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Palm-Burj DubaiPalm-Burj Dubai
Palm-Burj DubaiPalm-Burj Dubai
Palm-Burj DubaiPalm-Burj Dubai
• take a look at palm subdivision in Dubai …each house costs $48 million$48 million. This is really amazing because all of the houses were sold for only 3 days from the day they launched the open house selling. List of some persons who bought from the palm:
•David Beckham Michael Jackson Bill Gates Whitney Houston Nicholas Cage Steven Spielberg Roger Moore Clint Eastwood Sultan Najori Hamten of KSA Bill Clinton Pete Sampras Michael Jordan Tina Turner Will Smith Beth Midler Jet-Li Patrick Ewing Robin Williams Damon Sunderland Don King Phil Jackson Shania Twain George Bush Oscar DelaHoya Axel Rose Demi Moore & Bruce Willis And many more..
The Visual Art: Architecture• Architecture is the art and science of planning
and building structures. It involves the manner in which the elements, like design, are arranged or organized. (Merriam-Webster, 1997 p.54).
• Moreover, Sanches defines architecture as the art of designing and constructing a building which serves a specific function to human being, ranging from providing a shelter to meeting technological demands of our modern society. (Sanches et al., 1989 p.40)
• Architecture has been called both the greatest and the least of the arts.
• According to architect Walter Gropius, he called it “the most public of art,” because important buildings often integrate sculpture, paintings, and murals or mosaics as well as decorative objects. Gropius further added that architecture is also known as “Queen of the arts,” uniting and ruling over a kingdom of different media, (Lewis, 1995, p 124).
• The most common materials used in architecture are stone, wood, steel, and concrete.
Going Back: Sculpture and Architecture
• As what Zulueta mentioned in his book, The Humanities, the different types of sculpture and architecture can be traced from ancient civilizations.
• And these includes Egypt, Greece, and Rome. They applied their own method to come up with original styles.
• Each one, is influenced by many factors such as the geographical locations, climate, geology, historical, social and religious aspects,(Zulueta,2004 p105).
A. Egyptian Art
• Egyptian architecture’s most outstanding structures includes pyramids, temples and mastabas. Its massive funerary monuments built of stone for permanence, features post and lintel construction, (Zulueta,2004 p105).
• Pyramids in Egypt are huge structures with four triangular sides that congregate in a point at the top, directly over the center of the pyramid’s square base. Ancient peoples in several parts of the world built pyramids, but the Egyptians constructed the biggest and most famous ones, (Dudley,1965). The ancient Egyptians built more than 90 royal pyramids, from about 2630 B.C. until about 1530 B.C.
• The first pyramid, which is the Step Pyramid at Şaqqāra, was constructed during the reign of King Djoser dated between 2630 B.C. to 2611 B.C.
• The largest pyramid is the one built for King Khufu, dated between 2551 B.C. – 2528 B.C., at the site of modern Giza.
• Khufu’s pyramid was known as the Great Pyramid. It lies in the desert west of Giza, accompanied by the pyramids of Khafre and Menkaure, Khufu’s son and grandson, (See Photo Below).
• The Pyramid of Khafre was built as the pharaoh’s final resting place.
• The pyramids at Giza are among the best-known pieces of architecture in the world.
• Vandals and erosion have damaged some of the Great Pyramid’s outer material, and some of its topmost levels have been dismantled, but it still retains its sense of majesty in fact it is one of the Seven Wonders of the World that still survives,(Nolan, 2008). The perfect symmetry of the pyramids at Giza are world-renowned symbols of Egypt's ancient heritage.
Pyramid of Khafre at Giza2520 – 2494 B.C. 446 ft. high.Source: www.sacred-destinations.com/egypt/giza-pyramid
• Whereas, all the Egyptian sculptures that were preserved were originally created for tombs and temples.
• Egyptian artist followed certain principle for sculpture both in the round and in relief.
• The more important the dignitary presented the more rigorously the standard is observed. An over-life-sized statue of Khafre (See Photo Below)
Seated Statue of Khafre, from Giza 2520-2494 B.C. Stone, 5 ft.6 in. High; Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (www.whards.com/2009)
Bust of Nefertiti, 1349 -1336 B.C.Painted Limestone, approx.19 inches, 48.3 cm high Agyptisches Museum, Staatliche Museen, Berlin. (www.whards.com/2009)
• The Sphinx is associated with the sun god and therefore an appropriate image for a pharaoh. The structure suggests that the pharaoh combines human intelligence with the remarkable strength and power of the king of beasts, (Kleiner & Mamiya, 2005).
