8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 1/36

Panavia TornadoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search 

Tornado IDS/ECR 

Tornado GR4 of No !" #$uadron R%F in &''( )ith

typical counter*insurgency )eapons of +rimstone,

ave)ay -. and /-T0N-NG targeting pod

Role 1ultirole aircraft, strike

aircraft

Manufacturer anavia %ircraft Gm23

First flight "4 %ugust "(4

Introduction "((

Status -n service

Primary users Royal %ir Force

-talian %ir Force

German %ir Force

Royal #audi %ir Force

Produced "((5"((6

Numer uilt ((&

!ariants anavia Tornado %7.

The Panavia Tornado is a family of t)in*engine, varia2le*s)eep )ing com2at aircraft,)hich )as 8ointly developed and manufactured 2y -taly, the 9nited ingdom, and WestGermany There are three primary Tornado variants: the Tornado -7# ;interdictor <strike=fighter*2om2er, the suppression of enemy air defences Tornado 0>R ;electroniccom2at<reconnaissance= and the Tornado %7. ;air defence variant= interceptor aircraft

The Tornado )as developed and 2uilt 2y anavia %ircraft Gm23, a tri*nationalconsortium consisting of +ritish %erospace ;previously +ritish %ircraft >orporation=,1++ of West Germany, and %eritalia of -taly -t first fle) on "4 %ugust "(4 and )as

introduced into service in "((5"(6' 7ue to its multirole nature, it )as a2le to replaceseveral different fleets of aircraft in the adopting air forces The Royal #audi %ir Force 

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 2/36

;R#%F= 2ecame the only e?port operator of the Tornado in addition to the three original partner nations % tri*nation training and evaluation unit operating from R%F>ottesmore, the Tri*National Tornado Training 0sta2lishment, maintained a level ofinternational co*operation 2eyond the production stage

The Tornado )as used 2y the Royal %ir Force ;R%F=, -talian %ir Force and R#%F

during the "((" Gulf War , in )hich the Tornado conducted many lo)*altitude penetrating strike missions The Tornados of various operators )ere also used inconflicts in the former @ugoslavia during the +osnian War  and osovo War , the -ra$War , /i2ya during the /i2yan civil )ar , as )ell as smaller roles in %fghanistan and@emen -ncluding all variants, ((& aircraft )ere 2uilt

Contents AhideB

• " 7evelopment 

o

"" Criginso "& anavia %ircraft Gm23

o "! rototypes and testing

o "4 roduction

• & 7esign 

o &" Cvervie)

o && .aria2le*s)eep )ing

o &! %vionics

o &4 %rmament and e$uipment

o &D 0ngine

o &E 9pgrades 

&E" Test platform for !*7 printed parts

• ! Cperational history 

o !" German %ir Force ;/uft)affe=

o !& German Navy ;1arineflieger=

o !! -talian %ir Force ;%eronautica 1ilitare=o !4 Royal %ir Force

o !D Royal #audi %ir Force

• 4 .ariants 

o 4" Tornado -7#

o 4& Tornado 0>R 

o 4! Tornado %7.

• D Cperators

• E %ircraft on display

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 3/36

• #pecifications ;Tornado GR4=

• 6 opular culture

• ( #ee also

• "' References

• "" 0?ternal links

Develo"ment#edit$

%rigins#edit$

%rtists concept of the %F.G, an ancestor to the 1R>% programme

7uring the "(E's, aeronautical designers looked to varia2le5geometry )ing designs togain the manoeuvra2ility and efficient cruise of straight )ings )ith the speed of s)ept*)ing designs The 9nited ingdom had cancelled the procurement of the T#R*& andsu2se$uent F*"""  aircraft, and )as still looking for a replacement for its %vro .ulcan and +lack2urn +uccaneer  strike aircraftA"B +ritain and France had initiated the %F.G ;%nglo French .aria2le Geometry= pro8ect in "(ED, 2ut this had ended )ith French)ithdra)al in "(EA&B +ritain continued to develop a varia2le5geometry aircraft similarto the proposed %F.G, and sought ne) partners to achieve thisA!B

-n "(E6, West Germany, the Netherlands, +elgium, -taly and >anada formed a )orkinggroup to e?amine replacements for the /ockheed F*"'4 #tarfighter ,A4B initially called the

 Multi Role Aircraft (MRA), later renamed as the Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA)ADBAEB

The participating nations all had ageing fleets that re$uired replacing 2ut, as there$uirements )ere so diverse, it )as decided to develop a single aircraft that could

 perform a variety of missions that )ere previously undertaken 2y a fleet of differentaircraftAB +ritain 8oined the 1R>% group in "(E6, represented 2y %ir .ice*1arshal 1ichael Giddings, and a memorandum of agreement )as drafted 2et)een +ritain, WestGermany, and -taly in 1ay "(E(A6B

+y the end of "(E6, the prospective purchases from the si? countries amounted to ",D''aircraftA(B >anada and +elgium had departed 2efore any long*term commitments had

 2een made to the programmeA"'B >anada had found the pro8ect politically unpalata2lethere )as a perception in political circles that much of the manufacturing andspecifications )ere focused on Western 0urope France had made a favoura2le offer to+elgium on the 7assault 1irage D, )hich created dou2t as to )hether the 1R>% )ould

 2e )orth)hile from +elgiums operational perspectiveA"'B

Panavia &ircraft 'm(#edit$

 Main article: Panavia Aircraft GmbH 

Cn &E 1arch "(E(, four partner nations 5 9nited ingdom, Germany, -taly and the Netherlands, agreed to form a multinational company, anavia %ircraft Gm23, todevelop and manufacture the 1R>%A"BA4B The pro8ects aim )as to produce an aircraftcapa2le of undertaking missions in the tactical strike, reconnaissance, air defence, andmaritime roles thus allo)ing the 1R>% to replace several different aircraft then in use

 2y the partner nationsA"BA4B .arious concepts, including alternative fi?ed*)ing and single*engine designs, )ere studied )hile defining the aircraftA""B The Netherlands pulled out of 

the pro8ect in "(', citing that the aircraft )as too complicated and technical for theRN/%Fs preferences,A"B )hich had sought a simpler aircraft )ith outstanding

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 4/36

manoeuvra2ilityA"&B %n additional 2lo) )as struck 2y the German re$uirement reducedfrom an initial E'' aircraft to !&4 in "(&A"!B

Formation take*off of an R%F Tornado GR" and a Tornado F& prototype in #eptem2er"(6&

When the agreement )as finalised, the 9nited ingdom and West Germany each had a4&DH stake of the )orkload, )ith the remaining "DH going to -taly this division of the

 production )ork )as heavily influenced 2y international political 2argainingA"4B Thefront fuselage and tail assem2ly )as assigned to +%> ;no) +%0 #ystems= in the9nited ingdom the centre fuselage to 1++ ;no) 0%7#= in West Germany and the)ings to %eritalia ;no) %lenia %eronautica= in -talyA"DB #imilarly, tri*national)orksharing )as used for engines, general and avionic e$uipment % separatemultinational company, Tur2o*9nion, )as formed in June "(' to develop and 2uild theR+"(( engines for the aircraft, )ith o)nership similarly split 4'H Rolls*Royce, 4'H1T9, and &'H F-%TA"BA"EB

%t the conclusion of the pro8ect definition phase in 1ay "(', the concepts )erereduced to t)o designs a single seat anavia "'' )hich West Germany initially

 preferred, and the t)in*seat anavia &'' )hich the R%F preferred and )hich )ould 2ecome the TornadoA"EB The aircraft )as 2riefly called the Panavia Panther , the pro8ectsoon coalesced to)ards the t)o*seat optionA"B -n #eptem2er "(", the threegovernments signed an -ntention to roceed ;-T= document, at )hich point the aircraft)as intended solely for the lo)*level strike mission, )here it )as vie)ed as a via2lethreat to #oviet defences in that role A"6B -t )as at this point that +ritains >hief of the7efence #taff announced "two-thirds of the fihtin front line will be com!osed of this

 sinle basic aircraft t#!e" A"DB

Prototy"es and testing#edit$The first of more than a doIen Tornado prototypes took flight on "4 %ugust "(4 at1anching, Germany the pilot, aul 1illett stated of the incident: "Aircraft handlin

was delihtful$$$ the actual fliht went so smoothl# that % did bein to wonder whether

this was not #et another simulation" A"(B Flight testing led to the need for minormodifications %irflo) distur2ances )ere responded to 2y re*profiling the engineintakes and the fuselage to minimise surging and 2uffeting e?perienced at supersonicspeedsA&'B Testing revealed that a nose*)heel steering augmentation system, connecting)ith the ya) damper , )as necessary to counteract the desta2ilising effect produced 2ydeploying the thrust reverser during landing rollouts A&"B -n %ugust "(E, #oviet

espionage activities )ere e?posed trying to o2tain information on the aircraft

A&&B

T)o prototypes )ere lost in accidents, 2oth of )hich had 2een primarily caused 2y poor  piloting decisions and errors leading to t)o ground collision incidentsA&!B a third Tornado prototype )as seriously damaged 2y an incident involving pilot*induced pitchoscillationA&4B The Tornado made use of relatively ne) electronic technologies tosta2ilise the aircrafts flight and augment its flight envelope, kno)n as active controltechnology or  fly*2y*)ire ;F+W= thus several older aircraft types )ere e?tensivelyconverted and re2uilt for testing to esta2lish the concepts validity -n the late "('s,+ritish %erospace developed a technology demonstration aircraft, a converted#00>%T Jaguar , e$uipped )ith a full*authority digital flight control system, )ith

 progressive changes to the airframe to sho)case the systems a2ility to compensate for

aerodynamic irregularities and im2alances 1++ also fle) a converted demonstratoraircraft, a /ockheed F*"'4G #tarfighter , )hich similarly compensated for insta2ility via

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 5/36

a digital flight control system 0?perience from 2oth of these programmes )ouldinfluence the Tornado, and to a greater e?tent, the later  0urofighter TyphoonA&DB

Production#edit$

% 9#%F F*"D> flanked 2y West German %ir Force and R%F Tornados in "(6The contract for the +atch " aircraft )as signed on &( July "(EA"EB The first aircraft)ere delivered to the R%F and German %ir Force on D and E June "(( respectivelyA&EB The first -talian Tornado )as delivered on &D #eptem2er "(6" Cn &( January "(6", theTri*national Tornado Training 0sta2lishment ;TTT0= officially opened at R%F>ottesmore, remaining active in training pilots from all operating nations until !"1arch "(((A&B The D''th Tornado to 2e produced )as delivered to West Germany on "(7ecem2er "(6A&6B

