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Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes Dave Marshall, Underwater Habitat Investigations LLC

Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

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Page 1: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes

Dave Marshall, Underwater Habitat Investigations LLC

Page 2: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Lower Wisconsin River holds scores of off‐channel lakes

Page 3: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Page 4: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

• 2007‐2008 SP River PAL River Grant• 2008 Sauk County LCD ‐ Lakes Grant• 2009 Dane Co. Dept. LWR ‐ Lakes Grant• 2009 Crawford Co. LCD ‐ Lakes Grant• 2009‐10 USRWA – River Grant• 2010 Richland Co LCD – Lakes Grant• 2010 River Alliance – Lakes Grant • 2009‐2010 State Wildlife Grant ‐ ER• 2011‐2012 (2) State Wildlife Grants ‐ ER

Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes

Page 5: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Floodplain River Surveys 2011‐12

Page 6: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Pirate perch (Aphredoderus sayanus)State Special concern

Page 7: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Mud Darter (Etheostoma asprigene) State Special Concern

Page 8: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Starhead topminnow (Fundulus dispar)State Endangered

Page 9: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Lake chubsucker (Erimyzon sucetta)State Special concern

Page 10: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Weed shiner (Notropis texanus)State Special concern

Page 11: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Slough Fish Assemblage

Page 12: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Slough Shocker

Page 13: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Beavers are slough builders

Page 14: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Delta Pond

Page 15: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Page 16: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Page 17: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Cut‐off Channel Oxbow

Page 18: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Pirate perch

Mud darter

Starheadtopminnow

Floodplain lakes associate species1 Largemouth bass Bluegill2 Bluegill Largemouth bass3 Grass pickerel Mudminnow4 Mudminnow Grass pickerel5 Mud darter Starhead t. m.6 Starhead t. m. Yellow bullhead7 Warmouth Mud darter8 Yellow bullhead Tadpole madtom9 Green sunfish Warmouth 10 Tadpole madtom Green sunfish

1 Bluegill Bluegill2 Largemouth bass Largemouth bass3 Grass pickerel Mudminnow4 Pirate perch Grass pickerel5 Mudminnow Green sunfish6 Warmouth  Pirate perch7 Starhead t. m. Starhead t. m.8 Green sunfish Pumpkinseed 9 Warmouth  Yellow bullhead10 Yellow bullhead Brook silverside

1 Largemouth bass Bluegill2 Bluegill Largemouth bass3 Grass pickerel Mudminnow4 Pirate perch Grass pickerel5 Mudminnow Pirate perch6 Mud darter Mud darter7 Warmouth Warmouth8 Yellow bullhead Green sunfish

9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker

2011 2012

Page 19: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Dep

th (m

)

mg/l d.o.

Wood - Norton Slough Dissolved Oxygen Profiles

Norton

Wood

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 5 10 15 20 25

Dep

th (m

)

Degrees C

Wood - Norton Slough Temperature Profiles

Norton

Wood

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Modified from Amoros and Bornette 2002

Alluvial seepage

Upland groundwater

Flood

High flow

Low Flow

Cutoff channel oxbows become activeflowing channels and scouring occurs

Low oxbow dissolved oxygen occursduring summer high flows, (> 1‐year storm) and reduced upland groundwater flow

riveroxbow

river oxbow

river oxbow

Page 21: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

HIGH

MODERATE

LOW     

groundwater contaminationscore = 49.76> 30 = HIGHLY Susceptible

Page 22: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Norton Slough 2008

Page 23: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Norton Slough 2011

Page 24: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Sediment deposition wasminimal, suggestingscouring during floodsand no internal loading.

Page 25: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

58%

38% 37%

56%

63%

49%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

starhead topminnow pirate perch mud darter

Frequency of Occurrence

2012

2011

Page 26: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Est. Q7,10

Page 27: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

97%

67%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2011 2012

Percent Long Term Median Flow Rates During Floodplain Lake Surveys

24% reduction in woody debris/tree roots in 2012

2011 Mean habitat value = 2.0

2012 Mean habitat value = 1.53

P = 0.01

Page 28: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

2012 surveys  

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2010

2012 drought

Black River Oxbow Lake

Page 30: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Drought impacts most along rivers with aggrading floodplains

Page 31: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Recommendations

Abandon the “shallow wildlife pond only” policies.

Restore depth and groundwater connectivity in selected oxbows.

Consider conservation aquaculture and transfer to re‐establish rare fish species such as State Endangered starhead topminnow to their original habitats.

Expand floodplain buffers to reduce polluted runoff waterand polluted groundwater from degrading oxbows.

Whites SloughLower Wisconsin State Riverway

Page 32: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Case Studies1. Sugar River oxbow restoration

2. Baraboo River off‐channel lake construction

3. Lake Belle View restoration (watershed diversion around former millpond)

Page 33: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

1. Sugar River former oxbow excavated

Page 34: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Page 35: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

0

1302

0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Starhead t. m.

June Flow

July Flow

Aug. Flow

Sept. Flow

Mean Summer Monthly Sugar River Flows

2009

2010

2011

2012

Page 36: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

2012

2010

Shallow wildlife scrapes are notsustained during droughts

Sugar River oxbow restorationUnsustainable due to shallow depths

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2. Is off‐channel lake construction a viable option for millpond communities?

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Boat ramp and parking

Separation berm

Page 39: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

La Valle Slough(max. depth = 1 meter)

Separation berm

Page 40: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Fish Migration Restored

120 mile long Baraboo River

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Common carp recruitment in La Valle Slough

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8885 84

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Secchi Tot. P Chl‐a

La Valle Slough TSI

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3. Lake Belle View Restoration

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37

13

63

10

65

2

2

167

178

32

6

13

5

69

1

2

2

1

2

14

8

5

1

2

3

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

grass pickerel

northern pike

mudminnow

golden shiner

spotfin shiner

sand shiner

common shiner

fathead minnow

bluntnose minnow

white sucker

yellow bullhead

black bullhead

blackstripe topminnow

green sunfish

pumkinseed sunfish

orangespotted sunfish

bluegill

black crappie

white crappie

largemouth bass

smallmouth bass

johnny darter

blackside darter

Iowa darter

walleye fingerling

brook stickleback

2011 L. Belle View Fish transfer 

Page 45: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
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8879

1

16

1 3 2

30

201

132

5 2 1 1

100

0

50

100

150

200

250

2012 Lake Belle View Nearshore Fish Shocking Results

9/2/2012

9/11/2012>

Carp egg/fry eaters

Page 48: Oxbows, Delta Ponds, and Sloughs: Wisconsin’s Forgotten Lakes€¦ · 9 Lake chubsucker Yellow bullhead 10 Johnny darter Lake chubsucker 2011 2012. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

73

6568

0

20

40

60

80

100

Secchi Chlorophyll Tot. Phosphorus

2012 Lake Belle Ville TSI

First year results after watershed diversion

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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 5 10 15 20

Dep

th (M

)2012 Lake Belle View Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)

Profiles

2/17/2012 6/7/2012

7/12/2012 8/8/2012

9/11/2012

mg/l

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Lake Belle View Turtle Nest Project

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