Great Sphinx, Giza. Dynasty IV 2520-2494 B.C. Sandstone, approx.65 ft. high , 240 ft. Long Source: www.whards.com/2009.
B. Of Ancient Greece
• For the Greeks, humanity was what mattered and humans were in the words of the philosopher Protagoras, the “measure of all things.”
• This humanistic worldview led the Greeks to create democracy and to make influential contributions in the field of art, literature, and science, (Kleiner & Mamiya, 2005).
• The Greek civilizalizationGreek civilizalization is divided into three principal period, the Archaic,(800-600 BC.) which is also called the Dark Age, the Classical or Hellenic (500 BC.) and the Hellenistic period (400-100BC),(Honour & Fleming, 2000).
Greek Sculpture
• Kouros is an example of a free-standing Archaic statue. It is generally known as kouroi, which simply means youth.
• The survived statues are more than a hundred neither whole or in large fragments, ranging in height from 5 feet to 11 feet.
• They all stand in the same stiff attitude, eyes concentrating to the front, head up high, and their arms down with fists clenched.
Kouros from Tenea, 570 BC.Marble, about 5 ft high.Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek,MunichSource:www.qed.princeton.edu.com//2009.
• Another Archaic style is the Kore. This Greek’s work of sculpture can be distinguished for it looks delicate and more human compare to Egypt’s sculpture.
• Her jewelry and neatly pleated dresses gives her an almost modest elegance with an air of happy innocence, (Honour & Fleming, 2000).
Kore, 530 B.C. Found February 1886 in 4 pieces put later together, west of the Erectheion. Marble. Acropolis Museum Athens Source: http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Arts/Kore.htm
• While, in Greek religion, gods were not only anthropomorphic, which means human in form, but had human personalities and conflicts as well.
(See Above Photo).
• The god are referred to as the Olympians because they resided on Mount Olympos after overthrowing their cannibalistic ancestor, the so-called Titans, (Adams, 2007 p 141).
Olympian Gods
Roman counterpart
function/subject
ZEUS JUPITER King of the gods; ruled the sky;his weapon was the thunderbolt
HERA JUNO Wife and sister of Zeus; the goddess of marriage; she aided the Greeks in the war against the Trojan
ATHENA MINERVA Goddesses of wisdom and warfare; was a virgin born from the head of her father Zeus, not from a woman’s womb. Her city was Athens; her temple was the Parthenon
POSEIDON NEPTUNE The lord of the sea; he controlled waves, storms,& earthquakes with his three-pronged pitchfork.
ARES MARS God of war; the son of Zeus and Hera; lover of Aphrodite; in the Iliad he took the side of the Trojans
APHRODITE VENUS love & beauty; goddess of springs, caves and wood
APOLLO APOLLO The great archer, god of light and music; son of Zeus and Latona, a Titan
DEMETER CERES The goddess of grain and agriculture; she taught humans how to sow and plow. The English word cereal derives from Ceres.
HERMES MERCURY Son of Zeus to another nymph; the fleet-footed messenger of the gods and possessed winged sandals; he carried a magical herald’s rod, wore a traveler’s hat
The Greek Order
• Greek architecture is made from column and beams.It has three diffrenfundamental styles known as the classical order which includes; the Doric, ionic, and Corinthian.
• Illustration below will tell the differences of the three capital styles.
• DORICDORIC • Is the earliest order; characterized by powerful looking
columns. It was regarded by mainland Greeks as their national style which was also associated with moral and especially with manly virtues, (Honour & Fleming, 2000).
• IONICIONIC• It was also called as Aeolic type, composed of curling
members or volutes. This type of capital started sometime between 8th or 7th century BC. Ionic became universal in the 4th century B.C., (Honour & Fleming, 2000).
• CORINTHIANCORINTHIAN• Is always with fresco or wall painting. The presence of
curling tendrils and acanthus leaves makes it more attractive and decorative compare with the two others. Corinthian was first devised in Athens in the 5th century. Corinthian capitals are prominent and characterized a new tendency in the architecture of Greek, (Honour & Fleming, 2000).
• One of the classical monument of the Greek ever survived is the Parthenon- built in marble by the two architects Ictinus and Callicrates; with Phidias as the master sculptor, who created the colossal chryselephantine out of gold and ivory.
