5 GHz ERL

1.5 GHz ERL cavities

Shape optimization for BBU/HOM power

1.5 GHz ERL cavity

750 MHz ERL cavity

1.5 GHz window

Module concept

HOM load concept

Ideal for ADS!

JLAB 352 MHz Cavity Design Spoke Elliptical

Frequency [MHz] 352 352

Aperture diameter[mm] 50 170

Lcavity (end-to-end) [mm] 1289 + 140 1277 + 300

Cavity inner diameter [mm] 578 730

Cavity weight (3mm wall) [kg] 111 99

Ep/Ea 4.3 ± 0.1 2.26 ± 0.1

Bp/Ea [mT/(MV/m)] 7.6 ± 0.2 3.42 ± 0.1

Geometry factor [Ω] 179 283

Ra/Q [Ω] 781 458

Ra*Rs (=G*Ra/Q) [Ω2] 1.40 x 105 1.29 x 105

At Vacc = 8.5 MV and

4.5K. So Rbcs=48nΩ

, and assume

Rres=20nΩ

Ep [MV/m] 28.6 ± 0.9 15.0 ± 0.5

Bp [mT] 50.3 ± 1.5 22.8 ± 0.7

Max heat flux [mW/cm^2] 4.6 1.4

Q0 2.6 x 109 4.2 x 109

Power loss [W] 35 42.6

Leff=1.5*β0*λ [m] 1.2768 1.2768

• Key is to maximize G*Ra/Q to minimize dynamic heat load

Double spoke cavity

Thesis of Feisi He, PKU

Ideal for ADS!

20

A New LCLS-II Project Redesigned in Response to BESAC

Accelerator Superconducting linac: 4 GeV

Undulators in existing LCLS-I Tunnel

New variable gap (north) New variable gap (south), replaces existing fixed-gap und.

Instruments Re-purpose existing instruments (instrument and detector upgrades needed to fully exploit)

Total Project Cost $895M

South side source: 1.0 - 25 keV (120 Hz, copper” linac ) 1.0 - 5 keV (≥100 kHz, SC Linac)

4 GeV SC Linac In sectors 0-10

NEH FEH

14 GeV LCLS linac still used for x-rays up to 25 keV

North side source: 0.2-1.2 keV (≥ 100kHz)

LCLS-II Director’s Review, August 19-21, 2014

21

Project Collaboration

• 50% of cryomodules: 1.3 GHz • Cryomodules: 3.9 GHz • Cryomodule engineering/design • Helium distribution • Processing for high Q (FNAL-invented gas doping) • 50% of cryomodules: 1.3 GHz • Cryoplant selection/design • Processing for high Q

• Undulators • e- gun & associated injector systems

• Undulator Vacuum Chamber • Also supports FNAL w/ SCRF cleaning facility • Undulator R&D: vertical polarization

• R&D planning, prototype support • processing for high-Q (high Q gas doping) • e- gun option

LCLS-II Director’s Review, August 19-21, 2014

22

LCLS-II Linac

• Thirty-five 1.3 GHz 8-cavity cryomodules • Two 3.9 GHz 8-cavity cryomodules • Four cold segments (L0, L1, L2 and L3) which are separated by warm

beamline sections.

23

Cryo Current Full Plant Design

CC2

CC1

CC34.5 K Cold Box

Cryomodules

~1.54 kPa

~110 kPa

2.0 K Cold Box

Cryo Distribution

CC5

CC4

Liquid Helium

Temperature Capacity

2 K 4.0 kW

5K to 8K 1.2 kW

40K to 80K 13.4 kW

Typical 2K System

Single 2K Cryogenic Plant

JLab CHL-2 does not have an intermediate-temperature cryogen ‘intercept’ circuit

Outline Intro to JLAB 12 GeV Project & Commissioning Participation to LCLS-II

Future of US nuclear physics: the Electron Ion Collider

EIC

The Reach of EIC

JLab 12

EMC HERMES

• High Luminosity 1034 cm-2s-1

• High Polarization 70%

• Low x regime x 0.0001

Discovery Potential! 1.00E+30

1.00E+31

1.00E+32

1.00E+33

1.00E+34

1.00E+35

1.00E+36

1.00E+37

1.00E+38

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

x

HERA (no p pol.) COMPASS L

umin

osity

cm

.-2 se

c. -1

arXiv:1209.0757

Table of Contents Executive Summary 1. Introduction 2. Nuclear Physics with MEIC 3. Baseline Design and Luminosity

