Oyster Farming in Mexico and

Governance

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Oyster Farming in Mexico OY

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Crassostrea virginica

Crassostrea corteziensis

Crassostrea gigas

4

Crassostrea virginica

• Crassostrea virginica

Culture-based Fisheries/Extensive Culture

5

Culture-based Fisheries/Extensive Culture

• Crassostrea virginica

6

Extensive Culture

Semi-intensive Culture • Crassostrea corteziensis

8

9

Intensive Culture

10

11

Mexican Fishery and Aquaculture Production

0

200 000

400 000

600 000

800 000

1 000 000

1 200 000

1 400 000

1 600 000

1 800 000

2 000 000

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Ton

ne

s

Total Fishery Production

Other

Clams, cockles, arkshells

Miscellaneous freshwater fishes

Scallops, pectens

Crabs, sea-spiders

Carps, barbels and other cyprinids

Miscellaneous pelagic fishes

Sharks, rays, chimaeras

Oysters

Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses

Tilapias and other cichlids

Marine fishes not identified

Miscellaneous coastal fishes

Tunas, bonitos, billfishes

Shrimps, prawns

Herrings, sardines, anchovies

0

200 000

400 000

600 000

800 000

1 000 000

1 200 000

1 400 000

1 600 000

1 800 000

2 000 000

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Ton

ne

s

Total Fishery Production

Other

Clams, cockles, arkshells

Miscellaneous freshwater fishes

Scallops, pectens

Crabs, sea-spiders

Carps, barbels and other cyprinids

Miscellaneous pelagic fishes

Sharks, rays, chimaeras

Oysters

Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses

Tilapias and other cichlids

Marine fishes not identified

Miscellaneous coastal fishes

Tunas, bonitos, billfishes

Shrimps, prawns

Herrings, sardines, anchovies

Shrimps, prawns; Quantity

Tilapias and other cichlids; Quantity

Salmons, trouts, smelts; Quantity

Oysters; Quantity

Tunas, bonitos, billfishes; Quantity

Miscellaneous freshwater fishes; Quantity

Carps, barbels and other cyprinids; Quantity

Clams, cockles, arkshells; Quantity

Mussels; Quantity

Frogs and other amphibians; Quantity

Abalones, winkles, conchs; Quantity

Freshwater crustaceans; Quantity

Miscellaneous coastal fishes; Quantity

Flounders, halibuts, soles; Quantity

Miscellaneous pelagic fishes; Quantity

Total Aquaculture Production by Group of Species (Tonnes)

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Oyster Farming in Mexico

Current Situation

Exceptional sanitary conditions in the NW (Baja California Peninsula)

Adequate governance

Acceptance of Mexican oysters in US markets

Established export network to the US

Inadequate seed supply (quantity & quality)

Low seed survival rates

Requirement of specific strains adapted to local conditions

Sensibilization on enforcement of sanitary regulations

12

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Oyster Aquaculture (Volume - tonnes)

C. gigas C. cortezienzis

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Oyster Aquaculture (Value USD)

C. gigas C. cortezienzis

GULF OF MEXICO (C. virginica) • Domestic market (shucked in jars)

• Enforcement of qualiity standards according to national sanitary norms

• Certification of growing areas and plants

• Establishment of Depuration Plants

• Added value products (shucked, canned, smoked, frozen)

• Price standarization

• PACIFIC (C. gigas) • Domestic and export markets (live – half shell)

• Compliance with FDA requirements

• Coordinate marketing strategies amongst producers

• Joint exporters panel for mass supply to US markets

• Sustainability certification to reach higher end markets

MARKETING

Importation of Cultured Oysters (US West Coast)

Country of Origin: Mexico Country of Origina: Mexico

37% of US imports (kg) 22% of US imports (Value US$)

14

Number of fishers and fishfarmers

15

Mexican Governance in Oyster Farming

LEGAL ASPECTS

Law of Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture (2002)

Exploitation - Management - Conservation - Preservation of aquatic resources

Other laws

Environmental issues (EIA)

Land tenure

Water uses

Sanitation

Pathology

Sustainable Rural Development

Regulations

Mexican Regulation Standards (NOMs)

Sanitation, Movement of organisms, Food Safety

Codes of Practice and Better Management Practices

Mexican Shellfish Sanitation Program / FDA Interstate Shippers List

INSTITUTIONS

National Fisheries and Aquaculture Commission (CONAPESCA)

Management - Coordination - Policy Development of sustainable use and exploitation of fishery and aquatic resources

• System-Product Committees (value chain approach)

• Aquatic Health State Committees (pathology and food safety)

Ministry of Health

• Mexican Shellfish Sanitation Program / FDA’s Interstate Shippers List

• Food Safety Regulations (NOMs)