• The statue of Athena is placed inside the temple.
• The Greek style perfection was achieved by refinements of design, its detail also suggests strength and repose(Nuttgens & Weston, 2006 p22,87-90).
The Parthenon, Athens, built between 447-438 BC.Source:www.patik.com
The Basilica, 540 BC. Paestum, Italy.Source: http://cache.virtualtourist.com/4133654-Saint_Marks_Basilica_Venice_Italy_1973-Venice.jpg/2009.
C. ROMAN ART • Romans carried out extensive building programs
somewhat to accommodate their expanding territory and its growing population and partly to glorify the state and the emperor, (adams, 2007 p212).
• Romans use bricks as a basic building material however marble become popular likewise under Augustus ruler. As what Roman lawyer and author of the Lives of the Twelve Caesars(C.A.D. 121).
• Suetonius believed that August found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble, (adams, 2007 p212).
• For your information, concrete had been invented in the ancient Near East just right after its invention. After its innovation, Romans developed the arch and the vaults which had previously been used in building their structures, (Adams, 2007 p213). Romans also used travertine, a hard durable limestone that mellows to a golden yellow.
• In the beginning Roman houses has only plain exteriors without windows, rooms fronting the street which functions as shops or tabernae( from which we get the English word tavern); typical professional or upper-class Roman house had running water and sewage pipes, (Adams, 2007 p214).
• The round plan was used in the Pantheon, it was the most monumental ancient Roman temple which was built during the reign of Hadrian.
• It consists of two main parts; a traditional rectangular entrance supported by gigantic granite Corinthian columns; and a huge concrete rotunda/ round structure faced on the exterior with brick, (Adams,2007 p226).
• Like the Greeks, the Romans built theatres for plays.
• They likewise built amphitheatres ( from the Greek words amphi, meaning around or both and theatron, meaning theater) for spectators, games, and other lavish spectacles. The Colosseum begun in 72 A.D. under Vespasian and inaugurated in 80 A.D. by his son Titus,(Adams,2007 p223).
The Colosseum, Rome C.A.D. 72-80. Concrete, travertine, brick, and marble; approx. 615x510 ft.Source:www.rome-hotels.tripadvisor.com//2009.
• Another type of monumental construction popular in ancient Rome was the public baths; a place for bathing, swimming, and socializing; public baths was also a museum filled with different sculptures of different sizes.
• Rome had the most public baths, as what the catalogue of Roman buildings of A.D. 354 affirmed the number of 952 baths, (Adams,2007 p221).
• The structures uses massive Corinthian columns that supported the groin vaults of the ceiling in it’s central hall, (Adams, 2007 p222).
Baths of Caracalla, Rome Italy, C. A.D. 211-217. Marble and concrete. Source:www.chicainery.blogspot.com/images/rome4.jpg/2009.
Augustus of Prima Porta. Early 1st century A.D. Marble, 6 ft. 8in. High. Musei Vaticani, Rome.Source:http://www.wtc.mb.ca/mp/2003/breanne/web/history/roman/paint_sculp2/2009.
Early Christian and Byzantine Art• During the reign of Roman emperor Tiberius
around 33 A.D. Jesus Christ was crucified outside the city of Jerusalem.
• The teachings of Jesus and his followers led to the founding of the Christian religion .
• The continuing decline of the Roman empire and the collapse of its political administration overlapped the development of Christianity which was first adopted by the urban and lower middle class whereas the aristocracy continued to worship pagan gods which constitute the most population of the Romans, (Adams, 2007 p266).
• The most important figures in Christian art are the Holy family, saints, and martyrs.
• The holy family consists of Mary, (Christ’s mother), Joseph, (her husband) and Jesus. A saint is a person canonize by the church.
• The term martyr from the Greek word martus, originally meant witness, specifically a witness to Jesus’ works. Consequently, martyr means one who dies for a belief- in this case Christianity.
• Western art, saints, martyrs, and members of the holy family are usually depicted with a halo- a circle around their heads to indicate their holiness.
• An important distinction between Christian and Roman art can be seen in their respective approaches to history. Romans used works of art to record the past particularly the exploits and triumphs of the rulers in contrast Christian art focused more on the future as determined by the Christian faith, ( Adams, 2007p268).
• Early Christian imagery is symbolic in nature and frequently takes the form of pictorial puzzles known as rebuses.
