Oxidation Dynamics of E-liquids in Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems with

Atomisers of Various Types

V.A. MENSHOV, A.V. TROFIMOV, O.I. YABLONSKAYA

Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences,

Moscow, Russian Federation

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Unproven Harmlessness. E-Cigarette Crime News

BANGKOK: A popular online police page has confirmed penalties for the possession of E-cigarettes. Users could be jailed for five years and producers face 10 years inside for flouting the law…. But you can smoke standard cigarettes in virtually any bar, restaurant or nightclub in Thailand.

Russian tourists in Thailand were arrested for electronic cigarettes (17/09/2017). While walking the girl got out of the bag a cigarette, when looking for something. It drew the attention of the police who searched Darya and Alexei. After that, tourists from Tula was taken to the police station, where they spent a day and a half. They managed to make bail.

The Action on Smoking and Health Foundation or ASH Thailand insists e-cigarettes are harmful to health. Warning of the danger of e-cigarettes came from ASH Thailand executive secretary Professor Dr. Prakit Vathesatogkit. He said: “…the tests claimed by the e-cigarette advocates were untrue and were not accepted by scientists, particularly in the United States...”

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5 years of jail for e-cigarette?.. And what is harmful in it?

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How about demonstrative harm? “...We conclude that E‐cigarettes can cause phagocytic dysfunction of macrophages via alteration of bacterial recognition receptors and can alter cytokine secretion pathways. As such, E‐cigarettes should be treated with caution by users, especially those who are nonsmokers, as this data adds to the growing literature showing E‐cigarettes can potentially cause harm to a variety of cells, especially those in the airway where exposure is most direct…”

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Puffing topography of e-cig users. …But are the conditions physiologically relevant?

Puff parameters

Used in the laboratory*

CORESTA recommmended

method №81

Realistic**

Duration, s 3,0 3±0,1 2,65

Number (average puff count)

50 Individual 32

Volume, ml ??? 55 ± 0,3 51

Inter-puff interval, s 5 30 17,9

Profile ??? Rectangular shape ???

Attention: Evaluating electronic cigarettes in the clinical laboratory is crucial for understanding their impact!

** - Behar, PLoS One. 2015 * - Ween, Physiol Rep. 2017 Aug; 5(16):

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A partial reconstruction of the Miranda Ween`s experiments

Same e-cigarette → Kanger EMOW (3.7 V) √

Same coil → new dual coil heaters √

Same e-liquids → PG ± nicotine √

Same in vitro model → phagocytes √

Same puffing topography → 60(?)/3/5 √

Healthy donors → COPD patients √

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ROS Generation by Neutrophils

E1-PG — PG-aerosol №1, puff parameters 60ml-3s-5s (Miranda Ween`s pofile). First 45 puffs (ROOH= 420 nmol/mol PG) E2-PG — PG-aerosol №2, puff parameters 60ml-3s-30s. First 45 puffs (ROOH = 108 nmol/mol PG) CSE — Conventional cigarette smoke extract (ISO puff profile). T-BuOOH — 10 µM tert-buthylhydroperoxide CrotAld — 10 µM crotonaldehyde MetGly — 100 µM Methylglyoxal

Conclusion:

PG aerosol inhibited ROS generation in neutrophils due to organic peroxides influence

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Why E-cigs produce peroxides? Free radical pathways of byproducts formation

High temperature evaporation? “Dry” puffing? Substandard thermocontrol? Specific e-liquids? Damaged coil or wick? ……………………. ……………………. Exuberance of questions...

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Kanger EMOW Mega Starter Kit

What`s inside the box?

1X battery (3.2 V - 4.8 V 1600 mah Emow battery) 1X clearomizer (2.5 ml airflow controller Emow clearomizer) 5X upgrade dual coil (1.8 ohm, 1.5 ohm, 0.8 ohm)

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Peroxide generation by E-cig Kanger EMOW

Conclusions: During the E-cig operation, peroxides may accumulate not only in the aerosol, but also

in the tank; The concentration of peroxides in the aerosol does not depend directly on their

concentration in the tank; It is unknown, how the peroxides emerge in the tank. This can be the diffusion of

peroxide species directly from the evaporation zone, and their de novo formation already in the tank itself.