0?port customers )ere sought after West Germany )ithdre) its o28ections to e?portingthe aircraft #audi %ra2ia )as the only e?port customer of the TornadoA&(B The agreement

to purchase the Tornado )as part of the controversial %l*@amamah arms deal  2et)een+%0 #ystems and the #audi governmentA!'BA!"B Cman had committed to purchasingTornados and the e$uipment to operate them for a total value of &D' million in the late"(6's, 2ut cancelled the order in "((' due to financial difficultiesA!&B

7uring the "('s, %ustralia considered 8oining the 1R>% programme to find areplacement for their ageing 7assault 1irage ---s ultimately the 1c7onnell 7ouglasF<%*"6 3ornet )as selected to meet the re$uirement A!!B >anada similarly opted for theF<%*"6 after considering the TornadoA!4B Japan considered the Tornado in the "(6's,along )ith the General 7ynamics F*"E Fighting Falcon and F<%*"6 2efore selecting the1itsu2ishi F*&, a domestically produced design 2ased on the F*"EA!DB -n the "(('s, 2othTai)an and #outh orea e?pressed interest in ac$uiring a small num2er of Tornado0>R aircraftA!EBA!B -n &''", 0%7# proposed a Tornado 0>R variant )ith a greaterelectronic )arfare capa2ility for %ustraliaA!6B

roduction came to an end in "((6 the last 2atch of aircraft 2eing produced going to theRoyal #audi %ir Force, )ho had ordered a total of (E -7# TornadosA!(B -n June &'"", it)as announced that the R%Fs Tornado fleet had flo)n collectively over one millionflying hoursA4'BA4"B %viation author John /ake noted that: "&he &rinational Panavia

Consortium !roduced 'ust short of &ornados ma*in it one of the most successful 

 !ostwar bomber !rorams" A4&B -n &''6, Air+orces Monthl# said of the Tornado: "+or

more than a ,uarter of a centur#$$$ the most im!ortant militar# aircraft in estern

 .uro!e$" A4!B

Design#edit$

%vervie)#edit$

The anavia Tornado is a multirole, t)in*engined aircraft designed to e?cel at lo)*level penetration of enemy defences The mission envisaged during the >old War )as thedelivery of conventional and nuclear ordnance on the invading forces of the Warsa)act countries of 0astern 0urope this dictated several significant features of the design.aria2le )ing geometry, allo)ing for minimal drag during the critical lo)*level dashto)ards a )ell*prepared enemy, had 2een desired from the pro8ects start %dvancednavigation and flight computers, including the then*innovative fly*2y*)ire system,

greatly reduced the )orkload of the pilot during lo)*level flight and eased control of the

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 6/36

aircraftA44BA4DB For long range 2om2ing missions, the Tornado has a retracta2le refuelling pro2eA4EB

Flyover of a German Navy Tornado during a training e?ercise in &''!

%s a multirole aircraft, the Tornado is capa2le of undertaking more mission profiles thanthe anticipated strike mission various operators replaced multiple aircraft types )ith theTornado as a common type 5 the use of dedicated single role aircraft for specialist

 purposes such as 2attlefield reconnaissance, maritime patrol duties, or dedicatedelectronic countermeasures ;0>1= )ere phased out 5 either 2y standard Tornados ormodified variants, such as the Tornado 0>R The most e?tensive modification from the

 2ase Tornado design )as the Tornado %7., )hich )as stretched and armed )ith longrange anti*aircraft missiles to serve in the interceptor roleA4B

The Tornado operators have chosen to undertake various life e?tension and upgrade programmes to keep their Tornado fleets as via2le frontline aircraft for the foreseea2lefuture The R%F and R#%F have upgraded their Tornados to the GR4 standard to

increase com2at effectiveness, )hile German Tornados have 2een undergoing periodicupgrades under the multi*stage %##T% ;%vionics #ystem #oft)are Tornado in %da=

 programmeA46BA4(B With these upgrades, as of &'"", it is pro8ected that the Tornado shall 2ein service until &'&D, more than D' years after the first prototype took flight AD'B

!ariale*s)ee" )ing#edit$

 +urther information: variable-swee! win 

% & #$n R%F Tornado GR" in flight, the )ings are fully s)ept 2ack 

-n order for the Tornado to perform )ell as a lo)*level supersonic strike aircraft, it )as

considered necessary for it to possess good high*speed and lo)*speed flightcharacteristics To achieve high*speed performance, a s)ept*)ing or delta*)ing planform is typically adopted, 2ut these )ing designs are inefficient at lo) speeds Tooperate at 2oth high and lo) speeds )ith great effectiveness, the Tornado uses avaria2le*s)eep )ingADB This approach had 2een adopted 2y earlier aircraft, such as the%merican General 7ynamics F*""" %ardvark  strike fighter, and the #oviet 1ikoyan*Gurevich 1iG*&! fighter The F*""" has many similarities )ith the smaller Tornadoho)ever, the Tornado differs in 2eing a multi*role aircraft )ith more advanced on2oardsystems and avionicsAD"B

The level of )ing s)eep, the angle of the )ings in relation to the fuselage, can 2ealtered in flight at the pilots control The varia2le )ing can adopt any s)eep angle

 2et)een &D degrees and E degrees, )ith a corresponding speed range for each anglesome Tornado %7.s )ere outfitted )ith an automatic )ing*s)eep system to reduce

 pilot )orkloadAD&B When the )ings are s)ept 2ack, the e?posed )ing area is lo)ered anddrag is significantly decreased, )hich is conducive to performing high*speed lo)*levelflightADB The )eapons pylons pivot )ith the angle of the varia2le5s)eep )ings so thatthe stores point in the direction of flight and do not hinder any )ing positionsAD!BAD4B

-n development, significant attention )as given to the Tornados short*field take*off andlanding ;#TC/= performance Germany, in particular, encouraged this design aspectADDB For shorter take*off and landing distances, the Tornado can s)eep its )ings for)ards tothe &D*degree position, and deploy its full*span flaps and leading edge slats to allo) the

aircraft to fly at slo)er speedsADEB

 These features, in com2ination )ith the thrust

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 7/36

reverser *e$uipped engines, gives the Tornado e?cellent lo)*speed handling and landingcharacteristicsADB

&vionics#edit$

For)ard cockpit of an R%F Tornado GR4

%ft cockpit of an R%F Tornado GR4

The Tornado features a tandem*seat cockpit, cre)ed 2y a pilot and a navigator<)eaponsofficer  2oth electromechanical and electro*optical controls are used to fly the aircraftand manage its systemsAD6B %n array of dials and s)itches are mounted on either side of acentrally placed >RT monitor , controlling the navigational, communications, and)eapons*control computersAD(B +%0 #ystems developed the Tornado %dvanced Radar7isplay -nformation #ystem ;T%R7-#=, a !&D*centimetre ;"&6 in= multi*functiondisplay, to replace the rear cockpits >om2ined Radar and ro8ected 1ap 7isplay theR%F 2egan installing T%R7-# on the GR4 fleet in &''4AE'B

The primary flight controls of the Tornado are a fly*2y*)ire hy2rid, consisting of ananalogue $uadruple? >ommand and #ta2ility %ugmentation #ystem ;>#%#= connectedto a digital %utopilot K Flight 7irector #ystem ;%F7#=AE"B in addition a level ofmechanical reversion capacity )as retained to safeguard against potential failure AE&B Toenhance pilot a)areness, artificial feel )as 2uilt into the flight controls, such as thecentrally located stick  2ecause of the Tornados varia2le )ings ena2ling the aircraft todrastically alter its flight envelope, the artificial responses ad8ust automatically to )ing

 profile changes and other changes to flight attitudeAE!B %s a large variety of munitionsand stores can 2e outfitted, the resulting changes to the aircrafts flight dynamics areroutinely compensated for 2y the flight sta2ility systemAE4B

% German %ir Force Tornado undergoing maintenance in July &''4

The Tornado incorporates a com2ined navigation<attack doppler  radar thatsimultaneously scans for targets and conducts fully automated terrain*follo)ing for lo)*level flight operations 2eing readily a2le to conduct all*)eather hands*off lo)*levelflight )as considered one of the core advantages of the TornadoAEDB The Tornado %7.has a different radar system to other variants, designated %-&4 Fo?hunter , as it isdesigned for air defence operations it is capa2le of continuously keeping track of up to&' targets at ranges of up to "E' kilometres ;"'' mi=A4DB The Tornado )as one of theearliest aircraft to fitted )ith a digital data 2us for data transmission % link "E JT-7#

integration on the F! variant ena2led the e?change of radar and other sensoryinformation )ith near2y friendly aircraftAEEB

#ome Tornado variants carry different avionics and e$uipment, depending on theirmission The Tornado 0>R is devoted to #uppression of 0nemy %ir 7efences ;#0%7=missions, operated 2y Germany and -taly The Tornado 0>R is e$uipped )ith anemitter*locator system ;0/#= to spot radar useAEB German 0>Rs have a 3oney)ell infrared imaging system for reconnaissance flightsAE6B R%F and R#%F Tornados havethe /aser  Range Finder and 1arked Target #eekers ;/R1T#= for targeting laser*guided munitionsAE(B -n "((", the R%F introduced T-%/7, allo)ing Tornado GR"s to laser*designate their o)n targetsA'B

The GR"% and GR4% )ere e$uipped )ith T-RR# ;Tornado -nfrared Reconnaissance#ystem=, consisting of one #/-R ;#ide)ays /ooking -nfra Red= sensor on each side of

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 8/36

the fuselage for)ard of the engine intakes to capture o2li$ue images, and a single -R/#;-nfrarRed /ine#can= sensor mounted on the fuselages underside to provide verticalimagesA"B T-RR# recorded images on si? #*.3# video tapesA&B The ne)er R%TCR  reconnaissance pod has replaced the 2uilt*in T-RR# systemA!BA4B