• Even after Christianity become the official religion of Rome, and secrecy was no longer necessary certain images such as the fish, the cross, the Lamb of God and the Good Shepherd continued to have symbolic importance in art and liturgy, (Adams,2007 p271).
The Good Shepherd, C.A.D. 30 Marble,36in. High. Vatican, Museum, Rome Source: www.christusrex.org
Do you know?
• Theologians believed that in heaven the rewards of a virgin were 60 times greater than those of an ordinary Christian; only martyrs were more favoured, (Honour & Fleming, 2005).Do you find yourself nodding?
• Ichthus, the Greek word for fish, is an acronym for Jesus Christ, son of God, Savior. The I is the Greek equivalent of the English J ( for “Jesus”), ch stands for Christ, Th for theou (Greek for “of God”), U for uios ( Greek for “son”), and S for soter ( Greek for “savior”), ( Adams, 2007 p271).
• The foundation of Constantinople in 330 on the site of the old Greek city of Byzantium had far-reaching consequences; one it became the empire’s centre of economic gravity another is Constantinople became the emperor’s usual place of residence which later grew into the richest city in the empire and the main centre of artistic patronage. A feature that became characteristic of Byzantine architecture includes;
the used of deep niches concave semicircular facades rooms of varied shapes either circular or indented with
large niches mosaics domes over square or rectangular spaces pendentives -inwardly curving triangular sections of
vaulting between walls or arches, squinches - small single arches or a series of concentric
corbelled arches built across the corners of a square or polygonal space
(illustration sources: www.brynmawr.edu/.../Cities/wld/00860/00860a.jpg
• The undisputed architectural masterpiece of Justinian’s reign in the basilica of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople; the name in Greek is holy (hagia) wisdom (Sophia).
• As part of the extensive rebuilding campaign following the suppression of a revolt in 532, Justinian commissioned two Greek mathematicians Anthemius and Isidorus to plan Hagia Sophia.
• Geometric circles, parabolas, and curved architectural surfaces are the designs reflected in the magnificent Hagia Sophia. It’s structure is a combination of rising vaults, dome, arches, and huge piers. The Christian mosaics in the interior were largely covered over and replaced by Islamic decorations, (Adams, 2007 p 288).
Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, now Istanbul, completed by 537. In 1453 it was converted into a mosque.Source:www.tateville.com//2009.
Barma and Postnik, Saint Basil’s CathedralMoscow, 1554-1560. Source:http://flickr.com/photos/islastchance/2598487219/2009.
Mosaic Technique• According to Adams, Mosaic is made by arranging
pebbles on the floor, Christian mosaic was made by adapting the Roman method of embedding tesserae into wet cement or plaster.
• Tesserae (from the Greek word meaning squares or groupings of four) are more or less regular small squares and rectangles cut from colored stone or glass, rounded shapes were also used.
• The gold tesserae of the Byzantine style were made by pressing a square of gold leaf between two pieces of cut glass. The fragmentary mosaic of Christus-Sol (Christ as Sun) of around A.D. 250 was discovered in a pagan cemetery under Old Saint Peter’s. It is a good model of early Christian iconography, (Adams, 2007 p274).
• He further added in his book Art Through the Ages that the term mosaic comes from the same word stem as museum, a place to house works of art, and muse, someone, usually a woman, who inspires an artist to create. When we muse about something, we ponder it in order to open out minds to new sources of inspiration. Music is also from the same word stem as mosaic, (Adams,2007 p 275).
Christus-Sol, from the Christian Mausoleum of the Julii under Saint Peter’s necropolis, Rome. Mid-3rd century, Vault mosaic.Source: www.upload.wikimedia.org
Romanesque Technique• Romanesque was coined in the 19th century, which was originated
in Italy in the late 9th century, to describe the derivatives of Roman architecture which evolved in Europe between the collapse of Roman empire and the rise the gothic.
• Romanesque style = Romans + Byzantine + Greek(composite of mix influences)
• Romanesque art then is not actually authentic for it was a combination of many art style as what was stated previously.
• A Romanesque architectural design gives emphasis on the structural principle of round arches, horizontal emphasis and enormous quality, dictating strong heavy forms. In addition a
• Romanesque structures was built with heavy stone walls and small narrow windows which were few and far between. The monumental effect of Romanesque church exteriors was heightened by towers also twin towers along the facade.
