Pakistan's Political History

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istory at a Glanistory at a Glan



1947

Quaid-e-AzamMuhammad Ali

Jinnah

15 AugGovernor General

LiaquatAli Khan15 Aug

Prime Minister

1948

KhawajaNazimuddin

14 SepGovernor General

KhawajaNazimuddin

17 OctPrime Minister

1951

GhulamMuhammad

17 OctGovernor General

1953

Muhammad AliBogra

17 Apr Prime Minister

1955

Iskander AliMirza

06 OctGovernor General

>>

ChaudharyMuhhammad Ali

12 AugPrime Minister



1956

Iskander AliMirza

23 Mar President

Husain ShaheedSuharwardy

SepPrime Minister

1957

Ibrahim IsmailChundigar

17 OctPrime Minister

Malik FeerozKhan

16 DecPrime Minister

0 7O c t

1 s t M a

r s h a

lL a w

M a r

2 3

1 s t

C o n s t i

t u t i o n

Muhammad AyubKhan

27 Oct

Chief MarshalLaw

,ar 23 19622nd

Constitution

1958 1965

PresidentialElection02 Jan

1969

0 6S e p -

I n d o

P a k

W a r

M a r

2 5

2 n d

M a r s h a

lL a w

Agha Muhammad Yahya khan

25 Mar President

>>



1st General

ElectionOct

1 4A u g

3 r d

C o n s t i

t u t i o n

1970 1971 1973 1977 1985

Separation Of East

Pakistan16 Dec

Nurul Ammin07 Dec

Prime Minister

Zulfiqar AliBhutto20 Dec

Civil chief Marshal

Administrator

Zulfiqar AliBhutto

14 AugPrime Minister

Fazal ElahiChaudhry

14 AugPresident

3 r d

M a r s h a

lL a w

2nd General

Election07 Mar

PNA

MuhammadZia-ul-Haq

16 Sep

Chief MarshalLaw

3rd General

Election25 Feb

Muhammad khanJunejo

23 Mar Prime Minister

N o v e

m b e r

8 t h

A m e n d m

e n t

>>



1988 1990 1993 1997 1998

>>

4th GeneralElection

Nov

Benazir Bhutto

02 DecPrime Minister

Ghulam IshaqKhan

17 AugPresident

5th General

Election24 Oct

IJI

Nawaz Sharif 05 Nov

Prime Minister

6th General

Election06 Oct

Benazir Bhutto19 Oct

Prime Minister

Farooq Ahmadkhan Leghari

02 Dec

President

7th General

Election03 Feb

Nawaz Sharif

05 NovPrime Minister

A p r i

l

1 3 t h

A m e n d m

e n t

Muhammad RafiqTarar

01 JanPresident



1999 2001 2002 2004 2008

Pervez Musharaf 12 Oct

Chief Executive

1 2O c t

4 t h

M a r s h a

lL a w

Pervez Musharaf 20 Jun

President

Mir ZafarullahKhan Jamali

23 NovPrime Minister

8th General

Election20 Oct

Chuadhry ShujatHussain

26 JunePrime Minister

Shukat Aziz28 Aug

Prime Minister

9th General

Election18 Feb

Yousuf Raza

Gillani25 Mar Prime Minister

Asif Ali Zardari06 SepPresident

,ov3 007

PCO





q ,Under Section 8 of the Indian Independence Act,1947 it became the working constitution of

.Pakistan

q The first Constituent Assembly was formed under, .the Independence Act 1947

q Purpose to frame a Constitution for the

.country

•

Government of India Act, 1Government of India Act, 1



q The Constituent Assembly passed the resolutionon 12 March 1949.

q Resolution was moved by Liaquat Ali Khan.

q "Magna Carta" of Pakistan's constitutional history.

q Features:

Ø Sovereignty belongs to Allah.

Ø State shall exercise powers through the chosenrepresentatives.

Ø The principles of democracy, freedom, equality,tolerance and social justice, as enunciated byIslam, shall be fully observed.

Ø Muslims to order their lives in accordance withthe teachings of Islam.

Ø Adequate provision shall be made for theminorities.