&rmament and e+ui"ment#edit$

The Tornado is cleared to carry the ma8ority of air*launched )eapons in the N%TC inventory, including various unguided and laser*guided 2om2s, anti*ship and anti*radiation missiles, as )ell as specialised )eapons such as anti*personnel mines and anti*run)ay munitionsADBAEBAB To improve surviva2ility in com2at, the Tornado is e$uipped)ith on2oard countermeasures, ranging from flare and chaff  dispensers to electroniccountermeasure pods that can 2e mounted under the )ingsA6B 9nder)ing fuel tanks anda  2uddy store aerial refuelling system that allo)s one Tornado to refuel another areavaila2le to e?tend the aircrafts rangeA(B

German %ir Force Tornado 0>R, $ueuing to 2e refuelled 2y a 9#%F >*"!D#tratotanker , in #eptem2er "((

-n the decades since the Tornados introduction, all of the Tornado operators haveundertaken various upgrade and modification programmes to allo) recently introduced)eapons to 2e used 2y their s$uadrons %mongst the ne) armaments that the Tornadohas 2een adapted to deploy are the enhanced ave)ay and Joint 7irect %ttack 1unition 

 2om2s, and modern cruise missiles such as the Taurus and #torm #hado) missilesthese upgrades have increased the Tornados capa2ilities and com2at accuracyAEBA6'BA6"B recision )eapons such as cruise missiles have replaced older munitions such as cluster

 2om2sA6&B

#trike variants have a limited air*to*air capa2ility )ith %-1*( #ide)inder  or %-1*"!&%#R%%1 air*to*air missiles ;%%1s= additionally the Tornado %7. is outfitted )ith

 2eyond visual range %%1s such as the #kyflash and %-1*"&' %1R%%1 missilesA6!BA64B The Tornado is armed )ith t)o & mm ;"'E! in= 1auser +*& revolver cannon internally mounted underneath the fuselage the Tornado %7. )as only armed )ith onecannonA4B When the R%F GR" aircraft )ere converted to GR4, the F/-R sensorreplaced the left hand cannon, leaving only oneA6DB the GR"% reconnaissance variantgave up 2oth its guns to make space for the side)ays looking infra*red sensorsA6EB The1auser +*& )as developed specifically for the Tornado, 2ut has since 2een used onseveral other 0uropean fighters, such as the 7assault<7ornier %lpha Jet, #aa2 J%# !(Gripen, and 0urofighter TyphoonA6B

The Tornado is capa2le of delivering air*launched nuclear )eapons -n "((, +ritainconsidered replacing its olaris su2marines )ith either the Trident su2marines oralternatively the Tornado as the main 2earer of its nuclear deterrentA66B %lthough the 9

 proceeded )ith Trident, several Tornado s$uadrons 2ased in Germany )ere assigned to#%>09R  to deter a ma8or #oviet offensive )ith 2oth conventional and nuclear)eapons, namely the W0" nuclear 2om2, )hich )as retired in "((6A6(BA('B Germanand -talian Tornados are capa2le of delivering 9# +E" nuclear 2om2s, )hich are madeavaila2le through N%TCA("B

Engine#edit$

 Main article: &urbo-/nion R011

+ritain considered the selection of Rolls*Royce to develop the advanced engine for the1R>% to 2e essential, and )as strongly opposed to adopting an engine from an

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 9/36

%merican manufacturer, to the point )here the 9 might have )ithdra)n over theissueA(&B -n #eptem2er "(E(, Rolls*Royces R+ "(( engine )as selected to po)er the1R>% Cne advantage over the 9# competition )as that a technology transfer  2et)eenthe partner nations had 2een agreed the engine )as to 2e developed and manufactured

 2y a 8oint company, Tur2o*9nionA(!B The programme )as delayed 2y Rolls*Royces

entry into receivership in "(" the nature of the multinational colla2oration processhelped avoid ma8or disruption of the Tornado programmeA(4B Research from thesupersonic airliner  >oncorde contri2uted to the development and final design of theR+"(( and of the engine control unitsA(DB

R+"(( on static display at the Royal %ir Force 1useum >osford

To provide the desired performance, several features )ere used in the R+"(( Tooperate efficiently across a )ide range of conditions and speeds up to 1ach &, theR+"(( and several other engines make use of varia2le intake ramps to control the airflo)A(EB The hydraulic system is pressurised 2y syphoning po)er from 2oth or either

operational engine the hydraulics are completely contained )ithin the airframe ratherthan integrating )ith the engine to improve safety and maintaina2ilityA(B -n case ofdou2le*engine, or dou2le*generator, failure, the Tornado has a single*use 2attery capa2leof operating the fuel pump and hydraulics for up to "! minutesA(6B

Relatively rare amongst fighter aircraft, the R+"(( is fitted )ith thrust reversers todecrease the distance re$uired to safely land A4DBA((B To fully deploy the thrust reverserduring landings, the ya) damper  is connected to the steering of the nose)heel to

 provide greater sta2ilityA"''B

-n %ugust "(4, the first R+"(( po)ered flight of a prototype Tornado occurred theengine completed its $ualification tests in late "(6A"'"B The final production standard

engine met 2oth relia2ility and performance standards, though the development cost had 2een higher than predicted, in part due to the am2itious performance re$uirementsA"'&B %tthe time of the Tornados introduction to service, the tur2ine 2lades of the enginesuffered from a shorter life span than desired, )hich )as rectified 2y theimplementation of design revisions upon early*production enginesA"'!B #everal upratedengines )ere developed and used on 2oth the ma8ority of Tornado %7.s and GermanysTornado 0>RsA"'4BA"'DB

GR4 of No ( #$uadron R%F sho)s off a payload including ave)ay, +rimstone and/itening pod

,"grades#edit$+eing designed for lo)*level operations, the Tornado re$uired modification to performin medium level operations that the R%F adopted in the "(('sA"'EB The R%Fs GR" fleet)as e?tensively re*manufactured as Tornado GR4s 9pgrades on Tornado GR4sincluded a F/-R  ;For)ard*/ooking -nfraRed=, a )ide*angle 397 ;3eads*9p 7isplay=,improved cockpit displays, N.G ; Night .ision Goggles= capa2ilities, ne) avionics, anda Glo2al ositioning #ystem receiver The upgrade eased the integration of ne))eapons and sensors )hich )ere purchased in parallel, including the #torm #hado) cruise missile, the +rimstone anti*tank missile, ave)ay --- laser*guided 2om2s and theR%TCR  reconnaissance pod )as integratedA46BA6BA"'B The first flight of a Tornado GR4)as on 4 %pril "((, on !" Ccto2er "(( the R%F accepted the first delivery anddeliveries )ere completed in &''!A"'6B -n &''D, the R#%F opted to have their Tornado-7#s undergo a series of upgrades to 2ecome e$uivalent to the R%Fs GR4

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 10/36

configurationA"'(B Cn &" 7ecem2er &'' +%0 signed a &"'m contract for >9#, the>apa2ility 9pgrade #trategy ;ilot=A""'B This pro8ect )ould see R%F GR4<4% improvedin t)o phases, starting )ith the integration of the ave)ay -. 2om2 and acommunications upgrade, follo)ed 2y a ne) tactical datalink in hase +A""'B

+eginning in &''', German -7# and 0>R Tornados received the %##T% " ;%vionics

#ystem #oft)are Tornado in %da= upgrade %##T% " involved a replacement )eaponscomputer, ne) G# and /aser -nertial navigation systemsA"""B The ne) computerallo)ed the integration of the 3%R1 ---, 3%R1 ' +lock -.<. and T%9R9# 07!D' missiles, the Rafael /itening -- /aser 7esignator od and G+9*&4 ave)ay --- laser*guided 2om2sA""&B The %##T% & upgrade 2egan in &''D, primarily consisting ofseveral ne) digital avionics systems, a ne) 0>1 suite and provision for the Tauruscruise missile these upgrades are to 2e only applied to 6D Tornados ;&' 0>Rs and ED-7#s=, as the Tornado is in the process of 2eing replaced 2y the 0urofighter TyphoonA4(B

A6'B The %##T% ! upgrade programme, started in &''6, )ill introduce support for thelaser*targeted Joint 7irect %ttack 1unition along )ith further soft)are changesA6"B

Test "latform for -*D "rinted "arts#edit$+%0 #ystems announced that, in 7ecem2er &'"!, the company had test flo)n aTornado e$uipped )ith parts that )ere made )ith !7 printing e$uipment The partsincluded a protective cover for the radio, a landing*gear guard and air*intake doorsupport struts The test demonstrated the feasi2ility of making replacement parts $uicklyand cheaply at the air 2ase hosting the TornadoA""!B The company claims that, )ith someof the parts costing less than "'' per piece to manufacture, !7 printing has alreadyresulted in savings of more than !'',''' and )ill offer further potential cost savings of more than "& million 2et)een no) and &'"A""4B

%"erational history#edit$

'erman &ir Force .uft)affe0#edit$

% German %ir Force Tornado -7# flying a2ove  Nevada, 9#, in %ugust &''

The first Tornado prototype made its first flight on "4 %ugust "(4 from 1anching air2ase, in )hat )as then West GermanyA""DB 7eliveries of production Tornados 2egan on& July "(( The total num2er of Tornados delivered to the German %ir Force num2ered &4, including !D 0>R variantsA""EB Criginally Tornados e$uipped five fighter*

 2om2er )ings ;Geschwader =, )ith one tactical conversion unit and four front line)ings, replacing the /ockheed F*"'4 #tarfighterA""B When one of the t)o Tornado )ings

of the German Navy )as dis2anded in "((4, its aircraft )ere used to re*e$uip a/uft)affes reconnaissance )ing formerly e$uipped )ith RF*40 hantomsA""6B

%s many as "D German Tornados undertook com2at operations as a part of N%TCscampaign during the +osnian War  this )as the first com2at operation for the /uft)affesince World War --A""(B The Tornados, operating from in iacenIa, -taly, fle)reconnaissance missions to survey damage inflicted 2y previous strikes and to scouttargets for other aircraft to strikeA"&'B These reconnaissance missions )ere reportedlyresponsi2le for a significant improvement in target selection throughout the campaignA"&"B

-n "(((, German and -talian Tornados participated in Cperation %llied Force, N%TCsmilitary operation against the Federal Repu2lic of @ugoslavia during the osovo War The 0>R aircraft )ould escort various allies aircraft )hile carrying several %G1*663%R1 missiles to counter attempted use of radar against the allied aircraft A"&&B 7uring

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 11/36

the osovo hostilities, Germanys -7# Tornados )ould routinely conductreconnaissance flights to identify 2oth enemy ground forces and civilian refugees )ithin@ugoslaviaA"&!BA"&4B

