Overview of the selection process for the host of the ...customers.meta-fusion.com/wcm/160405_6009_UNFCCC_TEC_12_Bon… · Vladimir Hecl UNFCCC secretariat, ... 21 welcomed the interim

Vladimir Hecl

UNFCCC secretariat, technology team

Background paper on the implementation of

technology action plans of developing countries

TEC-12, Bonn, Germany, 7 April 2016

• COP 20 recognized the need for the TNA process to be improved in order to facilitate the implementation of the project ideas

emanating from it. This can be done through the provision of technical assistance and finance to each TNA, which should also aim to

integrate EES aspects into the development of the TNA.

• COP 20 requested the TEC to provide guidance on how the results of the TNAs, in particular the TAPs, can be developed into

projects that can be ultimately implemented, and to provide an interim report on its preliminary findings to SB-43.

• COP 21 welcomed the interim report of the TEC on guidance on enhanced implementation of the results of TNAs, noting that the report

should be considered final.

• COP 21 noted that the TEC is to elaborate the guidance on the preparation of TAPs, and make it available in early 2016 to developing

countries for use in informing the TNA process.

• COP 21 invited the CTCN to use the guidance when responding to requests from developing countries regarding the provision of

assistance to enable the implementation of the results of their TNAs.

Background paper on the implementation of TAPs of developing countries

Mandates


From Interim report to Guidance development


The purpose of this background paper is to:

• Deliver an in depth overview of key findings from TAPs of the Phase I of the global

TNA project.

• Made aware of the substance of the technology action plans including:

• Mitigation and adaptation sectors and subsectors,

• Actions identified in TAPs,

• Common elements of TAPs.

• Provide with an understanding of implementation priorities of developing countries

on regional and global scales.

• Drive through the technology action plans as opportunities to:

• Consider their possible further development via feasibility and other studies,

• Capitalize on in form of their further promotion,

• Make other mitigation and adaptation communities (INDCs, NAPs etc.) aware

of the added value the TAPs can provide in terms of nationally identified

actions,

• Discuss them as possible investment portfolio.


Elements of the TAP process at the national level

1. During the latest round of TNAs (2009-2013), 29 countries have developed 328 TAPs, of which142 were

for mitigation and 186 for adaptation.

2. All TAPs were based on the technology prioritization in the TNA process, all TAPs were driven by demand

based on country priorities, as revisited by domestic stakeholders, and all TAPs followed on the analysis

of market barriers and enablers.

3. Most of the TAPs are identified at larger scale of technology development and transfer. Their scope is

usually broader than that of single projects, although single projects are also included among actions

identified in TAPs.

4. A vast majority of TAPs aimed at deployment and diffusion of priority technologies at a larger scale within

countries, while some of the TAPs were designed to prepare for an implementation of a single project.

5. Most of TAPs included a cost indication per action plan and per each activity included in the action plan,

including indication of potential domestic and international funding sources.

6. Many TAPs contained capacity building, including information and awareness campaigns, trainings to

enhance: technical capacity, technology operation and maintenance, data collection and organization.

7. TAPs indicated roles of various stakeholders in the process of their implementation, including which

actors will be involved for each of the activities.

8. Most of the TAPs included indicators for monitoring the implementation of action plan.


Example of TAP


Example of TAP


Mitigation and adaptation sectors identified and prioritized in TAPs

Energy

Waste management

Agriculture

Transport

Afr

ica -

TA

PM

itig

ation

se

cto

rs

0 10 20 30 400 10 20 30 40

Water

Agriculture

Coastal zones

Afr

ica -

TA

PA

dap

tation s

ecto

rs

0 10 20 30 40

Energy

Transport

Forestry and peat

Agriculture

Asia

- T

AP

Mitig

atio

nsecto

rs

0 5 10 15 20 25

Agriculture

Water

Coastal zones

Food security

Health

Asia

- T

AP

Ada

pta

tio

nsecto

rs

0 5 10 15 20

Energy

Transport

Waste management

Agriculture

La

tin

Am

erica -

TA

PM

itig

ation

se

cto

rs

0 5 10 15 20

Water

Agriculture

Climate observation

Health

La

tin

Am

erica -

TA

PA

dap

tation s

ecto

rs


Mitigation and adaptation sub-sectors identified and prioritized in TAPs - Africa

0 5 10 15 20

Renewable energy technologies

Biofuels

Energy efficiency

Efficient lighting

Hydro-electric technologies

Effective domestic refrigeration

Improved stoves

Sustainable charcoal

CCS

Cement production

Energ

y

Afr

ica -

TA

P M

itig

atio

n

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Techniques for efficient production