Ø Pakistan shall be a federation.

b je ctive R e so lu tio nb je ctiv e R e so lu tio n



qAdopted on 29 February 1956.

qEnforced on 23 March 1956.

qContained 234 Articles divided into thirteen

parts and six schedules.qConstituent Assembly became the Interim

National Assembly

qGovernor General Iskander Mirza was sworn

in as the first President of Pakistan.

h e C o n stitu tio n o f 1 9 5 6 h e C o n stitu tio n o f 1 9 5 6



q FeaturesØ The Objectives Resolution, the preamble of the

Constitution.

Ø Country was declared an Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

Ø President must be Muslim of at least 40 years of age.

Ø The Constitution vested the executive authority of the President in the Federation.

Ø The Constitution of 1956 provided unicameral

legislature.Ø National Assembly was to consist of 300 members.

Ø The principle of parity was introduced.

Ø Minimum age of 21 was allowed to vote in theelections.

Ø Urdu and Bengali, State languages and English,Official lan ua e for first 25 ears

…h e C o n stitu tio n o f 1 9 5 6…h e C o n stitu tio n o f 1 9 5 6



qShahabuddin Commission, 17 February 1960.•

qPromulgated by President Ayyub on 1stMarch, 1962.

•

qCame into effect on 8th June, 1962.•

qContained 250 articles divided into 12 partsand three schedules.

•

h e C o n stitu tio n o f 1 9 6 2 h e C o n stitu tio n o f 1 9 6 2



q FeaturesØ Pakistan was renamed as 'Republic of Pakistan'.Ø The President was to be a Muslim not less than

35 years of age and could not held more thantwo consecutive terms.

Ø The National Assembly was to consist of 156members, later increased to 218 membersafter 8th amendment.

Ø The system of indirect presidential elections waspresented.

Ø President owned the ‘Right of Veto’.

Ø The President had the power to dissolve theNational Assembly.

Ø The Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology wasintroduced.

•

q Martial Law was enforced in the country and the




q 'Constitutional Accord‘ 17 October 1972.•

q The National Assembly approved theconstitution on April 10th, 1973.•

qCame into effect on 14th August 1973.•

qContained 280 articles divided into 12 partsand 7 schedules.

•

—h e C o n stitu tio n o f 1 9 7 3—h e C o n stitu tio n o f 1 9 7 3

h e E xistin g C o n stitu tio n h e E xistin g C o n stitu tio n



q FeaturesØ The Constitution named Pakistan as the Islamic

Republic of Pakistan.Ø Islam as the religion of the country.Ø The President was to be a Muslim at least 45

years of age.Ø The head of the Government, will be the PrimeMinister.

Ø The 1973 Constitution set up a bicamerallegislature.

Ø Establishment of a National Finance Commission(NFC)Ø The Senate was to consist of 63 members.Ø National Assembly consisted of 200 seats.

•

q General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, imposed MartialLaw on ul 5th 1977.




Amendmentsmendments



Amendmentsmendmentsq First Amendment

–

Came into effect on May 4, 1974. – Amended Article 1.

– Redefined the boundaries of Pakistan and removed references toEast Pakistan.

q Second Amendment

– Came into effect on September 7,1974.

– Amended Article 260.

– Declared the status of Qadianis and Ahmadis as minority.

q Third Amendment

– Came into effect on February 18, 1975.


– Allowed the government to detain a person without trial forthree months.

q Fourth Amendment

– Came into effect on November 25, 1975.

– Amended Article 106 and 51.

– Decreed additional seats for minorities.

– Deprived courts of the power to grant bail to any person



q Fifth Amendment

– Came into effect on September 15, 1976.


– Separate High Courts for the Provinces of Sindh andBaluchistan.

q Sixth Amendment

– Came into effect on January 4, 1977.

– Amended Article 179 and 195.

– Chief Justice of Supreme Court will be retired at the age of 65and a High Court at 62.

q Seventh Amendment

– Came into effect on May 16, 1977.

–

Amended Article 96. – It enables the Prime Minister to obtain a vote of confidence of

the people of Pakistan by requesting the President of Pakistan to hold a national referendum

q Eighth Amendment

– Came into effect on November 11, 1985.