% /uft)affe Tornado of Jagd2om2ergesch)ader !" taking off from 0ielson %ir Force

+ase, %laska, in &''4-n June &'', a pair of /uft)affe Tornado )ere controversially used to flyreconnaissance flights over an anti*glo2alisation demonstration during the !!rd G6summit in 3eiligendammA"&DBA"&EB Follo)ing the mission, the German 7efence 1inistryadmitted one aircraft had 2roken the minimum flying altitude and that mistakes )eremade in the handling of security of the #ummitA"&B

-n &'', a detachment of si? Tornados of the %ufklLrungsgesch)ader D" M-mmelmannM ;D"st reconnaissance )ing= )ere deployed to 1aIar*i*#harif , Northern %fghanistan, tosupport N%TC forcesA"&6B The decision to send Tornados to %fghanistan )as acontroversial decision, including one political party launching an unsuccessful legal 2id

to 2lock the deployment as unconstitutionalA"&(BA"!'B -n support of the %fghanistan mission,improvements in the Tornados reconnaissance e$uipment )ere accelerated improvingthe Tornados a2ility to detect hidden improvised e?plosive devices ;-07s=A"!"B TheGerman Tornados )ere )ithdra)n from %fghanistan in Novem2er &'"'A"!&B

7efence cuts announced in 1arch &''! resulted in the decision to retire (' Tornadosfrom /uft)affe service This led to a reduction in its Tornado strength to four )ings 2y#eptem2er &''DA"!!BA"!4B Cn "! January &''4, the then German 7efence 1inister  eter#truck  announced further ma8or changes to the German armed forces % ma8or part ofthis announcement is the plan to cut the German fighter fleet from 4&E in early &''4 to&ED 2y &'"DA"!DB The German Tornado force is to 2e reduced to 6D, )ith the type

e?pected to remain in service )ith the /uft)affe until &'&'A4(B

 The aircraft 2eingretained have 2een undergoing a service life e?tension programmeA"!EB

'erman Navy .Marineflieger0#edit$

% German Navy Tornado landing at R%F 1ildenhall in "(64

-n addition to the order made 2y the 2uftwaffe, the German Navys Marineflieer  alsoreceived ""& of the -7# variant in the anti*shipping and marine reconnaissance roles,again replacing the #tarfighter These e$uipped t)o )ings, each )ith a nominal strengthof 46 aircraft The principal anti*ship )eapon )as the %#!4 ormoran anti*shipmissile, )hich )ere initially supplemented 2y unguided 2om2s and +/DD cluster

 2om2s, and later 2y %G1*66 3%R1 anti*radar missiles ods fitted )ith panoramicoptical cameras and an infra*red line scan )ere carried for the reconnaissance missionA"!B

The end of the >old War  and the signing of the >F0 Treaty gave rise to a re$uirementfor Germany to reduce the siIe of its armed forces, including the num2er of com2ataircraft To meet this need, one of the Marineflieer3 s Tornado )ings )as dis2anded on" January "((4 its aircraft replaced the hantoms of a /uft)affe reconnaissance )ingA"!6BA"!(B The second )ing )as enlarged and continued in the anti*shipping, reconnaissanceand anti*radar roles until it )as dis2anded in &''D )ith its aircraft and duties passed onto the /uft)affeA"4'B

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 12/36

Italian &ir Force .&eronautica Militare0#edit$

The first -talian prototype made its maiden flight on D 7ecem2er "(D from Turin, -talyThe %eronautica 1ilitare received a total of "'' Tornado -7# "E -7#s )eresu2se$uently converted to the 0>R configuration the first -talian Tornado 0>R )asdelivered on & Fe2ruary "((6A"4"B %s a stop*gap measure for "' years, the %eronautica1ilitare additionally operated &4 Tornado %7.s in the air defence role, )hich )ereleased from the R%F to cover the service gap 2et)een the retirement of the /ockheed F*"'4 #tarfighter and the introduction of the 0urofighter TyphoonA"4&B

T)o -talian Tornados participating in N%TC e?ercise 7ragon 3ammer, in "(6

%n -talian %ir Force Tornado -7# at the "((" aris %ir #ho)

-n &''', )ith ma8or delays hampering the 0urofighter, the %eronautica 1ilitare 2egan asearch for another interim fighter While the Tornado itself )as considered, any longterm e?tension to the lease )ould have involved upgrade to R%F ># standard and thus)as not considered cost effective -n Fe2ruary &''", -taly announced its arrangement tolease !D F*"Es from the 9nited #tatesA"4!B The %eronautica 1ilitare returned its Tornado%7.s to the R%F, )ith the final aircraft arriving at R%F #aint %than on 7ecem2er&''4 Cne aircraft )as retained for static display purposesA"44B

-talian Tornados, along )ith R%F Tornados, took part in the first Gulf War  in "(("Cperation /ocusta sa) eight Tornado -7# interdictors deployed from Gioia del >olle,-taly, to %l 7hafra, %2u 7ha2i, as a part of -talys contri2ution to the coalition A"4DB 7uring the conflict, one aircraft )as lost to -ra$i anti*aircraft fire, the pilots e8ectedsafely and )ere captured 2y -ra$i forces A"4EB

% total of && -talian Tornados )ere deployed in the N%TC*organised Cperation %lliedForce over osovo in "(((, the -7# variant )as used in the 2om2ing role )hile the0>R variants patrolled the com2at region, acting to suppress enemy anti*aircraft radars,A"4B firing ""D %G1*66 3%R1 missilesA"46B -n response to anticipated violence duringthe &'"' %fghanistan elections, -taly, along )ith several other nations, increased itsmilitary commitment in %fghanistan, dispatching four -7# Tornados to the regionA"4(B

-talian Tornado -7# and 0>R aircraft participated in the enforcement of a 9N no*flyIone during the &'"" military intervention in /i2yaA"D'B .arious coalition aircraftoperated from 2ases in -taly, including R%F TornadosA"D"B -talian military aircraftdelivered a com2ined "' guided 2om2s and missiles during the strikes against /i2yantargets Cf these %eronautica 1ilitare Tornados and %1 fighter*2om2ers released DD'

guided 2om2s and missiles, and -talian Navy %.*6+s delivered "E' guided 2om2s-talian Tornados launched &' to !' #torm #hado) cruise missiles )ith the restconsisting of ave)ay and J7%1 guided 2om2sA"D&B

-n July &''&, -taly signed a contract )ith the Tornado 1anagement %gency ;N0T1%=and anavia for the upgrading of "6 -7#s, the first of )hich )as received in &''!A"D!B The upgrade introduced improved navigation systems ;integrated G# and laser -N#=and the a2ility to carry ne) )eapons, including the #torm #hado) cruise missile, Joint7irect %ttack 1unition and ave)ay --- laser*guided 2om2sA"D4B

-taly has opted to e?tend the Tornados service life at the e?pense of alternative ground*attack aircraft such as the %1 -nternational %1 in &'"' a ma8or upgrade and life

e?tension program )as initiated, )hich )ill provide ne) digital displays, /ink "E communications capa2ility, night*vision goggles compati2ility, and several other

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 13/36

upgradesA"DDB -n the long term, it is planned to replace the Tornado -7#<0>R fleet in-talian service )ith the /ockheed 1artin F*!D /ightning --,A"DEB )ith the final -talianTornado scheduled to 2e phased out in &'&DAD'B

Royal &ir Force#edit$

% Tornado GR" of . #$n R%F at Wright*atterson %ir Force +ase in "(6

 Nicknamed the MTonkaM 2y the +ritish,A"DB the Tornado made its com2at de2ut as part ofthe +ritish contri2ution to the Gulf War  in "((" Cperation Gran2y sa) nearly E' R%FGR"s deploy to air 2ases at 1uharra$ in +ahrain and Ta2uk  and 7hahran in #audi%ra2iaAB #everal Tornado %7.s )ere deployed to provide air cover, the threat of theirlong range missiles 2eing a significant deterrent to -ra$i pilots, )ho )ould deli2eratelyavoid com2at )hen approachedA"D6B

0arly on in the conflict, the GR"s targeted military airfields across -ra$, deploying ami?ture of 4D' kg ;",''' l2= unguided 2om2s in loft*2om2ing attacks and specialised

J&!! run)ay denial )eapons #i? R%F Tornados )ere lost in the conflict, four )erelost )hile delivering unguided 2om2s, one )as lost after delivering J&!!, and onetrying to deliver laser*guided 2om2sA"D(B Cn " January "((", the first Tornado to 2e lost)as shot do)n 2y an -ra$i #%*"E missile follo)ing a failed lo)*level 2om2ing runA"E'B Cn "( January, another R%F Tornado )as shot do)n during an intensive raid on Tallil%ir +aseA"E"B The impact of the Tornado strikes upon -ra$i air fields is difficult todetermineA"E&BA"E!B

% Royal %ir Force Tornado in flight during Cperation -ra$i Freedom

-n an emergency deployment, the 9 sent out a detachment of +lack2urn +uccaneer  

aircraft e$uipped )ith the ave #pike laser designator , allo)ing Tornado GR"s to drop precision guided )eapons % further crash programme in support of the sudden militaryaction sa) multiple GR"s outfitted )ith the T-%/7 laser designation system author>laus*>hristian #Ie8nmann declared that the T-%/7 pod ena2led the GR" to Machieve

 pro2a2ly the most accurate 2om2ing in the R%Fs historyMADBA"E4B %lthough laserdesignation proved effective in the Gulf War, only &! T-%/7 pods )ere purchased 2y&''' shortages negatively impacted com2at operations over osovoA"EDB

Follo)ing the initial phase of the )ar, the GR"s s)itched to medium level strikemissions, typical targets for these strikes included munition depots and oil refiningfacilitiesA"EEB Cnly the reconnaissance Tornado GR"%s continued to operate at the lo)*altitude high*speed profile throughout the )ar, the GR"% emerged unscathed despite the

inherent danger posed 2y missions such as conducting pre*attack reconnaissanceA"EB -nthe )ars aftermath, +ritain maintained a military presence in the Gulf for many years,around half a doIen GR"s )ere 2ased at %li %l #alem air2ase in u)ait for operationsover the southern no fly Ione as part of Cperation #outhern Watch another half a doIenGR"s participated in missions over Northern -ra$ in Cperation rovide >omfortA"E6B

