P 12 Entheogens PPT FEB 2020 v5pptx - Dr. Leslie Korn

LeslieKorn,PhD,MPHLMHC,ACS,RPP,NTP,NCBTMB

CopyrightDr.LeslieKorn,2020

Entheogens

Copyright,LeslieE.Korn,2018

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Definitions: History

• Hallucinogens,psychedelics,psychotomimetics

• Entheos=thegodwithin,• gen,actionofbecoming’

Ruck,Wasson,Staples,Bigwood,andOtt(1979)

• Entheogen—generatingtheexperienceofthegod

• “PlantSacraments/shamanicinebriantsevokingreligiousecstasy/visions

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Definitions: Psychedelic

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• Psyche=mindDelos=manifesting• CoinedbyHumphryOsmond(1957)

• "Psychedelic"developedincontextofLSD• Referstoextraordinaryconceptual("mind-manifesting")impactuponhumanexperience&understanding

(Winkelman,2003)

• Psychedelic-assistedPsychotherapy


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Definitions

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• Psychoactive • “ProducingInebriation/alterationsinthestateofconsciousness;whetherstimulation,sedation,euphoria,etc.”

(Ott,1995,p.129)

• Hallucinogen • “Allthosesubstancesthatproducedistinctalterationsinperception,sensationsofspace&time,&emotionalstates”

(Rätsch,C.1998.TheEncyclopediaofPsychoactivePlants,p.9)

• Psychointegrator • Thestimulationofmind,emotions,soul&spirittointegrativedevelopmentStimulatesmental&emotionalcatalyzingprocess

(Winkelman,2003)


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Religion & Spirituality

•Usedinthearchaicworldindivination&forshamanichealing

•TheEucharist• Evidenceforentheogens&holycommunion:InitiationtoEleusinianMysteries


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The Garden of Eden

•WastheappleofEveactuallyapsychoactivemushroomcalledamanita?

CarlRuck.TheApplesofApollo:PaganandChristianMysteriesoftheEucharist,withClarkHeinrichandBlaise

DanielStaplesVideoPPT

http://www.psychedelic-library.org/video/HVS.mp4

http://www.psychedelic-library.org/video/HVS.mp4


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Demeter with Barley, Opium, & Snakes

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• AbductionofPersephone

• TheHarvest• AStoryoftrauma• Thenarcissus:descentintotheunderworldofthemind&returntranscendent


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Mayan Deities & Mushrooms

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• WhentheSpanisharrivedinMexico • Sacramentaluseof

mushroom,TeonanacatlbytheNahua—“FleshoftheGods”—

• RitualfoodssuchasAmaranth

• Safeguardedbyindigenouspeoples


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Psychoactive Plants & Religion

• Indigenous&traditionalsocietiesusepsychoactiveplantsinthecontextofacommunity-basedritual

• Thesuppressionofmindalteringdrugsbeganw/theInquisitionintheNewWorld

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InquisitionconfiscatedpsychoactiveherbsinTheoldworld:Witcheswho“flew”wereusingpsychoactiveherbs


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Traditional Spiritual Practices

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• NativeAmericanchurchpeyoteceremonypracticesintheUnitedStates’southwest • WixárikasofcentralMéxico • AyahuascaceremoniespracticedbyUrarinashamanofinteriorAmazonriverregions,Peru • Mushroomcults(Amanitamuscaria)ofSiberia • MazatecofnorthwesternOaxaca,Méxicorefertotheirpreferred,trance-inducingmushroomasnti-si-tho • Commonthemes:Spiritual,Sacred,Therapeutic


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“I’m personally biased in favor of these type of studies, if it proves useful to people who are really suffering, we should look at it”

―ThomasR.Insel,DirectoroftheNationalInstituteofMentalHealth(N.I.M.H.)