– Provisions regarding dissolution of the Assembly by the

AmendmentsAmendments





….mendments….mendmentsq Thirteenth Amendment

– Came into effect April 3, 1997.


– Withdrawal of discretionary powers of the President and of theGovernor with regards to dissolution of the Assembly and of thePresident with regards to appointment of the Heads of the Armed

Forces.q Fourteenth Amendment

– Came into effect on July 3, 1997.


– Regarding the disqualification of a Member of Parliamentary partyon the ground of defection.

q Fifteenth Amendment – Passed by National Assembly on October 9, 1998.

– Stalled in senate.

– Also called Shariah bill.•

•



q Sixteenth Amendment – Came into effect on July 27, 1999.


– Restore the regional quota system in services.

q Seventeenth Amendment

–

Came into effect on December 30, 2003. – Amended Article 58.

– The President regains the authority to dissolve the NationalAssembly.

•

Amendments….Amendments….



lection Procesection Proces



q The Election Commission is an independent andautonomous constitutional body.

q Established on 23rd March 1956 under the article137 of the constitution 1956.

q

MembersØ Chief Election Commissioner( appointed by Presidentfor 3 years).

Ø Four Judges of high courts .

q Responsibility

Ø Conduction of an independent, free, fair andimpartial elections of

Ø National Assembly

Ø Senate

Ø President

Ø Local Governments

ctio n C o m m issio n o f P a k ist ctio n C o m m issio n o f P a k ist



A T IO N A L A S S E M B LYA T IO N A L A S S E M B LY

q NA is the lower house of Parliament.q NA consists of successful candidates in General

Election and 70 reserved seats(Women & Non-Muslims).

q Members are elected for five years.q Purpose

Ø Discuss and make legislations.Ø To pass an amendment in constitution 2/3rd majority

is required.

Ø Elects Prime Minister.q Eligibility

Ø 25 year of ageØ Good CharacterØ Not involved in any crime.

•



q 342 Seats▫ General

Seats:272

▫ Women: 60

▫ Non-Muslims:10

FATA §12Seats

NWFP§35 General Seats§08Seats for

Women

BALOCHISTAN§14 General Seats§03 Seats for

Women

SINDH§61 General Seats§14 Seats for

Women§ -10 for Non

PUNJAB§148 General Seats§35 Seats for

Women

…ATIONAL ASSEMBLY…ATIONAL ASSEMBLY

FEDERA

L§02Seats



qSenate .is the upper house of Parliamentq Senate was established in 1973 under the article 50 of.the constitution of 1973

q .Members are elected for six yearsq First group of senators are retired after 3 years by

.draw

qPurposeØ .To give the equal representation of provinces

Ø To promote national cohesion and harmony

Ø .To alleviate fears of the smaller provincesØ Casts its vote in legislation and selection of President

qEligibility

Ø30 year of ageØ Good CharacterØ .Not involved in any crime

SENATEENATE



…ENATE…ENATE

NWFP§14 General Seats§04 Seats for Women§04 Technocrats and

Ulema

FATA §08Seats

• 100 Seats▫ General Seats: 66

▫ Women: 17

▫ Technocrats andUlema : 17

BALOCHISTAN

§14 General Seats§04 Seats for Women§04 Technocrats andUlema

SINDH§14 General Seats§04 Seats for Women

§04 Technocrats and

Ulema

PUNJAB§14 General Seats§04 Seats for Women

§04 Technocrats andUlema

FEDERAL§02 General

§01 for Women§01 Other



Party Seats

( )Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians PPPP 27

Pakistan Muslim League (PML-Quaid) 21Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) 10

Pakistan Muslim League (PML-Nawaz) 07

( )Muttahida Qaumi Movement MQM 06

Awami National Party (ANP) 06

Other 23

omposition of Senate omposition of Senate



SINDH§130 General Seats§29 Seats for

Women§ -09 for Non

NWFP§99 General Seats§22 Seats for

Women§ -03 for NonMuslims

BALOCHISTAN

§51 General Seats§11 Seats for Women§ -03 for NonMuslims

PUNJAB§297 General Seats§66 Seats for

Women

§ -08 for NonMuslims

• 728 Seats▫ General Seats:

577

▫ Women: 128

▫ Non-Muslim : 23

ROVISIONAL ASSEMBLYROVISIONAL ASSEMBLY



ConstituenciConstituenci



qNo. of seats per district.

qOn the basis of population censes1998.

qShare of seats of a district isdetermined by dividing thepopulation of that district with the

quota per seat of aProvince/Area/Agency in theNational Assembly.