It is necessary to find out the role of thermocontrol in the ROOH generation;

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E-cig Kanger SUBVOD Mega TC. Testing the Heaters

The SSOCC (Stainless Steel Organic Cutton Coil) vaporizers for this E-cig feature an unusually large opening diameter in the evaporator shell, intended (as we believe) for more effective wetting the wick in the evaporation zone.

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Aerosol Peroxide Generation by Ni200 Heating coil (0.15 Ω)

PG = 75 % Vmax

PG = 20 % Vmax

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Peroxide Concentration Dynamics inside and outside Kanger SUBVOD

Concentration dynamics of propylene-glycol peroxides in the aerosol when the device was rotated between the puffs

Accumulation dynamics of propylene-glycol peroxides in the tank

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Effect of Redox-Active Metals in the Coil on the Formation and Persistence

of Peroxides

Examples of burning the wick and the

destruction of the evaporator coil

The addition of the chelating agent (CHE) to the extragent solvent stabilizes the formation and decomposition of peroxides in the extract of aerosol obtained using the Kanthal coil.

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Premium Segment: Vaporesso Nebula mod + ceramic coil = revolution?

“The revolutionary porous ceramic coils deliver the truest taste of your e-juice in comparison to cotton wicks which can taint your hit as it is easy to burn out. CCELL can handle higher heats than competing coils, producing more vapour and a true taste, untainted by any unpleasant burning.” No dry heating!

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Vaporesso Ceramic Vape Coils 0.5

http://www.vaporesso.com/ccell-vape-coils CCELL Ceramic Vape Coil

The coil in Vaporesso, like in any other evaporator, is in direct contact with the aerosol. The only difference is that there is a ceramic layer between the coil and the wetting cloth, which prevents the wick from burning out. Due to this, the taste of aerosol from such evaporators is cleaner than that from their analogues.

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Peroxide Generation by Vaporesso

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Peroxide Generation by Vaporesso: Influence of Temperature and Long Pause

After first 60 puffs (at 180°C) E-cig was switched off and left motionless for 13 hours. Afterwards, the device was turned on again and the vaping was continued.

Dynamics of peroxides in the aerosol at different temperature modes of the heater

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Dynamics of Peroxides in the Clearomizer ORC TANK (Vaporesso)

In the coil heating mode up to 180 °C, the content of peroxides in the tank of the clearomizer was monitored. At a residual content of propylene glycol in the tank of 20%, the concentration of peroxides increased by 34%.

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Conclusions (i) All E-cigs, regardless of their technical complexity and other

features, generate by-products in their emissions, such as

hydroperoxides, which are potential prooxidants (ROS

sources), whose structure and physiological significance are

still little or not at all studied. The content of these products

depends on the type of E-cig and on the mode of its use. The

latter circumstance makes it possible to minimize the

generation of such peroxides.

(ii) There exist two independent mechanisms of oxidative thermal

destruction of e-liquids in E-cigs, one of which, free-radical, is

associated with the formation of peroxides. A characteristic

feature of the tank-type E-cig is the transfer of the oxidation

products from the zone of their formation (evaporator) into the

tank volume.

(iii) The methodological issues of the testing the E-cigs are

extremely topical. We have established in the laboratory

practice of the E-cigs testing, a frequent violation of the

experimental principle based on the choice of physiologically

relevant aerosol-generation regimes and the vibrational

motion cycle of the device typical for its real use in human

vaping.

"Three whales" on which our concept of the research on e-cigs is based: (i) Biological significance; (ii) Physico-chemical backgound; (iii) Justified methodology;

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Mass-media? (misinforming) Scientists? (incorrect evaluation)

Manufacturer? (lack of production maturity) User? (misapplying)

Who is guilty?

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Thank you for your attention!

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