Improved crop varieties

National planning and management

Livestock breeding

Hydro-agricultural projects

Agro forestry

Community based extension agents

Air stem cuttings products…

Agriculture

Afr

ica -

TA

P A

da

pta

tion

0 5 10 15 20

Water collection and harvesting

Water supply

Drip Irrigation

Reduction of water use

Water desalination for drinking…

Reuse of waste water

Actions against toxic algae in…

Early warning systems

Seasonal forecasting

Wate

r

Afr

ica -

TA

P A

da

pta

tion


Mitigation and adaptation sub-sectors identified and prioritized in TAPs - Asia

0 5 10 15

Energy efficiency

Renewable energytechnologies

Biofuels

Efficient lighting

Hydro-electric technologies

Energ

y

Asia

- T

AP

Mitig

atio

n

0 2 4 6 8 10




Livestock breeding

Agro forecasting

Agro forestry

Agriculture

Asia

- T

AP

Ada

pta

tio

n

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7


Water supply

Seasonal forecasting

Reuse of waste water

Monitoring and disaster…

Management infrastructure

Early warning systems

Drip Irrigation

Wate

r

Asia

- T

AP

Ada

pta

tio

n


Mitigation and adaptation sub-sectors identified and prioritized in TAPs - Asia

0 2 4 6 8

Energy efficiency

Renewable energytechnologies

Biofuels

Efficient lighting

Energ

y

La

tin

Am

erica -

TA

PM

itig

ation

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

Agro forestry




Agriculture

La

tin

Am

erica-T

AP

Ada

pta

tio

n

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Drip Irrigation

Water supply


Monitoring and disastermanagement

Wate

r

La

tin

Am

erica -

TA

P A

dapta

tion


Examples of sub-sectors

Mitigation (Box 1 of the paper)

For energy efficiency following sub-sectors were identified:

Morocco - National programme supporting energy efficiency technologies in housing;

Zambia, Bhutan - Policy on energy efficiency;

Senegal - Energy efficiency programme in industry;

Mongolia - Development and adoption of energy efficiency law;

Dominican Republic - Energy efficiency in public buildings;

Colombia - Energy efficient regeneration burners.

For renewable energy the following sub-sectors were identified:

Rwanda - Set up a unit for training and research of solar exploitation;

Senegal - Development of law to foster renewable energy production, mapping of potential;

Indonesia - Development of national PV cells industry, improvement of local research and development;

Mongolia - Introduction of feed-in tariff for medium and large scale hydro power plans;

Sri Lanka - Imposing levy for fossil fuels, constitute fund for renewable energy projects;

Vietnam - Development of wind maps;

Argentina, Dominican republic - Enhanced implementation of biomass for energy production.


Examples of sub-sectors

Adaptation (Box 2 of the paper)

For water collection and harvesting the following sub-sectors were identified:

Dominican Republic, Peru - Exploring of innovative rain harvesting methods;

Cambodia - Implementation of small dams, reservoirs, micro catchments;

Sri Lanka - Restoration of networks of small dams, reservoirs, micro catchments;

Kenya, Zambia - Surface water harvesting technology;

Senegal - Reuse of waste water for households usage.

For efficient crop production the following sub-sectors were identified:

Sudan - Improved crop varieties breeding;

Cote d’Ivoire - Multiplication of food plats tolerant to water stress;

Senegal – Development of bank of improved seeds;

Bangladesh – Implementation of improved farming processes for food crops;

Mongolia – Wheat production intensification;

Bhutan – Implementation of drought and pest resistant crops production;

Thailand – Crop improvement technologies development and deployment.


Actions identified in TAPs - Africa

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

National/local policy and programmes development

Legal & regulatory instruments

Financial incentives

Infrastructure development

R&D

Data collection and organization

Standards enforcement

Networks formation

Technical capacity

Trainings

Information and awareness

Installation of pilot projects

Training for equipment maintenance

Marketing and promotion

Monitoring of quality

Afr

ica -

TA

P M

itig

atio

n

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35





R&D



Networks formation

Technical capacity

Trainings






Afr

ica -

TA

P A

da

pta

tion


Actions identified in TAPs - Asia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

National/local policy and programmes…




R&D



Networks formation

Technical capacity

Trainings





Monitoring of qualityA

sia

- T

AP

Mitig

atio

n

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70





R&D



Networks formation

Technical capacity

Trainings






Asia

- T

AP

Ada

pta

tio

n


Actions identified in TAPs – Latin America

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14





R&D



Networks formation

Technical capacity

Trainings






La

tin

Am

erica -

TA

P M

itig

ation

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20





R&D



Networks formation

Technical capacity

Trainings






La

tin

Am

erica -

TA

P A

dapta

tion


Comparative regional analysis

• In mitigation, most types of actions were financial incentives, which were reported

frequently in all three regions, followed by information and awareness and development

of technical capacity. Legal and regulatory instruments were also quite frequently

reported by countries in Africa and Latin America.