• No. of Seats=

Q u ota p e r se a t o fPro vin ce

Po p u la tio n o f D istrict

Constituenciesonstituencies



q uota Per:eatPunjab

q .o Of seats perdistrict

▫Population :: , ,73 621 290▫ ::Seats in NA 148

▫ Quota per seat in NA ::= ,496 441

▫ Quota per seat in A ::= ,247 883

, ,73 621 290148

, ,73 621 290

297

▫Population :: , ,3 363 911

▫ Seat in NA ::= . *6 76

▫ Seat in A ::= . *13 57

, ,3 363 911

,496 441

, ,3 363 911,247 883

= 7seats

= 14seats

…onstituencies…onstituencies

* .Fraction of 0 5 or above has generally is taken as 1 seat and a

. .fraction below 0 5 is ignored

Rawalpindi



• Inter-District Constituency• when •

•D.I. Khan + Bannu + Kohat + Peshawar +Lakki+ Tank (0.038 + 0.019 + 0.088 +0.053 + 0.006 +0.027)

0.88=1seat

…onstituencies…onstituencies

Quota per seat ofProvince

Population ofDistrict <

.5



Districts Province NA PA

Karachi City Sindh 20 42

Lahore Punjab 13 25

Faisalabad Punjab 11 22

Gujranwala Punjab 07 14

Rawalpindi Punjab 07 14

Hyderabad Sindh 06 12

hest Number of Constituenc hest Number of Constituenc



neral Electionneral Election



Party Seats %

Awami League 160 53

Pakistan PeoplesParty

81 27PML (Quyuum) 9 3

Other 50 17

:hamber National Assembly:lection Date ,Oct 1970

:otal Seats ( ,300 138 in West Pakistan 162 in)East Pakistan

:urnout %63:rime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

:uration -14 Aug 1973 5 Jul 1977

1stt eneral Election eneral Election



Party Seats %

Pakistan Peoples

Party

155 78

Pakistan NationalAlliance

36 18Others 09 4

:hamber National Assembly:lection Date ,7 Mar 1977

:otal Seats 200:urnout %63

:rime Minister ( )Marshal Law

:uration /N A

2ndd eneral Election eneral Election



:hamber National Assembly:lection Date ,25 Feb 1985


:rime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo

:uration -23 Mar 1985 29 May 1988

3rdd eneral Election eneral Election

-on Party

Based



Party Seats %

Pakistan Peoples Party 92 39Islam-e-Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI)

55 23Muhajar Quami Mahaz(MQM)

13 5

Other* 77 33

:hamber National Assembly:lection Date ,16 Nov 1988

:otal Seats 237:urnout . %43 1

:rime Minister Benazir Bhutto

:uration -2 Dec 1988 6 Aug 1990

4thh eneral Election eneral Election

*20 Reserved Seats for Women 10 Reserved seats for Minorities



Party Seats %Islam-e-Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) 105 44

Peoples Democratic Alliance(PDA) 45 19Muhajar Quami Mahaz(MQM)

15 6

Other* 72 31

:hamber National Assembly:lection Date ,24 Oct 1990


:rime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif

:uration -6 Nov 1990 18 Apr 1993





Party Seats %Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) 86 44

Pakistan Muslim League(PML-N) 73 19-Pakistan Muslim League Junejo ( - )PML J

06 06

Other* 72 31



:rime Minister Benazir Bhutto

:uration -19 Oct 1993 5 Nov 1996





Party Seats %

Pakistan Muslim League

(PML-N)

137 58

Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) 18 07( )Muttahida Qaumi Movement MQM 12 05

Other* 70 30



:rime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif

:uration -17 Feb 1997 12 Oct 1999





Party Seats* %

Pakistan Muslim League (PML-Quaid)