National Service for Health, Food Safety and Quality of Feeds

• Better Management Aquaculture Practices (COP/BMP)

• Importation of organisms (larvae and seed)

National Oyster Council

• Planning and coordination of the oyster production value chain 16

Mexican Governance in Oyster Farming

REQUIREMENTS

Technological

Seed supply (hatchery technology, mass production)

Oyster pathobiology research

Planned management of extraction zones and oyster habitat restoration

Species diversification

Legal

Enforcement of Sanitary Regulations

Certification of new growing areas and packaging plants

Research

Funding of Research and Development

Genetics (selection of locally adapted strains and systematic use of triploids)

17

Mexican Governance in Oyster Farming

OTHER ISSUES

If oyster farming is to develop and meet producers needs in a sustainable manner, an “Enabling Environment” has to be established through:

ostrengthening of institutional capacity

oproper institutional arrangements and linkages

olegal and administrative framework

odevelopment and planning policies

ofunding and financing

ocollaboration and communication between stakeholders

ozoning and environmental impact assessments

Commercial oyster farmers (small-scale and large-scale ) increasingly have to face not only the challenge of developing the necessary technologies to farm successfully, but also to ensure their activities are sustainable and do not have adverse effects on the environment.

18

Mexican Governance in Oyster Farming

19

INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE IN OYSTER FARMING

Technical Guidelines on Aquaculture Development

In addition to the CCRF technical guidelines on Aquaculture Development, there are other guidelines that address aquaculture-specific issues and problems:

genetic resources management

aquaculture health management

food safety

environmental management

planning of aquaculture development

The Code's structure and its different components correspond roughly to different groups of stakeholders and responsible actors (fishers, managers, processors, traders, fish farmers and scientists)

20

International Governance in Oyster Farming

Governance Tools

In countries where the importance or potential of aquaculture is recognized, governments have instituted various governance tools:

supply: planning and access to primary resources (i.e. seed, capital investment)

demand: product quality and safety, consumer health protection, etc.

Planning and access to resources: water, land,

Environmental impacts, movement of organisms, pathology

Insurance

• Administration of Regulations

May create governance problems and desincentives

Shortage of expertice in aquaculture governance

Limitation of financial resources to monitor and enforce regulations

21

International Governance in Oyster Farming

Requisites for effective governance

In countries where the importance or potential of aquaculture is recognized,

Distinction between public and private goods, resources, etc.

Predictable framework of laws

Transpartent decision-making

Fair application of laws and rules

Consistent priorities for development

Avoidance of excesive rules and regulations

Coordination between public institutions

Participation of all relevant stakeholders in the legislative process

Consensus minimizes conflicts and ensures legitimacy

Production dominated by small-scale operations

When the sector matures and attracts investment, big corporations tend to dominate the industry. Therefore policies are needed to protect small scale oyster farmers to avoid the loss of income and food insecurity.

22

International Governance in Oyster Farming

Aquaculture for Food Security and Poverty Alleviation (FAO)

GOVERNANCE:

Value Chain approach

Inclusion of all stakeholders

Assessment of contribution of Aquaculture Food Security

Poverty Alleviation

Employment

Income generation

Women empowerment

Interinstitutional

Key institutions include the WorldFishCenter (WFC), Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Centre for the Economics and Management of Aquatic Resources (CEMARE), various universities, NACA, SEAFDEC, governments of Asia, Africa and Latin America

23

Source: FAO FAN, 2011

International Governance in Oyster Farming

SOFT LAW INSRUMENTS

Trend since the 1990s in the development of Codes of Practice (COP) and Better Management Practices (BMP) in aquaculture in addition to principles, guidelines, standards, etc.

By implementing BAP standards, stakeholders can better meet the demands of the growing global market for wholesome seafood produced in an environmentally and socially responsible manner.

Voluntary in nature

Targets include:

improving farm management performance

farmer capacity-building

self-regulation and self-policing

product quality assurance

enhanced consumer communication

market share

etc.

24

International Governance in Oyster Farming

•Some examples of national and international level initiatives to advance environmental and social responsibility through aquaculture in general:

WAS (World Aquaculture Society)

GAA (Global Aquaculture Alliance)

ACC (Aquaculture Certification Council)

WWW (World Wildlife Fund)

NACA (Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific

• Particularly relevant to oyster farming in representing farmers and allied members in the planning and coordination of oyster culture management and governance in general:

EMPA (European Mollusk Producers Association) – Europe

PCSGA (Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association) - US

ECSGA (East Coast Shellfish Growers Association) - US

BCSGA (British Columbia Shellfish Growers Association) - Canada

CONAOS (National Oyster Council) - Mexico

SAOGA (South Australian Oyster Growers Association) - Australia

Etc.

25

International Governance in Oyster Farming

OY

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8 N

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2 D

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