R%F Tornados lined up at >F+ Goose +ay, June "((&

-n 1arch "((!, a 1id*/ife 9pgrade ;1/9= pro8ect of the Tornado )as launched toupgrade the GR"<GR"% to GR4<GR4% standard The Tornado GR4 made its operationalde2ut in Cperation #outhern Watch patrolling -ra$s southern airspace from 2ases in

u)ait +oth Tornado GR"s and GR4s 2ased at %li %l #alem, u)ait, took part incoalition strikes at -ra$s military infrastructure during Cperation 7esert Fo? in "((6A"E(B 

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 14/36

-n 7ecem2er "((6, an -ra$i anti*aircraft 2attery fired si? to eight missiles at a patrollingTornado, the 2attery )as later attacked in retaliation, no aircraft )ere lost during theincidentA"'B -t )as reported that during 7esert Fo? R%F Tornados had successfullydestroyed DH of allotted targets, and out of the !E missions planned, &6 had 2eensuccessfully completedA""B

The GR" participated in the osovo War  in "((( The Tornados initially operated fromR%F +ruggen, Germany they later moved to #olenIara %ir +ase, >orsicaA"&B 0?perience from fighting in osovo led to the R%F procuring %G1*ED 1averick  missiles and 0nhanced ave)ay smart 2om2s for the Tornado fleetAEB Follo)ing theosovo War, the GR" )as phased out as more aircraft )ere upgraded to GR4 standardThe final GR" )as upgraded and returned to the R%F on "' June &''!A"!B

The GR4 )as heavily used in Cperation Telic, the +ritish contri2ution to the &''!invasion of -ra$ R%F Tornados fle) in the opening phase of the )ar, flying alongside%merican strike aircraft to rapidly attack key installations A"4B Follo)ing an emphasis onminimising casualties, Tornados of   No E" #$uadron deployed the ne) #torm #hado)

 precision cruise missile for the first time in the -ra$ conflict )hile &DH of the 9s air*launched )eapons in osovo )ere precision*guided, four years later in -ra$ this ratioincreased to 6DHAEB

R%F Tornado GR4 ta?is to the run)ay at R-%T &'"'

Cn &! 1arch &''!, a Tornado GR4 )as shot do)n over -ra$ 2y friendly fire from a 9#atriot missile 2attery, killing 2oth cre) mem2ersA"DBA"EB -n July &''!, a 9# 2oard ofin$uiry e?onerated the 2atterys operators, o2serving the Tornados Mlack of functioning-FF ;-dentification Friend or Foe=M as a factor in the incident A"B ro2lems )ith atriot)ere also suggested as a factor, multiple incidents of mis*identification of friendly

aircraft have occurred, including the fatal shootdo)n of a 9# Navy 1c7onnell 7ouglasF<%*"6 3ornet a fe) )eeks after the loss of the TornadoA"6BA"(BA"6'B +ritain )ithdre) thelast of its Tornados from -ra$ in June &''(A"6"B

-n early &''(, several GR4s arrived at andahar  airfield, %fghanistan, to replace the3arrier GR<( aircraft deployed there since Novem2er &''4A"6&B -n &''(, ave)ay -. guided 2om2s )ere 2rought into service on the R%Fs Tornados, having 2een previouslyused in %fghanistan 2y the 3arrier -- fleetA"6!B -n #ummer &'"', e?tra Tornados )eredispatched to andahar for the duration of the &'"' %fghan electionA"64B

rior to the &'"' #trategic 7efence and #ecurity Revie) ;#7#R=s pu2lication, theretirement of the entire Tornado fleet )as under consideration, savings of D 2illion

)ere anticipatedA"6DB

 The #7#R announced the Tornado )ould 2e retained at the e?penseof the 3arrier --, although Tornado num2ers are to decline in transition to the0urofighter Typhoon, and later on, the F*!D /ightning --A"6EBA"6B

Cn "6 1arch &'"", +ritish rime 1inister  7avid >ameron announced the deploymentof Tornados and Typhoons to enforce a no*fly Ione in /i2yaA"66B -n 1arch &'"", severalTornados fle) !,'''*mile ;4,6'' km= strike missions against targets inside /i2ya in)hat )ere, according to 7efence #ecretary /iam Fo?, Mthe longest range 2om2ingmission conducted 2y the R%F since the Falklands conflictMA"6(BA"('B % variety of )eapons)ere used in operations over /i2ya, including /aser*guided 2om2s and +rimstonemissilesA"("B D( R%F aircraft are receiving the >9# avionics upgrade )hich achieved-nitial #ervice 7ate ;-#7= in 1arch &'"! A"(&B and the type )ill 2e )ithdra)n from R%Fservice on !" 1arch &'"(A"(!B

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 15/36

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 16/36

first time since Cperation 7esert #torm in "((" that #audi %ir Force partook actively ina military operation over hostile territoryA&'DB

!ariants#edit$

Tornado IDS#edit$

-talian %ir Force Tornado in flight over  %fghanistan in &''6

R%F Tornado GR4 ;P%D(= displaying at em2le %ir #ho) in &''6, the )ings are partially s)ept

/uft)affe Tornado 0>R participating in Cperation %llied Force in %pril "(((Tornado GR"

R%F -7# variants )ere initially designated the Tornado GR" )ith later modifiedaircraft designated Tornado GR"%, Tornado GR"+, Tornado GR4 and Tornado GR4%

The first of &&6 GR"s )as delivered on D June "((, and the type entered service in theearly "(6's % total of "4& aircraft )ere upgraded to GR4 standard from "(( to &''!A46B

Tornado GR"+

The Tornado GR"+ )as a specialised anti*shipping variant of the GR" % total of &E)ere converted,A&'EB )hich )ere 2ased at R%F /ossiemouth, #cotland, replacing the+lack2urn +uccaneer  0ach aircraft )as e$uipped to carry up to four #ea 0agle anti*ship missilesA(B %t first the GR"+ lacked the radar capa2ility to track shipping, insteadrelying on the missiles seeker for target ac$uisition, later updates allo)ed target data to

 2e fed from aircraft to missileA&'B

Tornado GR4-n "(64, the 9 1inistry of 7efence 2egan studies for a GR" 1id*/ife 9pdate ;1/9=The update to GR4 standard, approved in "((4, )ould improve capa2ility in themedium*altitude role 2ased on lessons learned from the GR"s performance in the "(("Gulf War +ritish %erospace ;later +%0 #ystems= upgraded "4& Tornado GR"s to GR4standard, 2eginning in "((E and finished in &''!A46B D( R%F aircraft are receiving the>9# avionics package )hich integrates the ave)ay -. 2om2 and installs a ne)secure communications module from >assidianA"(&B in hase %,A""'B follo)ed 2y theTactical -nformation 0?change ;T-0= datalink from General 7ynamicsA"(&B in hase +A""'B

Tornado GR"%<GR4%

The GR"% is the reconnaissance variant used 2y the R%F and R#%F, fitted )ith theT-RR# ;Tornado -nfra*Red Reconnaissance #ystem=, replacing the cannonA6EB The R%Fordered !' GR"%s, "4 as GR" re2uilds and "E as ne)*2uildsA&'6B When the TornadoGR"s )ere upgraded to 2ecome GR4s, GR"% aircraft )ere upgraded to GR4% standardA&'(B The s)itch from lo)*level operations to medium<high*level operations means thatthe internal T-RR# is no longer in useA&"'B %s the GR4%s internal sensors are no longeressential, the R%Fs Tactical Reconnaissance Wing operate 2oth GR4% and GR4aircraftA&""B

Tornado ECR#edit$

Cperated 2y Germany and -taly, the 0>R is a Tornado variant devoted to #uppression of 0nemy %ir 7efences ;#0%7= missions -t )as first delivered on &" 1ay "((' The 0>R 

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 17/36

has sensors to detect radar usage and is e$uipped )ith anti*radiation %G1*66 3%R1 missilesAEB The /uft)affes !D 0>Rs )ere delivered ne), )hile -taly received "Econverted -7#s -talian Tornado 0>Rs differ from the /uft)affe aircraft as they lack

 2uilt*in reconnaissance capa2ility and use Recce/ite reconnaissance pods, also only/uft)affe 0>Rs are e$uipped )ith R+"(( 1k"'D engine, )hich has a slightly higher

thrust ratingA!(B The German 0>Rs do not carry a cannonA&"&B The R%F uses the -7#version in the #0%7 role instead of the 0>R -t also modified several of its TornadoF!s to undertake the missionA&"!B

Tornado &D!#edit$

 Main article: Panavia &ornado A45 

The Tornado %7. is an interceptor  variant of the Tornado, developed for the R%F;designated Tornado F& or F!= and also operated 2y #audi %ra2ia and -taly The %7.had inferior agility to fighters like the 1c7onnell 7ouglas F*"D 0agle,A&"4B  2ut it )as notintended as a dog*fighter, instead it is a long*endurance interceptor to counter the threatfrom >old War 2om2ersA&"DB %lthough the %7. has 6'H parts commonality )ith theTornado -7#, the %7. has greater acceleration, improved R+"(( 1k"'4 engines, astretched 2ody, greater fuel capacity, the %-&4 Fo?hunter  radar, and soft)are changes-t has only one cannon to accommodate a retracta2le inflight refuelling pro2eA4BA"'DB

%"erators#edit$

Cperators of the anavia Tornado Main article: 2ist of Panavia &ornado o!erators

 Germany

• German %ir Force had "&" -7# and !" 0>R aircraft in service in 7ecem2er

&'""A&"EB

 -taly

• -talian %ir Force had E& -7# and "E 0>R aircraft in operation in 7ecem2er&'""A&"B

 #audi %ra2ia

• Royal #audi %ir Force had 6& -7# in operation in 7ecem2er &'""A&"6B

 9nited ingdom

• Royal %ir Force had "&D GR4 and GR4% aircraft in use in 7ecem2er &'""A&"(B

&ircraft on dis"lay#edit$

Gate guard Tornado on display in Jagel, Germany

%n R%F Tornado GR" at the National 1useum of the 9nited #tates %ir Force+ulgaria

• 6678 Tornado -7# on display at the National 1useum of 1ilitary 3istory,#ofiaAcitation needed B

Germany

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 18/36

•  4-191 Tornado rototype '" on display at 1ilitLrhistorisches 1useumFlugplatI +erlin*Gato) A&&'B