118 35 Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians

( )PPPP63 19

- - Muttahida Majlis e Amal ( )MMA 59 17Pakistan Muslim League (PML-

Nawaz)18 05

( )Muttahida Qaumi Movement MQM 17 04

Other 67 20



:rime Minister Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali

:uration –23 Nov 2002 26 June 2004


*Including 60 Reserved Seats for Women 10 Reserved seats for Minorities



Party Seats* % Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians

( )PPPP126 37

Pakistan Muslim League (PML-

Nawaz)

90 26

Pakistan Muslim League (PML-Qauid)

53 15( )Muttahida Qaumi Movement MQM 25 07

Awami National Party (ANP) 13 04

Other 35 11



:rime Minister Syed Yousuf Raza Gillani:uration –25 Mar Nov 2008 till today


*Including 60 Reserved Seats for Women 10 Reserved seats for Minorities





qLargest political party of Pakistan.

qFounded on November 30, 1967 by Z.ABhutto

qChairperson:Ø Asif Ali Zardari

Ø Bilawal Bhutto

qContest elections on the slogans of "ROTI,

KAPRA AUR MAKAN“qBasic principles of PPP:Ø Islam is our Faith

Ø Democracy is our politics

Ø Socialism is our Economy

Ø All Power to the People

kistan Peoples Party kistan Peoples Party

.Z A Bhutto



qFamous .political party of Pakistanq Founded on 1993 by Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharifq :Chairperson

ØMian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif

q :ManifestoØRevival of Genuine Democracy

ØIndependent Judiciary and the Rule of Law

ØTolerant and Pluralistic Society

ØEducation

ØHealth

q Won election in 1997

-akistan Muslim League N-kistan Muslim League N



qFamous .political party of Pakistanq Founded on 2002 by Mian Azharq :Chairperson

ØChudhary Shujat Husain

q :ManifestoØ .Live and let live

Ø , .Decency tolerance and harmony

Ø .Ensuring justice and freedom of expression

Ø .Dignity of the common citizen

ØProtection and promotion of the rights of the.female

Ø .Protection of the rights of minorities

q Won election in 2002

-akistan Muslim League Q-akistan Muslim League Q



uthidda Qaumi Movement uthidda Qaumi Movement

q Founded in 1984 by muhajir student leader Altaf Hussain after leading the all Pakistan

.muhajir student movement in 1978

q ,In 1997 MQM became Mutahidda Qaumi Movement

.instead of Muhajir Qaumi Movementq :ChairpersonØAltaf Husain

q :ManifestoØProvincial Autonomy

Ø .Education

ØHealth

Ø .Agrarian Reforms

ØPoverty Alleviation And Unemployment



q Founded in 1986 by Abdul Wali Khan as.continuation of National Awami Party

q :ChairpersonØ AsfandYar Wali Khan

q :ManifestoØDemocracy

Ø .Guarantees for protection of rights

Ø .Freedom from external domination

Ø .Freedom from sectarianismØSocial justice

wami National Party wami National Party



qOldest party operating in Pakistan

qFounded by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi on 26August 1941.

q The party is termed most democratic forholding elections of party's president everyfive years.

qChairperson:Ø Monawar Hasan

qManifesto:Ø D JI envisions "iqamat-e-deen", establishment of

an Islamic administration governing byIslamic law.

qRuled one of four provinces NWFP as a

- -amat e-amat e

Islamislami



blems of Pakista lems of PakistaPoliticsolitics



• Personality vs Issues :personality wins!!!

ssue Based ssue BasedPoliticsolitics

qqCore issues are always neglected

q

q -Non existence of proactive policies to.solve the basic problems

qLack of responsibility shown by the

political partiesq

qq

q



•Garbage In: Garbage

Out

•

Feudalismeudalism

•q Majority of the politicians belong to this

category

qq Lack of interaction with the common man

qq Leads to lack of development in rural

areas





•Selective orwholistic???

•

Accountabilityccountability

q Has always been biased throughout thehistory

q

q .Independent NAB non existentqq Recent SC decision is a new glimmer of

!!!hope•



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Pakistan's Political History