Concept 4. Electron Complex 5. Ion Complex 6. Electron Cooling 7. Interaction Regions 8. Outlook

MEIC Design Report Released

27

MEIC Design Goals

Energy Full coverage of √s from 15 to 70 GeV Electrons 3-12 GeV, protons 20-100 GeV, ions 12-40 GeV/u

Ion species Polarized light ions: p, d, 3He, and possibly Li Un-polarized light to heavy ions up to A above 200 (Au, Pb)

At least 2 detectors Full acceptance is critical for the primary detector

Luminosity Above 1033 cm-2s-1 per IP in a broad CM energy range Maximum luminosity >1034 optimized to be around √s=45 GeV

Polarization At IP: longitudinal for both beams, transverse for ions only All polarizations >70%

Upgrade to higher energies and luminosity possible 20 GeV electron, 250 GeV proton, and 100 GeV/u ion Design goals consistent with the White Paper requirements

28

MEIC Layout

Warm large booster (3 to 25 GeV/c)

Warm electron collider ring (3-12 GeV) Medium-energy IPs with

horizontal beam crossing

Injector

12 GeV CEBAF

Pre-booster SRF linac

Ion source

Cold ion collider ring (25 -100 GeV)

Three Figure-8 rings stacked vertically

IP IP

Ion Sourc

e

Pre-booster

Linac

12 GeV CEBAF

12 GeV

11 GeV

Full Energy EIC Collider rings

MEIC collider rings

Three compact rings: • 3 to 12 GeV electron • Up to 25 GeV/c proton (warm) • Up to 100 GeV/c proton (cold)

29

Design Strategy for: High Luminosity The MEIC design concept for high luminosity is based on high bunch repetition rate CW colliding beams

Beam Design • High repetition rate • Low bunch charge • Short bunch length • Small emittance

IR Design • Small β* • Crab crossing

Damping • Synchrotron radiation

• Electron cooling

“Traditional” hadrons colliders Small number of bunches Small collision frequency f Large bunch charge n1 and n2 Long bunch length Large beta-star

yyx

nnfnnfL *21

**21 ~

4 ε βσπ σ=

KEK-B already reached above 2x1034 /cm2/s

Linac-Ring colliders •Large beam-beam parameter for the electron beam •Need to maintain high polarized electron current •High energy/current ERL

31

Design strategy for High Polarization All rings have a figure-8 shape with critical advantages for both

ion and electron beam Spin precessions in the left & right parts of the ring are exactly cancelled Net spin precession (spin tune) is zero, thus energy independent Spin is easily controlled and stabilized by small solenoids or other compact spin rotators

Advantage 1: Ion spin preservation during acceleration Ensures spin preservation Avoids energy-dependent spin sensitivity for all species of ions Allows a high polarization for all light ion beams

Advantage 2: Ease of spin manipulation • Delivering desired polarization at multiple collision points

Advantage 3: The only practical way to accommodate polarized deuterons (ultra small g-2)

Advantage 4: Strong reduction of quantum depolarization thanks to the energy independent spin tune

This helps to preserve polarization of the electron beam continuously injected from CEBAF

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Detector Full Acceptance Large Acceptance Proton Electron Proton Electron