Psychedelic Medicine


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LSD/ D-lysergic Acid Diethylamide

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• LSD,acid,(D-lysergicaciddiethylamide) • Hallucinogenicchemicalderivedfromtheergot(Clavicepspurpurea)fungusthatgrowsonrye(SecalecerealeL.) • AlbertHoffmanaccidentallysynthesizedLSDin1938 • LSDwasusedtotreatDutchWorldWarIIsurvivorsofconcentrationcamps • BillWilson(founderofAlcoholicsAnonymous)tookLSD • Hadanintensespiritualexperience • ConcludedthatLSDcouldhelpothersw/alcoholism


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LSD

•Theeffectslastfor6-8hours&experienceisusuallyfollowedbyacomedownperiodof2-6hours•LSDisnon-addictive&nowithdrawaleffectshavebeenreported

•Currentuseiscalledmicrodosing•Currentresearch:PsilocybinatNYCfortreatmentofalcoholdependency

ClinicalTrials.govIdentifier:NCT02061293

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LSD Studies

• Double-blind,randomized,activeplacebo-controlledpilotstudytoexaminesafety&efficacy• (LSD)-assistedpsychotherapyin12patientsw/anxietyassociatedw/lifethreateningdiseases• Treatmentincludeddrug-freepsychotherapysessions• TwoLSD-assistedpsychotherapysessions2to3weeksapart

• Outcomes:Safe&anxietyreduced• Gasseretal.TheJournalofNervousandMentalDisease&Volume202,Number7,July2014


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Mushrooms/Psilocybin/Psilocin

•Hundredsofhallucinogenicmushrooms

•Psilocybeaztecorum,P.mexicanamostparticularlyinMexico,CentralAmerica,wheretheyareusedinreligiousceremoniesbyAztec,Mazatec,Chinantec,Mije,Zapotec,Mixtec&Mayan

(Spinella,2001)

•Mostpsychoactivemushroomscontainpsilocybin(4-phosphoryl-DMT)orpsilocin(4-hydroxyDMT)

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• Lesspotent&shorter-actingthanLSD•Actsontheserotonergicsystem,likeLSD• Effectsbegin30-60minutesafteringestion&lastfrom4-6hours• TimothyLeary• Treatprisonerstheorizingthatalteredstateswould➡reducedlevelsofrecidivism• Psilocybinuseisassociatedw/profoundspiritualexperiencesthathavelastingeffects

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•Psychologicaleffects• Shiftsinmood,perception(visual),perceivedchangesintime&space

(Hasler,Grimberg,Benz,Huber,&Vollenweider,2004)

•Psilocybingiventohealthysubjectsissafe• Adviseagainstuseofpsilocybinforthosewithcardiovascularconditions/hypertension

• Psilocybin/LSDtopreventortreatclusterheadaches• Reportefficacy&remission

(Sewell,Halpern,&Pope,2006)

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Psilocybin and Cancer Depression

Asingledoseofthepsychedelicpsilocybinreducesdepression,anxiety,andfeelingsofhopelessnessincancerpatientsfor12monthsafterthedrugisadministered

doi:10.1177/0269881119897615.

https://neurosciencenews.com/doi.org/10.1177/0269881119897615


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Peyote

• Peyote(Lophophorawilliamsii)

• CactusthatgrowsinthedesertsofCentralMexico&asfarnorthasTexas

• Péyotl,Nahuawordmeans‘furrything’referringtothetopsofthecactus

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“Peyote is the crossing of the souls, it is everything that is. Without peyote nothing would exist”

―AWixaritariman


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Peyote

• Thefreshordriedheadsofthecactus,“peyotebuttons”• Eaten,madeintoatea,orpowdered• Over55alkaloidsinpeyote•Mainpsychoactivealkaloid,mescaline• UseofpeyotespreadtoNorthAmericanIndiansbytheMescaleroApache&theLipanApacheofMexico

• AmericanIndiansusepeyoteto• Dispelbadspiritsbelievedtobecausingillness• Diabetes,pain,colds,bites,alcoholism,headache,blindness,menstrualdisorders&brokenbones


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The Native American Church

• Pan-IndianreligiondiffuseddirectlyfromtheolderMexicanforms:transcendscurrentborders• ThePeyotecactusasasacramentalmedicine• Developedinthelate19thcenturyinresponsetothecommunitytrauma• Requiresabstinencefromalcohol&drugs• Sobrietyresource• Aholistic,communalceremony• Peyotespiritmayilluminateanansweraboutproblem


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Visionary art following the Peyote pilgrimage