•  16; Tornado rototype 'E on display at 3ermeskeilAcitation needed B

• 6871<  Tornado gate guard at the German air 2ase in Jagel, near  #chles)ig,

#chles)ig*3olsteinAcitation needed B

• 6671=  Tornado -7# of the .insat>eschwader (.?!editionar# Air in) Ma>ar-

i-@harif  at the 7eutsches 1useum Flug)erft #chleissheim, C2erschleiQheimAcitation

needed B

• 6678 Tornado -7# ;+lue /ightning paint scheme= of the !"st Fighter +om2erWing M+oelckeM at Nrvenich %+Acitation needed B

• Tornado -7# on display at the /uft)affenmuseum, in +erlinAcitation needed B

• Tornado -7# on display at the Technikmuseum #peyer Acitation needed B

-taly

•  MM= Tornado F! on display at the -talian %ir Force 1useum, .igna di.alleAcitation needed B

#audi %ra2ia

• Tornado %7. F! on display at the Royal #audi %ir Force 1useum inRiyadhAcitation needed B

• Tornado -7# on display the Royal #audi %ir Force 1useum in RiyadhAcitation needed B

9nited ingdom

•  16<  Tornado rototype '& on display at the R%F 1useum >osford, 

0nglandA&&"B

•  16=  Tornado rototype '! location not kno)n 2ut is for sale in #eptem2er&'"4A&&&B

•  B<8 Tornado GR4 on display at @orkshire %ir 1useum, 0lvington, 0nglandA&&!B

•  BA81 Tornado GR"T Gate Guard, 1o7 7#7% %rncott, +icester , 0nglandAcitation

needed B

•  B.;;=  Tornado F! on display at R%F 1useum, 3endon, 0nglandAcitation needed B

•  BA69=  Tornado GR"+ on display at R%F 1useum, 3endon, 0nglandA&&4B

•  BA896 Tornado GR" on display at @orkshire %ir 1useum, 0lvington, 0nglandA&&!B

•  BA6<9 Tornado GR" on display at -mperial War 1useum, 7u?ford, 0nglandAcitation

needed B

•  BA8; Tornado GR" 9sed for %pprentice Training, +%0 #ystems Training#chool, reston, /ancashire

•  B.186 Tornado F! on display at National 1useum of Flight, 0ast Fortune,#cotlandAcitation needed B

•  BA8< Tornado GR" on display at 3ighland %viation 1useum, -nverness,#cotlandA&&DB

9nited #tates

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 19/36

•  BA8=6 Tornado GR" on display at the National 1useum of the 9nited #tates %ir Force, Wright atterson %F+, ChioA&&EB

• 687=6 Tornado -7# of the German Navy, 1arinefliegergesch)ader " at theima %ir K #pace 1useum, Tucson, %PAcitation needed B

S"ecifications .Tornado 'R10#edit$

 4ata from  %nternational arbirds: An %llustrated Guide to orld Militar# Aircraft 16,A4DB &ornado Modern +ihtin Aircraft A&&B

'eneral characteristics

• Cre)2 &

• ength2 "E& m ;D4 ft "' in=

• 3ings"an2 "!(" m at &DS )ing s)eep, 6E' m at ES )ing s)eep ;4DE ft <

&6& ft=• (eight2 D(D m ;"(D ft=

• 3ing area2 &EE m& ;&6E ft&=

• Em"ty )eight2 "!,6(' kg ;!",E&' l2=

• Ma45 ta6eoff )eight2 &6,''' kg ;E",'' l2=

• Po)er"lant2 & Tur2o*9nion R+"((*!4R 1k "'! after2urning tur2ofans 

o Dry thrust2 4!6 kN ;(,6D' l2f= each

o

Thrust )ith afterurner2 E6 kN ;",&' l2f= eachPerformance

• Ma4imum s"eed2 1ach && ;&,4'' km<h, ",4(' mph= at (,''' m < !',''' ftaltitude 6'' knots, ",46& km<h, (&" mph indicated airspeed near sea level

• Range2 ",!(' km ;6' mi= typical com2at

• Ferry range2 !,6(' km ;&,4" mi= )ith four e?ternal drop tanks

• Service ceiling2 "D,&4' m ;D',''' ft=

• Rate of clim2 E m<s ;"D,"'' ft<min=

• Thrust/)eight2 'DD

&rmament

• 'uns2 & & mm ;"'E in= 1auser +*& revolver cannon internally mountedunder each side of fuselage, each )ith "6' rounds

• (ard"oints2 4 light duty U ! heavy duty under*fuselage and 4 s)ivellingunder*)ing pylon stations holding up to (,''' kg ;"(,6'' l2= of payload, the t)oinner )ing pylons have shoulder launch rails for & #hort*Range %%1;#R%%1= each

•

Missiles2o %ir*to*air missiles:

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 20/36

%-1*( #ide)inder  or  %-1*"!& %#R%%1 for self*defence

o %ir*to*surface missiles:

E %G1*ED 1averick  or 

"& +rimstone missile or 

& #torm #hado) cruise missile

o %nti*radiation missiles:

( %/%R1 missile

• 7oms2

o D D'' l2 ave)ay -. or 

o ! "''' l2 ;9 1k &'= ave)ay --<0nhanced ave)ay -- or 

o & &''' l2 ave)ay --- ;G+9*&4=<0nhanced ave)ay --- ;0G+9*&4=

or o 3unting 0ngineering +/DD cluster 2om2s or 

o 9p to & J&!! or  1W*" munitions dispensers ;for run)ay crateringoperations=

o 9p to 4 +E" or  W0" tactical nuclear )eapons

• %thers:

o 9p to 4 drop tanks for ferry flight<e?tended range<loitering time

&vionics

• R%TCR  aerial reconnaissance pod• R%F%0/ /-T0N-NG targeting pod or 

• T-%/7 laser designator  pod

• +%0 #ystems #ky #hado) electronic countermeasure pod

Po"ular culture#edit$

 Main article: Panavia &ornado in fiction

See also#edit$

 Royal Air Force portal 

 Aviation portal 

• /ist of nota2le !7 printed )eapons and parts

• Future Cffensive %ir #ystem

• Wild Weasel

Related development

• anavia Tornado %7.

%ircraft of compara2le role, configuration and era• 7assault 1irage &'''

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 21/36

• General 7ynamics F*""" %ardvark 

• Grumman F*"4 Tomcat

• 1c7onnell 7ouglas F*"D0 #trike 0agle

• 1ikoyan 1iG*&

• #ukhoi #u*&4

• ian J3*

Related lists

• /ist of active 9nited ingdom military aircraft

• /ist of military aircraft of Germany

References#edit$

 Notes

1. V Jump up to: a b c d  e #egell "((, p "&4

2. 8um" u" 9 M+ritish*French Work Cn Ne) 1ilitary lane eriled 2y >ost FightM all @treet

 Dournal && June "(E

3. 8um" u" 9 Willo? &''&, p ""

4. V Jump up to: a b c 1orris, Joe %le? Jr M1esserschmitt +ack in +usinessM @t$ Petersbur &imes !' %pril "(E(

5. V Jump up to: a b c #cutts &''', p D!

6. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, p &D

7. 8um" u" 9 3aglund "(6(, pp 45468. 8um" u" 9 M0uropean Nations lan 1ammoth 1ilitary %ircraftM @arasota Dournal "4 January

"(E(

9. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, p &6

10. V Jump up to: a b 3aglund "(6(, p 46

11. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, p &E

12. 8um" u" 9 3aglund "(6(, p 4(

13. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, pp &65&(

14. 8um" u" 9 3aglund "(6(, pp D&, DE

15. V Jump up to: a b #egell "((, p "&D

16. V Jump up to: a b c /ong, Wellington M#)ing*Wing Wonder Weapon -s Going -nto roductionM  2udinton 4ail# Eews&4 %ugust "(E

17. 8um" u" 9 7orrell, 7avid, ed M+ritains %ircraft -ndustry enters the "('sM Air Pictorial .olume !&, No (, #eptem2er "(', p !'E

18. 8um" u" 9 /e)is, aul M0uropes Fighter Jet rogram: Tornado Cffers >ompetition for 9#>oncerns ro8ect .alued at O" 2illionM &he Eew For* &imes "! Novem2er "(( Retrieved "!

 Novem2er "((

19. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, pp 6(5('

20. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, pp ("5(&, (D5(E

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 22/36

21. 8um" u" 9 +urger, X M-n*Flight #hort Field /anding -nvestigations on a >om2at %ircraft)ith Thrust ReverserM %nternational Dournal of &urbo and Det .nines !, ;&5!=, pp ((5"'4,-##N &"("*'!!&

22. 8um" u" 9 1utch, 7avid MN%TC plane found to 2e spy targetM Christian @cience Monitor "6%ugust "(E Retrieved "6 %ugust "(E

23. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, pp (6, "&

24. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, pp (45(D, (6

25. 8um" u" 9 ratt &''', pp (5""

26. 8um" u" 9 1iddleton, 7re) M1ilitary %nalysis: West Germany -s 1oderniIing 1ilitaryForcesM &he Eew For* &imes &! #eptem2er "(( Retrieved &! #eptem2er "((

27. 8um" u" 9 arsons, Gary MTTT0nd of an eraM airsceneu*$or$u*  Retrieved "( January &'""

28. 8um" u" 9 Taylor "(6, p D6

29. 8um" u" 9 1ichael M#audi %ra2ia considers Tornado fighter dealM +inancial &imes "" July"(64, p E

30. 8um" u" 9 3oon, Geoff M%l @amamah >ontractsM  Hansard , &D 1ay &''4 Retrieved "(January &'""

31. 8um" u" 9 3irst, > MThe %ra2ian >onnection: The 9 %rms Trade to #audi %ra2iaM  +inancial 

&imes, ( July "(66

32. 8um" u" 9 %llen and Rigs2ee &''', p 6

33. 8um" u" 9 +all "((, p "(

34. 8um" u" 9 MTornado on >anadian fighter shortlistM  +liht %nternational "(6 p ""D!

35. 8um" u" 9 /orell "((E, pp "'6, "&"

36.8um" u" 9 1artin "((E, p &D!

37. 8um" u" 9 3arrison, 1ichael and Raymond Whitaker M# orea lines up pounds !E'm Tornadoorder: +%e and partners )ould 2enefit from ne) arms policy less dependent on 9#M &he

 %nde!endent &6 June "((!