• In adaptation, countries in all three regions identified development of technical

capacities to develop, deploy, disseminate, operate and maintain adaptation

technologies, followed by financial incentives mainly reported by Asian countries, and

information and awareness and trainings to enhance human capacities mainly reported

by African countries.

Examples of actions in which need for financial incentives were identified (Box 3):

Kenya - Solar home systems;

Zambia - Geothermal energy for electricity generation;

Cote D’Ivorie - Landfill biogas capture;

Bhutan - Drip and sprinkler irrigation systems;

Vietnam – Wind power technology, combined production of heat and power;.


Common elements of TAPs - Africa

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Potential of a sector

Targets

Existing enabling environment

Activities to be implemented

Benefits of implementation

GHG Emission reduction (t of CO2eq/year)

Budget identified

Budget identified per activity

Budget expenditures in time

Responsible body

Time frame

Sources of funds

Risks

Expected impact of implementation

Success criteria

Monitoring of implementation

Afr

ica -

mitig

ation

- a

ctio

n p

lan

s s

teps -

freq

uen

cy o

f re

po

rtin

g

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Potential of a sectorTargets

Existing enabling environmentActivities to be implemented

Benefits of implementationVulnerability of sector

Budget identifiedBudget identified per activityBudget expenditures in time

Responsible bodyTime frame

Sources of fundsRisks

Expected impact of implementationSuccess criteria


Afr

ica -

ad

apta

tion -

action

pla

ns s

tep

s -

freq

uen

cy o

f re

po

rtin

g


Common elements of TAPs - Asia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60



Benefits of implementationGHG Emission reduction (t of CO2eq/year)

Budget identifiedBudget identified per activityBudget expenditures in time

Responsible bodyTime frame



Monitoring of implementationA

sia

- m

itig

ation

- a

ction p

lans s

teps -

freq

uen

cy o

f re

po

rtin

g

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80


Targets




Vulnerability of sector

Budget identified



Responsible body

Time frame

Sources of funds

Risks


Success criteria


Asia

- a

dap

tation -

action

pla

ns s

tep

s -

freq

uen

cy o

f re

po

rtin

g


Common elements of TAPs – Latin America

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35




GHG Emission reduction (t of CO2eq/year)Budget identified


Budget expenditures in timeResponsible body

Time frame




La

tn A

me

rica -

mitig

ation

- a

ctio

n p

lan

sste

ps -

fre

que

ncy o

f re

po

rtin

g

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40


Targets




Vulnerability of sector

Budget identified



Responsible body

Time frame

Sources of funds

Risks


Success criteria


La

tin

Am

erica -

ada

pta

tion

- a

ctio

n p

lan

sste

ps -

fre

que

ncy o

f re

po

rtin

g


Comparative regional analysis

• In mitigation following elements of action plans were reported most frequently in all

three regions: activities to be implemented, responsible body and time frame of action

plans. These were followed in each three regions by budget identified per action plan

and budget identified per each activity of action plan.

• In adaptation following elements of action plans were reported most frequently in all

three regions: activities to be implemented, responsible body, and budget identified per

action plan. These were followed by time frame of action plans, and budget identified

per ach activity of action plan.


Lessons learned

• Well elaborated methodology helped countries to identify their priority sectors, subsectors, priority technologies, and

technology inclusive actions.

• The handbook, guidebooks, and the TAP template were closely followed by all the countries involved in the TNA

project, hence creating a logical and understandable platform for analysis per region, and comparable analysis

amongst the three analyzed regions.

• Most of the countries, when conducting the TAPs prioritized quite similar mitigation and adaptation sectors which

were energy, water and agricultural sectors, with only smaller regional exceptions.

• Development and implementation of financial incentives on national level to support mitigation actions was often

identified by countries as activity in their TAPs. Other identified actions were: enhancing information and awareness,

development of technical capacity, and development and implementation of targeted trainings.

• Most of adaptation TAPs included activity on information and awareness of adaptation technologies in countries.

This was followed by activities on enhancing technical capacity. In adaptation more need was express to inform, learn

from pilot projects and develop technical skills to operate and maintain adaptation technologies.

• Countries in their mitigation and adaptation TAPs proved their understanding of the main elements of action plans

and elaborated their action plans in a set of consequent activities, with responsible bodies and timelines for their

implementation. Countries also assessed budget to undertake the action plans, in most cases elaborated per each

activity of action plans. Comparing with the previously identified project ideas for implementation, the enhanced

Guidance and the template assisted countries in more in depth conducting and reporting of what actions, timelines,

responsibilities and cost are considered necessary by countries to enhance technology implementation.


Challenges

• The identified barriers and enablers were for the first time in the TNA process built on and used for conducting TAPs.