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The Huichol Trinity of Deer, Maize & Peyote

Annualpilgrimage


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Spirit MoleculeAyahuasca and DMT

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• “Vineofthesouls”(aya=spirit,waska=vine)• Ayahuasca(combination:B.caapiandPsychotriaviridis)• MainhallucinogenicalkaloidsareDMT(N,N-dimethyltryptamine)• β-carbolines(monoamineoxidaseinhibitingharmalaalkaloids)• Serotoninanalogue

•Near-death&mysticalexperiencesarearesultofDMTproducedbythepinealgland• “SpiritMolecule”(Strassman)DMT•Ubiquitousinhumans,animals&plants

(RickStrassman,2001)


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Ayahuasca

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• LegalstatusintheUSischanging • ApprovedbyU.S.Courtsforlegaluseofayahuascainceremonies • Plantsusedtomakethebrewaregenerallynotregulated,butmainpsychoactivecomponent,N,N-DMT,isascheduleIillegaldrug • Ayahuasca-basedreligiousgroups • SantoDaimechurch • UniãodoVegetal–(UDV)


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Ayahuasca-led Retreats Research

• Aboriginalpopulation• Statisticallysignificant(p<0.05)improvements• Hopefulness,empowerment,mindfulness,&qualityoflifemeaning&outlooksubscales• Self-reportedalcohol,tobacco&cocaineusedeclined• Cannabis&opiateusedidnot(duetobeingprescription)

• Significantreductionsinproblematiccocaineuse• Allstudyparticipantsreportedpositive,lastingchanges•CurrentDrugAbuseReviews,2013,6,000-00011874-4737/13Ayahuasca-AssistedTherapyforAddiction:ResultsfromaPreliminaryObservationalStudyinCanadaGeraldThomasPhilippeLucas,N.RielleCapler,KennethW.TupperGinaMartin


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DMT & Toad Licking

• “Toad-lickingrituals• Psychoactivetoad”ofMesoAmericantraditionalmedicine

(Weil&Davis,1994)

• TheSonorandeserttoad,Bufoalvarius,secreteslargeamountsofthepotenthallucinogen,5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine(5-MeO-DMT)•MedicinaluseoftoadsbyindigenouspeoplesofwestMexico• Ruboilonthetoad&thenrubitoverareasofthebodyaffectedbyerysipelas•Whenfinished,toadiswashed&releasedbackintothewild

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MDMA

• 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine• Ecstasy• Empathogen•Meaningtogenerateastateofempathy• Anentactogen,meaningtotouchwithin

• Empathogens=subcategoryofpsychedelicdrugsLSD&psilocybin(Metzner&Adamson,2001)

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MDMA

•UseofMDMAw/psychotherapy

• 6womenw/chronicPTSDfollowingsexualassault

• Lowdoses(50-75mg.)weresafepsychologically&physically(Bouso,Doblin,Farré,Alcázar,&Gómez-Jarabo,2008)

• PotentialtotreatPTSDbyreducingfear,anxiety

•Openness&trust,improvetherapeuticrelationship(Mithoefer,2007)

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MDMA

•StudiesofMDMA&psychotherapy• ChronicrefractoryPTSD• Resultedinresolutionofsymptomssothatalarge%ofthegroupnolongermetthecriteriaforPTSD

(Mithoeferetal.,2010)

• RandomizedcontrolledstudyonMDMAforpatientswithPTSDwhohadnotrespondedtopsychotherapy/medication• Resultsincludedsignificant⬇scoresoftheclinicianadministeredPTSD

scaleMithoefer,Wagner,Mithoefer,Jerome,andDoblin(2011)


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MDMA

• LowdosesofMDMAhelppeoplebegentlew/themselves,⬇

defenses&beopentopsychotherapyprocess(Holland,2001)• Therapeuticdoseisabout125mg(Holland,2000)• Chemicallysimilartomescaline,whichalongwithMDMAbelongstothefamilyofphenethylamines(Holland,2001)• Releasesafloodofserotonin&dopamine•⬆bloodlevelsoftheaffiliationhormonesoxytocin&prolactin(Jerome,