38. 8um" u" 9 M%ustralian -nternational %irsho) 5 Wild Weasel air defence upgrade offered toR%%FM  +liht %nternational &' Fe2ruary &''"

39. V Jump up to: a b Jackson et al "((6, p &4"

40. 8um" u" 9 MRoyal %ir Force >ontinues /i2ya Cperations in Face of Force #tructure>hallengesM defencei,$com &D July &'""

41. 8um" u" 9 +ristol, >hris MTornado 8ets that fly from R%F 1arham in Norfolk clock up a

million flying hoursM atton and @waffham &imes & June &'""42. 8um" u" 9 /ake &''&, pp 44E, 4DD

43. 8um" u" 9 1artin, Guy M%ll The Worlds TornadosM Air+orces Monthl# Ccto2er &''6, p DE

44. 8um" u" 9 #cutts &''', pp D!5DD

45. V Jump up to: a b c d  FrYdriksen &''", p &DD

46. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, p "!E

47. V Jump up to: a b c 0agles "((", pp 665("

48. V Jump up to: a b c d  M+%0 #@#T01# delivers "''th mid*life upgrade Tornado GR4M  0A.

@#stems " Ccto2er &''"

49. V Jump up to: a b c Racho) Air %nternational  7ecem2er &'"", p 4

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 23/36

50. V Jump up to: a b Niccoli Air %nternational  June &'', p &(

51. 8um" u" 9 #pick, Green and #)an2orough &''", p !!

52. 8um" u" 9 %eroguide &" "(66, p E

53. 8um" u" 9 #cutts &''', p D4

54. 8um" u" 9 Richardson "(6E, p "6

55. 8um" u" 9 /ake &''&, p 44E

56. 8um" u" 9 %eroguide &" "(66, pp &, 6

57. 8um" u" 9 %eroguide &" "(66, p &

58. 8um" u" 9 Jukes &''4, p 46

59. 8um" u" 9 Jarrett &''D, pp !54

60. 8um" u" 9 M+%0 #@#T01# Receives O' 1illion >ontract For Radar 1ap 7isplay #u2systemCn 9 Tornado %ircraftM  0A. @#stems ( Fe2ruary &''4

61. 8um" u" 9 1oir and #ea2ridge &'"", pp &, &!62. 8um" u" 9 1oir and #ea2ridge &'"", pp &, &&

63. 8um" u" 9 1oir and #ea2ridge &'"", p "

64. 8um" u" 9 ratt &''', p &!E

65. 8um" u" 9 1inistry of 7efence &''E, p "6

66. 8um" u" 9 1oir and #ea2ridge &'"", pp 445446

67. V Jump up to: a b Jackson et al "((6, p &!

68. 8um" u" 9 Jackson et al "((6, pp &4'5&4"

69. 8um" u" 9 Whitaker, Richard MFerranti 1ission 1anagersM  +liht %nternational "D %ugust"(6", p D'E

70. 8um" u" 9 Richardson "((", p &

71. 8um" u" 9 MTornado -nfra*Red Reconnaissance #ystem ;T-RR#= ;9nited ingdom=, %ir2orneelectro*optic ;0C= systemsM  Dane3s Avionics &! 1arch &''(

72. 8um" u" 9 0vans "(((, pp (5((

73. 8um" u" 9 R%TCR  Ro#al Air +orce Retrieved: &( Novem2er &'""

74. 8um" u" 9 M9 9pgrades %ir2orne ReconnaissanceM  Dane3s %nternational 4efence Review "June "((

75. V Jump up to:a

 b

 0vans "(((, pp EE5E676. V Jump up to: a b c d  >ordesman &''!, p &(6

77. V Jump up to: a b MR%F Tornado %ircraft 7eployments in Cperation Gran2yM  Ro#al Air +orce$ Retrieved: & Ccto2er &''E

78. V Jump up to: a b MTornado GR4<GR4%M  Ro#al Air +orce$ Retrieved: &( Novem2er &'""

79. V Jump up to: a b /aming "((E, p (

80. V Jump up to: a b 3oyle, >raig MGerman air force starts tests )ith upgraded TornadoM  +liht

 %nternational "4 %pril &'"'

81. V Jump up to: a b MGerman %ir Force Tornado aircraft get more punch for air*to*surface

missionsM def!ro$com ! 7ecem2er &''(

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 24/36

82. 8um" u" 9  Norton*Taylor, Richard MR%F unveils +rimstone precision strike missileM &he

Guardian &E #eptem2er &''(

83. 8um" u" 9 M+ritain 7eploying %#R%%1*0$uipped Tornado Fighters To 1iddle 0astM  4efense

 4ail# "' Fe2ruary &''!

84. 8um" u" 9 MWorld 1issile ForcesM  +liht %nternational 6 Fe2ruary "(6E, p 4E

85. 8um" u" 9 /ake Air %nternational  %pril &''6, p &D

86. V Jump up to: a b 0vans "(((, pp (65((

87. 8um" u" 9 M& ? "4D + ammunition ;#)itIerland=, >annon 5 &' to !' mm cannonM Janes-nformation Group, & Ccto2er &'""

88. 8um" u" 9 1iddleton, 7re) M0urope )orried a2out nuclear defence arsenaM  .uene Reister-

Guard "" Ccto2er "((

89. 8um" u" 9 +urnell, +rian MWeapon detail and No"D #$uadron data for "(64M nuclear-

wea!ons$info Retrieved "( January &'""

90. 8um" u" 9 M#trategic 7efence Revie) "((6: Full ReportM  Ministr# of 4efence "((6, p &4

91. 8um" u" 9 >halmers, 1alcolm MNot )ith a 2ang 2ut a )himper: 0uropeZs pendingdenuclearisationM rusi$or$ 6 1arch &'"'

92. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, pp &E, D'

93. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, p D'

94. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, p D"

95. 8um" u" 9 1oir and #ea2ridge &'"", pp ED5EE

96. 8um" u" 9 1oir and #ea2ridge &'"", p D6

97. 8um" u" 9 1oir and #ea2ridge &'"", p "E&

98. 8um" u" 9 1oir and #ea2ridge &'"", p !'E

99. 8um" u" 9 MTur2o*9nion: 0ngine 7escriptionM turbounion$co$u*$ Retrieved: &( Novem2er&'""

100. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, p (D

101. 8um" u" 9 MTur2o*9nion: rogramme 1ilestones %chievedM turbounion$co$u* Retrieved: &( Novem2er &'""

102. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, pp D45DD

103. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, p D4

104. 8um" u" 9 Jefford et al &''&, p[DD

105. V Jump up to: a b MTur2o*9nion: The o)er for eace and FreedomM turbounion$co$u*$ Retrieved: &( Novem2er &'""

106. 8um" u" 9 Tornado GR4: %n Cvervie) Air+orces Monthl# 1arch &''& pp &E5&

107. 8um" u" 9 /ake orld Air Power Dournal  .olume !', pp ""(5"&'

108. 8um" u" 9 MTornado forecastM  +liht %nternational "' 7ecem2er "(((

109. V Jump up to: a b 3oyle, >raig M#audi %ra2ia reveals progress of Tornado upgradeM  +liht %nternational "6 #eptem2er &''

110. V Jump up to: a b c d  3oyle, >raig ;( January &''6= M+%0 #ystems gets &"' millioncontract to upgrade 9 Tornado GR4sM Flight Glo2al

111. 8um" u" 9 #a2atini, Ro2erto Richardson, 1ark ;"& #eptem2er &'"&= MNe)techni$ues for laser 2eam atmospheric e?tinction measurements from manned and unmanned

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 25/36

aerospace vehiclesM Central .uro!ean Dournal of .nineerin  - ;"=: ""5!Ddoi:"'&46<s"!D!"*'"&*''!!*"

112. 8um" u" 9 Racho) Air %nternational  7ecem2er &'"", pp &54

113. 8um" u" 9 M!7*printed components flo)n in +ritish fighter 8etM @ahoo\ Ne)s DJanuary &'"4

114. 8um" u" 9 #tuart 1iles ;D January &'"4= Mrinting planes: +%0 #ystems no) using!7 printed parts in fighter 8etsM pocket*lintcom Retrieved D January &'"4

115. 8um" u" 9 Taylor "(D5"(E, p "

116. 8um" u" 9 /ake orld Air Power Dournal  .olume !&, p "&6

117. 8um" u" 9 /ake orld Air Power Dournal  .olume !&, pp "&6, "!'

118. 8um" u" 9 /ake orld Air Power Dournal  .olume !&, p "&(

119. 8um" u" 9 >ohen, Roger M>onflict in the +alkans: 3alf a >entury %fter 3itler,German Jets Join the %ttackM  Eew For* &imes &E 1arch "(((

120. 8um" u" 9 MGerman Warplanes Risk >om2at for the First Times since WW--M @t$

 2ouis Post & #eptem2er "((D

121. 8um" u" 9 Geiss and +erndt &'"', p !&

122. 8um" u" 9 /am2eth &''", p "'!

123. 8um" u" 9 eters &''", p &"

124. 8um" u" 9 Geiss and +erndt &'"', p !!

125. 8um" u" 9 MGerman )ar 8ets against anti*G6 protestersM /nited Press %nternational "& June &''

126. 8um" u" 9 +ode, 0mma MGerman army and air force deployed against G6 summitdemonstratorsM orld @ocialist eb @ite !" July &''

127. 8um" u" 9 M+erlin admits security mistakes at G6M /nited Press %nternational &"June &''

128. 8um" u" 9 MGerman ]TornadoZ aircraft deploy to 1aIar*e #harifM  EA& %@A+ Press

 Release, ^&''*&' Retrieved " 7ecem2er &'""

129. 8um" u" 9 M/etter from +erlin: %fghanistan 7ivides Germanys #ocial 7emocratsM @!ieel nline &' 1arch &''

130. 8um" u" 9 1atussek, arin MGerman >ourt Re8ects +id to 3alt Tornado 1issionM  0loomber ! July &''

131. 8um" u" 9 Geiss and +erndt &'"', p !D

132. 8um" u" 9 MGermany to Withdra) Tornado Jets from %fghanistanM defencetal*$com,&6 #eptem2er &'"'

133. 8um" u" 9 Ripley +liht %nternational  &D Novem2er 5 " 7ecem2er &''!, p 4&

134. 8um" u" 9 /ist Air %nternational  1ay &''E, p D"

135. 8um" u" 9 MGermany %nnounces 1a8or %rmed Forces >utsM Air+orces Monthl# 1arch &''4, p 6 Retrieved "( Ccto2er &''E

136. 8um" u" 9 Geiss and +erndt &'"', p !4

137. 8um" u" 9 /ake orld Air Power Dournal  .olume !&, p "!&

138. 8um" u" 9 0vans "((4, p (4

139. 8um" u" 9 /ake orld Air Power Dournal  .olume !&, pp "&(, "!&

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 26/36

140. 8um" u" 9 Wertheim &'', p &4&

141. 8um" u" 9 MFirst Tornado -T*0>R for D'S #tormoM Air+orces Monthl# June "((6

142. 8um" u" 9 #acchetti, RenIo M-talys +ritish TornadosM  Air+orces Monthl#, eyu2lishing, Ccto2er &''!