The enhancement of TNA process, in terms of focusing on TAPs besides the project ideas, was initially implemented

through, at the time of the Phase I of the TNA project, newly elaborated guidance and templates.

• Such pioneering approach in limited project time and discussions with countries brought some challenges into the TAP

guidance in terms of capturing of elements of TAPs such as defining the potential of actions, impact of actions, and

detailed information on cost, risk mitigation considerations, and modalities of monitoring of implemented

actions.

• The analysis has also shown that many countries do not have rich experiences with putting together an action plan on

governmental level to be disseminated with purpose of its implementation. One of the main challenges was lack of a

clear methodology on budget assessment resulting in insufficient elaboration of detailed budgets, and time flow of

expenditures. Another challenge was risk assessment and steps proposed for the risk management. This information

was discussed as needed for thorough project considerations by representatives of financial institutions during TNA

experience sharing workshops. Hence there is a room for capacity building of national stakeholders to undertake TAP

exercise in more comprehensive manner in future.

• Access to finance to implement mitigation and adaptation technologies remains possibly the biggest challenge in

developing countries. To close the gap of accsess to fincnce, financial community could assist in development of

TAPs to consider elements allowing for a comprehensive assessment of proposed actions from the financial point of

view, including existing risks for investments. The reported TAPs proved that in most cases involvement of financiers

was a challenge and hence there is a potential in the next TNA rounds to employ in the TNA process multi-sectoral

TNA teams, including representatives of financial community. All these challenges were reflected in the enhanced

guidance, which is currently under development and testing in the Phase II of the TNA project.


Key findings

• TAP methodology and guidance was followed by countries resulting in consistent results, allowing for comparative analysis to

be made.

• Access to finance to implement mitigation technologies remains possibly the biggest challenge in developing countries, as

countries frequently asked for financial incentives as one the TAP action.

• In adaptation information and awareness and enhancing technical capacity to develop, deploy, operate and maintain

technologies was recognized as the main need. Finance still played a significant role in adaptation TAPs, however many

adaptation technologies were considered locally manageable hence possibly decreasing financial concerns.

• One of the main TAP challenges was lack of methodology on budget and risk assessment, resulting in insufficient elaboration

of detailed budgets per activity, and of flow of expenditures in time, which could assist financial community to better analyze TAP

investment options.

• The work of countries on TAPs could be further promoted as a basis to initiate future technology development, deployment,

transfer and dissemination.

• Feasibility studies should be developed out of TAPs, which require finance, engagement of national champions, and support of

national decision makers.

• The TAPs may also serve, due to their well-developed methodology and implementation oriented outcomes, as a valuable input

to the ongoing work in other processes such as INDCs, and NAPs. Synchronizing these processes may significantly

strengthen investment portfolios for developing countries, and provide a more comprehensive picture of their technology needs.


Interim report findings

Key findings and Recommendations on TAP:

The following recommendations for improved guidance were made:

• Specify the role of key stakeholders, which includes identification of actors and

specification of their roles as ‘champions’ or ‘enablers’, in implementing enabling

actions for mitigation and adaptation and examining what can be funded by whom;

• Develop a slim guidance document to identify actions for implementation of priority

technologies at a scale for delivering desired social, environmental and economic

benefits and formulate a TAP to manage these actions;

• Enhance guidance on how to attract funding for actions in a TAP by informing

TNA teams on: minimum requirements for determining costs of actions in a TAP;

• Comparison of costs with benefits and identification of potential funders for

actions in a TAP;

• Elaborate on the potential role of and capacity needs for NDEs, as a contact or

focal point in a country, and of the CTCN for supporting implementation of priority

technologies in the countries concerned.


Interim report findings

In order to enhance the learning potential from experience with implementing TNA

prioritised technologies, it is recommended that the secretariat’s Technology Portal or

UDP’s TNA Project portal is extended with information on:

• The status of implementation of actions in a TAP and project ideas;

• Progress with implementation of actions and projects, including the time frame and

criteria for checking progress with implementation of actions;

• How funding for implementation has become available (and by whom);

• How enabling support (e.g. training, CB) has been made available, and by whom);

• What have been decisive incentives or factors for success.

• Conducted TNA in 2009-2013

• On adaptation technologies, focused on addressing droughts

and consequences for deep well supplies

• Prioritized how to increase water supply for local economy

and enhance sustainable development

• Key technology: rainwater harvesting from greenhouse tops

• Is implementing projects based on TNA

TNA/TAP success stories - Lebanon

https://vimeo.com/133072439

https://vimeo.com/133072439

Thank you

Vladimir Hecl

UNFCCC secretariat, technology team

Documents

Overview of the selection process for the host of the ...customers.meta-fusion.com/wcm/160405_6009_UNFCCC_TEC_12_Bon… · Vladimir Hecl UNFCCC secretariat, ... 21 welcomed the interim