Beam energy GeV 60 5 60 5

Collision frequency MHz 750 750 750 750

Particles per bunch 1010 0.416 2.5 0.416 2.5

Beam Current A 0.5 3 0.5 3

Polarization > 70% ~ 80% > 70% ~ 80%

Energy spread 10-4 ~ 3 7.1 ~ 3 7.1

RMS bunch length cm 1 0.75 1 0.75

Horizontal emittance, normalized µm rad 0.35 54 0.35 54

Vertical emittance, normalized µm rad 0.07 11 0.07 11

Horizontal and vertical β* cm 10 and 2 10 and 2 4 and 0.8 4 and 0.8

Vertical beam-beam tune shift 0.014 0.03 0.014 0.03

Laslett tune shift 0.06 Very small 0.06 Very small

Distance from IP to 1st FF quad m 7 (down) 3.5 (up)

3 4.5 (down) 3.5 (up)

3

Luminosity per IP, 1033 cm-2s-1 5.6 14.2

Nominal Design Parameters

33

MEIC/EIC e-A luminosity

34

EIC MEIC

MEIC systems Ion injector

Conventional technology, detailed simulations needed should not present an issue

Ion pre-booster Ion large booster Ion collider ring • Optimization of non-linear dynamics

correction started • Encouraging initial simulation results • New collaborations on Correction and DA

initiated

Electron collider ring Interaction regions

Polarization Preliminary spin tracking of figure 8 OK

Cooling Circulator design

Transfer lines, synchronization

Overview of MEIC design and R&D

35

Critical MEIC R&D Status High current ERL and circulator Conceptual design, e-cooling simulations done

High charge/current magnetized e-source 2 options (thermionic gun or RF photo-cathode gun)

Ultra fast kicker RF harmonic kicker concept (JLAB LDRD)

Crab cavity New cavity design developed at ODU

E ring RF system R&D in progress at JLAB SRF

Multi-Staged e-Cooling Scheme

ion sources

SRF Linac

pre-booster (3 GeV) (accumulation)

large booster (25 GeV)

medium energy collider ring

High Energy cooling

DC cooling

Stage Ion (GeV/u) Electron (MeV)

Cooling beam /Cooler

Pre-booster

Assisting accumulation of positive ions

0.1 (injection) long bunches 0.59 DC

Initial cooling to reduce emittance

3 (extraction) long bunches 2.1 DC

Collider ring

Initial cooling for emittance reduction

25 (injection) long bunches 13 Bunched

/ERL Final cooling for emittance reduction

Up to 100 bunched beam 55 Bunched

/ERL During collision (suppress IBS)

Up to 100 bunched beam, 1 cm 55 Bunched

/ERL

state-of-the-art

36

Luminosity at different cooling stages

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5

Luminosity

Lum

inos

ity (1

033 1

/cm

2 /s)

Add “weak” electron cooling & stochastic cooling (heavy ions) during collision

Add 3 GeV DC cooling at pre-booster

Low energy DC cooling only at pre-

booster injection

Full capacity electron cooling (ERL-circulator cooler)

~0.41 ~1.1

~3.3

5.6

Based on existing technologies

37

MEIC present goals Support the LRP process (12-18 months) Optimize design for cost, performance and potential for upgrades Produce a cost estimate by end of CY2014 Plan towards a MEIC Design Report and deliverables for down-select (~ 3 years) Collaborate with/respond to Physics Division on MEIC Collaborate with BNL and MIT on generic EIC R&D

EIC Realization Imagined

Assumes endorsement for an EIC at the next NSAC Long Range Assumes relevant accelerator R&D for down-select process done

Activity Name 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

12 GeV Upgrade

FRIB

EIC Physics Case

NSAC LRP

EIC CD0

EIC Machine Design/R&D

EIC CD1/Downsel

EIC CD2/CD3

EIC Construction

JLAB is commissioning and preparing to deliver 12 GeV physics We leveraged lab core competencies (SRF cryomodule production, cryogenics) towards LCLS-II We are proposing a novel design to realize the Electron-Ion collider for the future of nuclear physics We are welcoming and fostering collaboration with national and international institutions

Conclusions and outlook

40