• Another dominant style in Romanesque architecture was the presence of a detached bell tower or campanile which was common in Italy. It was stated by Nuttgens that much of the wealth needed to create such splendid architectures came from the monasteries. (Nuttgens and Weston, 2006 p 87-90).
Verona Cathedral, S. Miniato, FlorenceSource:www.flickr.com
THE GOTHIC ART
Norman Cefalu Cathedral, Sicily. Source: www.flickr.com
• The father of the style was Abbot Suger. The basic elements of Gothic are the pointed arch, rib vault and flying buttress.
• Gothic architecture is the combination of these which contribute to the great impact of cathedral designs specifically its exterior, which was established during the period of 1140- 1144 that lasted until 1300 before the new art exists which is the renaissance.
• The growth of Gothic art expresses the dominance of the church , (Nuttgens, p97-99).
• According to the literature, the pointed arches of the so many cathedral is the way of man’s strivingly and faithfully connecting to his creator, accordingly it is his expression of his belief and way of communicating to heaven .
• One example Gothic architectural design is the Cathedral of Notre Dame, Chartres, France, begun around 1163 and the west towers were the last completed in 1250, (Witt, 2001).
Tips in determining what Gothic art is;
there is dominance of the soaring spires windows with the stained glassPointed arches and archway Presence of Rib vault Flying buttresses
• The Salisbury Cathedral in England was built from 1220 and was completed 1266.
• It is the highest gothic church in England. The extensive use of purbeck marble created strongly coloured scheme,( by dan,).
• While, the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore’s dome was designed by the famous Filippo Brunelleschi. The cathedral was regarded as the monument par excellence , (Cruickshank, 1996).
Notre Dame de Rheims, FranceCompleted by the end of 13th century. Source:http://image28.webshots.com/29/2/86/96/284828696OzfnOt_fs.jpg.
Do you know?
• The largest French cathedral is Ameins with over 5,000 sculptured figures on its facade built from 1220-1288.
• This is obvious to say that it took 68 years for the sculptors, architects down to welders and carpenters to finished the entire cathedral, ( by nuttgens ).
• Top grosser Harry Potter movies have been filmed in England. It features many gothic arches to name one is the Durnham Cathedral in Northumburia, which was completed in 1133, and was also voted as Britain’s favourite building in 2001 BBC poll,(Harmon, 2003).
Salisbury Cathedral, England built from 1220-completed 1266Source: www.old-picture.com/europe/Cathedral-Salisbury.jpg
Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, ItalyBegun 1296- completed 1436Source: http://image14.webshots.com/14/5/41/1/158654101oVlgXm_fs.jpg
The Durnham Cathedral where Harry Potter was filmed.Source:http://www.durhamcathedral.co.uk/introduction/gallery/image/cathedral.jpg:
Renaissance Art • According to Zulueta renaissance was a period of
economic development where cities were built. He further explained that the term renaissance came from French language meaning rebirth. Hence the ideals of classicism like that of balance, harmony, proportion, and intellectual order became the artistic standard of the renaissance art, (Zulueta, 2003 p 103).
• According to Ortiz et al., architecture during the Renaissance was brought to the construction of aristocratic residences or palazzos, as well as piazza, (means square) to set off their elegant façade. Outstanding Italian architects of palazzos were Michelozzi, who designed the Medici-Ricardi Palace in Florence and Leon Battista Alberti, who designed the Rucellai Palace also situated in Florence, (Ortiz et al., 1976).When it comes to architecture, Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the foremost architects ever lived during renaissance period. Most of his works are in Florence Italy.
• To mention, how can we fail to noticed the magnificent work of Michaelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni who painted frescos in the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.
• He was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer. Actually he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci, (Ortiz et al., 1976 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo).Witt et al.
Modern Art• Modern art is characterized by existing style of visual
art, music and literature. It lay emphasis on individual’s experimentation and awareness, (Zulueta, 2003 p 101). In modern art therefore an artist is free to choose any form or representation of art he preferred to realized.
• It is free of any influences of previously explained types of art in this text. We could tell then that modern art is the product of man’s evolution, especially now that we are in the century of a dot com world where anything is possible likewise acceptable. Since this is so, to our world now modern art depicts man’s freer side and is more personal.
• With the advancement of science and technology, a modern man came in touch with other people, other cultures around the world exposing him to a new ideas, new views which lead him to be more receiving to differences- this I suppose is what we called modern humanity.
