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p1 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
The Challenges to Decarbonise & Rewire Britain
Professor Janusz W. Bialek
Institute for Energy SystemsThe University of Edinburgh, UK
Visiting ProfessorThe University of Hong Kong
p2 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Outline
High-level view
Current research drivers for power system research
UK response to the drivers (as seen from Edinburgh)
p3 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Institute for Energy Systems, The University of Edinburgh
IES research maps along the renewable energy supply chain from studying the location, extent and characteristics of the resources, through their mechanical and electrical conversion, into storage and finally electrical transmission, distribution and utilisation.
Intrinsically multi-disciplinary activities range from fundamental through applied research to pre-commercial development, supported by RCUK, Scottish Executive, Carbon Trust, Scottish Enterprise, DTI and industry. Current grant portfolio over £10M.
13 academic staff, 16 research staff and 36 postgraduate students
Joint Research Institutes in the Edinburgh Research Partnership, which combines research skills at Edinburgh and Heriot-Watt universities
p4 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
JRI Energy Groupings
Marine Energy and Coastal Defence
Renewable Energy and Climate
Energy Conversion and Network Delivery
Photovoltaics and Solar Energy
Fuel Cells and Energy Storage
Urban Energy Demand and Supply
p5 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Research Drivers for Power System Research in the UK since 2000
Push towards sustainability and decarbonisation of Electricity Supply Industry (ESI)
Rewiring Britain
but don’t forget about maintaining the security of supply and the market environment
p6 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Sustainability and decarbonisation of Electricity Supply Industry (ESI)
ESI contributes about 1/3 to CO2 emissions, Kyoto and Bali, 20-30% targets
Explosion in UK funding for energy research
Traditional academic research: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).
– Flagship initiative: Sustainable Power Generation and Supply (SuperGen)
Industrial research: Innovation Fund Initiative (IFI) to support R&D by utilities
Applied research: Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) co-funded by the industry (BP, Caterpillar, EDF Energy, E.ON, Rolls-Royce, Shell): £1bln over 10 years
p7 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
EPSRC SuperGen programme
Dominant mode of research funding in the UK: interdisciplinary consortia grouping the best Universities in the country
Critical mass to achieve step change rather than incremental progress
Each consortium contains 5-7 universities + industrial partners and has a freedom to specify research programme
13 consortia funded: Marine energy, Future network technologies (FutureNet) renewed as Flexible Networks (FlexNet), Hydrogen energy, Biofuels, PV, Conventional power plant lifetime extension, Fuel cells, Highly distributed power systems, Energy storage, Excitonic solar cells, Wind energy, Asset Management and Performance of Energy Networks (AMPERES), Biofuel cells
p8 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Renewables in the UK: wind and waves
Wind speeds
p9 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Challenges for power systems operation in achieving sustainable and decarbonised energy industry
Characteristics of renewables (intermittency etc) and their influence on power system operation
Implications for power system security
Need to understand and characterise the resource
Means of mitigation
p10 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Variability (intermittency) of wind is not a new problem
John Loughhead: The 2007 IET President's address “The magic roundabout - cycles of energy”
p11 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Challenges for power systems operation in achieving sustainable and decarbonised energy industry
Characteristics of renewables (intermittency etc) and their influence on power system operation
Network charging and congestion management
p12 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Dominant North-South flows
Renewables (wind and marine) tend to be in wrong places (Scotland and Wales)!
Projections for 2020: intermittency of wind requires 120 GW generation serving 70GW load
Severe transmission congestion at times of high wind
Already congested distribution networks in Scotland and Wales
Construction of new lines is virtually impossible
New technical and commercial arrangements needed
p13 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Challenges for power systems operation in achieving sustainable and decarbonised energy industry
Characteristics of renewables (intermittency etc) and their influence on power system operation
Network charging and congestion management
Need for a smart grid due to:
– replacement of a limited number of a limited number of controllable thermal power plants by a large number of poorly controllable renewable plants
– Changes in distribution networks: active sources, reverse flows etc.
– Better utilisation of distribution assets: from “invest and forget” to “connect and manage”
p14 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Response to the challenges – a view from Edinburgh
SuperGen FlexNet consortium
AURA-NMS consortium
Wind dynamics consortium
p15 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
SuperGen Flexible Networks (FlexNet) consortium
http://www.supergen-networks.org.uk/
p16 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Autonomous Regional Active - Network Management System (AURA-NMS) consortium
http://www.aura-nms.co.uk/index.asp
p17 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Wind dynamics consortium
wind-induced 3P oscillations (tower shadow effect) in Northern Ireland
The amplitude much higher than expected (about 10% of output)
Frequency ~0.6 Hz, the same as the well-known inter-area oscillation frequency - resonance effect
Risk for the power system?
p18 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Research Drivers since 2000
Sustainability and decarbonisation of Electricity Supply Industry (ESI)
Rewiring Britain
p19 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
UK Network is ageing and needs to be replaced
Source: Robin Maclaren, ScottishPower
The aim: smoothing out the second peak
UK DistributionGross Capital Expenditure
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1950
/51
1960
/61
1970
/71
1980
/81
1990
/91
2000
/01
2010
/11
2020
/21
2030
/31
2040
/41
£m (
97/9
8 P
rice
s)
Actual capex Capex for replace on 40yr life
p20 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
SuperGen V: Asset Management and Performance of Energy Networks (AMPerES)
Consortium of 6 universities and 10 network operators, 2006-2010
http://www.supergen-amperes.org/
p21 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
p22 ©J.W. Bialek, 2008
Conclusions
Current main drivers: sustainability/decarbonisation of the Electricity Supply Industry and “rewiring Britain”
Maintain the security of supply and market-based solutions
The focus is shifting from transmission to distribution (active networks) – more to be gained
Potential for collaboration with HK/China
We are living in interesting times…