2004)➡profoundsenseofempathy(JohansenandKrebs,2009)• Potentialtodeepentrustw/therapist


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MDMA

•⬇activityintheamygdala&mayfacilitateanexplorationoftraumatic

memories•⬆norepinephrine&cortisol,itmightalsoenhancetherateofextinction

learning(Johansen&Krebs,2009)•MDMAissafetoadministertohumansinacontrolledclinicalsetting&causesfewadverseevents(Jerome,2004)

• TheCYP2D6enzymemetabolizesMDMAintheliver•Deficient/totallyabsentin5to10%ofCaucasians&AfricanAmericans&1to2%ofAsians• Peoplew/oCYP2D6enzymeshouldnotuseMDMA(Holland,2000)


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Ketamine

• SpecialKorK2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone• Dissociativeanaesthetic&psychedelic• Usedrecreationally• Psychedelic&dissociativeeffects• Vertigo,⬇motorfunction,enhancedsociability

• Slightlyaddictivepsychologically,yetitalsohasbeenusedtotreataddictioninacontrolledsetting

• CurrentlylistedasascheduleIIIillegalsubstance• (Jansen,2000)

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Ketamine

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• Lowdosesusedasantidepressant&“transpersonal”drugfordeathanxiety• Study:treatmentresistantdepression•⬆symptomswithinhours,1/3rdexperiencinglastingrelieffor1week

• Study:Alcoholism&heroinaddiction• 65%ofpatientsremainedsoberforatleastoneyear• Alcohol&heroinusingpatientsexperienced⬇craving,anxiety&depression

• Positivechangesinattitudesself&others⬆spirituality&sobriety(Kolpetal.,2007)(Krupitsky&Grinenko,1997)


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Ketamine

•Smalldosestotreatpain&producelastingpain-reducingeffects(Borsook,2009)

•Someadverseeffects• Confusion,visual&perceptualchanges•⬆bloodpressure,dizziness

•⬆libidoallofwhichhavebeenobservedtosubsidewithin1-2hours

• Topicalcompoundforneuropathicpainketamine/ketprofen/capsaicin

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Iboga / Ibogaine

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• Usedforcenturiesinreligiousceremonies&traditionalmedicinebytheGabon&Congocultures • Tabernantheiboga

• TheFangBwiticult:asyncreticNeo-Christianreligion • ThepowderedIbogarootsserveastheEucharistinMass

• Non-addictive.Ibogaine,extractdrugfromtheplant • Atypicalopiate • Alterstheaddictioncircuitbyactingonbothopioid&serotonergicreceptors

(Mash,2010)


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•PsychedelicHarmReductionProjecthttp://www.zendoproject.org/

•PsychedelicPsychotherapyForum http://www.psychedelicpsychotherapy.ca/

•Book:AdvancesinPsychedelicMedicine:State-of-the-ArtTherapeuticApplications


http://www.zendoproject.org/

http://www.psychedelicpsychotherapy.ca/


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•MAPSPsychedelicMedicineBibliographyhttp://www.maps.org/resources/psychedelic-bibliography

•CertificateinPsychedelic-AssistedTherapies&Researchhttps://www.ciis.edu/public-programs/certificate-programs/certificate-in-psychedelic-assisted-therapies-and-research


http://www.maps.org/resources/psychedelic-bibliography

https://www.ciis.edu/public-programs/certificate-programs/certificate-in-psychedelic-assisted-therapies-and-research

https://www.ciis.edu/public-programs/certificate-programs/certificate-in-psychedelic-assisted-therapies-and-research


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Summary

• Definitionsofentheogens,psychedelicmedicine • Linkedtoculturalritualreligiouspractices • Currentuseinpsychotherapy&otherrituals • Applicationsforavarietyofmentalhealthdis-orders • Recreational/Selfmedication/Therapeuticuse • VariousstatesoflegalityintheUS&othercountries • Varietyofplant&extracts&syntheticsubstances • Targetsvariousreceptorsinthebrain • Identifyingapplications,findingresourcesforcollaboration

Thank you!drlesliekorn.com [email protected]

http://drlesliekorn.com/

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P 12 Entheogens PPT FEB 2020 v5pptx - Dr. Leslie Korn