143. 8um" u" 9 M-taly to lease !D F*"E 8ets from 9#% until 0urofighter operationalM AE@A Eews Aenc# " Fe2ruary &''"

144. 8um" u" 9 MFinal %1- Tornados F!s ReturnedM Air+orces Monthl# ;ey u2lishing=Fe2ruary &''D p (

145. 8um" u" 9 7onald and >hant &''", p 4&

146. 8um" u" 9 M-taly #ends lane to Replace /ost JetM  2os Aneles &imes, &' January"(("

147. 8um" u" 9 eters &''", p "(

148. 8um" u" 9 M%rpino: usati ""D missili Cgnuno costa ('' milioniM archiviostoricocorriereit Retrieved &E #eptem2er &'"4

149. 8um" u" 9 M-taly plans to send more troops to %fghanistan during electionsM  R%A

 Eovosti &' Fe2ruary &''(

150. 8um" u" 9 MN%TC Re8ects Gadhafis >all for >ease*FireM C0C Eews !' %pril &'""

151. 8um" u" 9 >oughlin, >on M/i2ya: Cn a )ing and a prayerM &he &elera!h &( 1ay&'""

152. 8um" u" 9 Mhttp:<<)))defensene)scom<storyphp_i[6DE&"M defensene)scomRetrieved &E #eptem2er &'"4

153. 8um" u" 9 MFirst -talian 1/9 TornadoM Air+orces Monthl# Fe2ruary &''4, p Retrieved "( Ccto2er &''E

154. 8um" u" 9  Niccoli Air %nternational  June &'', p &155. 8um" u" 9  Nativi, %ndy M-talian 9pgrades To 0?tend Tornados /ifeM  Aviation ee* 

&' #eptem2er &'"'

156. 8um" u" 9 MFirst 9pgraded -talian Tornado on sho)M Air+orces Monthl# #eptem2er&''4, p "6 Retrieved "( Ccto2er &''E

157. 8um" u" 9 3oyle, >raig ;& %ugust &'"&= M+onkers Tonkas: 9 sets Tornadoretirement dateM Flight Glo2al

158. 8um" u" 9 >lark "((!, p "'

159. 8um" u" 9 M#tatement on the /oss of R%F Tornado %ircraft in >om2at 7uring the>onduct of %ir Cperations against -ra$M  Ro#al Air +orce$ Retrieved: & Ccto2er &''E

160. 8um" u" 9 /a)rence &''&A !ae needed B

161. 8um" u" 9 /o)ry &''6, p 6

162. 8um" u" 9 >o? and Gray &''&, p &(

163. 8um" u" 9 >lark "((!, p !'

164. 8um" u" 9 #Ie8nmann &''(, p &"

165. 8um" u" 9 #Ie8nmann &''(, p &&!

166. 8um" u" 9 /o)ry &''6, p !

167. 8um" u" 9 Clsen &'"", p D4

168. 8um" u" 9 och and /ong &''!, p 6&

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 27/36

169. 8um" u" 9 M 9nrest as Tornados hit -ra$ againM  00C Eews "6 7ecem2er "((6

170. 8um" u" 9 1arshall, %ndre) M-ra$ fires missiles at R%F TornadoM &he %nde!endent ,!" 7ecem2er "((6

171. 8um" u" 9 7avidson, John M-ra$ crisis: 1o7 declares Tornado 2om2 raids a successM &he %nde!endent , &! 7ecem2er "((6

172. 8um" u" 9 Clsen &'"", p D

173. 8um" u" 9 M+%0 #ystems -nvestor +rief 5 June &''!M  0A. @#stems !lc !' June&''! Retrieved & Ccto2er &''E

174. 8um" u" 9 ayne, #te)art M1issile alerts at Tornado 2ase after 2om2ing raidsM &he

&elera!h, &" 1arch &''!

175. 8um" u" 9 0vans, 1ichael MTornado >re) #hot 7o)n %fter Friend*or*Foe #ystemFailedM &he &imes, "D 1ay &''4

176. 8um" u" 9 MR%F Tornado 7o)ned 2y 9# 1issileM  00C Eews, &! 1arch &''!

177. 8um" u" 9 #mith, 1ichael M9# clears cre) )ho shot do)n TornadoM &he &elera!h

"E July &''!

178. 8um" u" 9 T)eedie, Neil M9# fighter shot do)n 2y atriot missileM &he &elera!h !%pril &''!

179. 8um" u" 9 /eung, Re2ecca MThe atriot Fla)edM C0@ Eews D 7ecem2er &''

180. 8um" u" 9 >ordesman &''!, pp !!(5!4'

181. 8um" u" 9 MR%F 0nds "6 @ears of >om2at Cperations in -ra$i #kiesM def!ro$com, DJune &''(

182. 8um" u" 9 3oyle, >raig MR%F Tornados to replace 3arriers in %fghanistanM  flihtlobal$com " June &''6 Retrieved &! #eptem2er &'"'

183. 8um" u" 9 Maving the )ay in %fghanistanM aeros!acetestininternational$com, &&July &''(

184. 8um" u" 9 1c.eigh, aren M+ritain to send t)o more Tornadoes to %fghanistanM &he Guardian, "" %ugust &'"'

185. 8um" u" 9  Norton*Taylor, Richard and Nicholas Watt M1o7 pays e?tra &2n forun)anted TyphoonsM &he Guardian, "D Ccto2er &'"' Retrieved & Novem2er &'"'

186. 8um" u" 9 M#ecuring +ritain in an %ge of 9ncertainty: The #trategic 7efence and#ecurity Revie)M  HM Government "( Ccto2er &'"' Retrieved !' Ccto2er &'"'

187. 8um" u" 9 3oyle, >raig M9 confirms t)o Tornado GR4 s$uadrons )ill go 2y JuneM  +liht %nternational " 1arch &'""

188. 8um" u" 9 M/i2ya: 9 planes to 2e deployedM  00C Eews Retrieved: "6 %pril &'""

189. 8um" u" 9 M/i2ya: +ritish missiles fired at military sitesM  00C Eews, &' 1arch &'""

190. 8um" u" 9 7rury, -an MTornado Top Guns !,'''*mile mission to hammer tyrantsmilitary machineM &he 4ail# Mail , &" 1arch &'""

191. 8um" u" 9 3oyle, >raig M9#, French militaries interested in +rimstone missile, saysR%F officialM  +liht %nternational &' %pril &'""

192. V Jump up to: a b c Fish, Tim ;"E July &'"4= MFarn2orough: Tornado )ill go out instyleM #hephard 1edia

193. 8um" u" 9 M3ouse of /ords Written %ns)ersM Hansard  ;9 arliament= && %pril&'"!

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 28/36

194. 8um" u" 9 9 to deploy Tornados in support of -ra$ operations * Flightglo2alcom, "&%ugust &'"4

195. 8um" u" 9 MR%F Tornado 8ets in >yprus for -ra$ aid missionM ++> Ne)s Retrieved"& %ugust &'"4

196. 8um" u" 9 +ritish Tornado aircrafts conducted first reconnaissance flights in -ra$ *

%rmyrecognitioncom, &( #eptem2er &'"4

197. 8um" u" 9 urds claim advances in -ra$ as +ritain 8oins fray * 1ilitarytimescom, !'#eptem2er &'"4

198. 8um" u" 9 Taylor &''", pp "6(5"('

199. 8um" u" 9 Fairhill, 7avid M+ritain signs E 2illion pounds #audi arms contractM &he

Guardian ( July "(66

200. 8um" u" 9 och and /ong &''!, pp 6"56&

201. V Jump up to: a b >ordesman &'', p &"'

202. 8um" u" 9 >ordesman &'', p &"4

203. 8um" u" 9 >huter, %ndre) M#audi %ra2ia +uys 1+7% 1issilesM  4efenseEews "(Fe2ruary &'"'

204. 8um" u" 9 MFirst 9pgraded Tornado Re*delivered to Royal #audi %ir ForceM Air+orces Monthl# Fe2ruary &''6, p "(

205. 8um" u" 9 M#audis 2om2 @emen re2els across 2orderM  Associated Press D Novem2er&''(

206. 8um" u" 9 /ake orld Air Power Dournal  .olume !', p ""

207. 8um" u" 9 7onald orld Air Power Dournal  .olume !!, p "'D

208. 8um" u" 9 0vans "(((, p (

209. 8um" u" 9 /ake Air %nternational  %pril &''6, p &4

210. 8um" u" 9 /ake Air %nternational  %pril &''6, p &6

211. 8um" u" 9 M-- ;%>= #$uadron 3istory 5 >urrentM  Ro#al Air +orce Retrieved: 47ecem2er &'""

212. 8um" u" 9 7avies, #teve MGerman #0%7: The Tornado 0>Rs of Ja+oG !&M Air+orces Monthl#, 1arch &''!, p !&

213. 8um" u" 9 MTornado F!M Royal %ir Force Retrieved &E 1arch &''6

214. 8um" u" 9 3aglund "(6(, p '

215. 8um" u" 9 0agles "((", p 66

216. 8um" u" 9 3oyle +liht %nternational  "!5"( 7ecem2er &'"", p !(

217. 8um" u" 9 3oyle +liht %nternational  "!5"( 7ecem2er &'"", p 4"

218. 8um" u" 9 3oyle +liht %nternational  "!5"( 7ecem2er &'"", p 4

219. 8um" u" 9 3oyle +liht %nternational  "!5"( 7ecem2er &'"", p D'

220. 8um" u" 9 1ilitLrhistorisches 1useum FlugplatI +erlin*Gato) A"B Tornado * 7ererste rotoyp 8etIt in Gato), Ccto2er &'"& ;German= Retrieved D Ccto2er &'"4

221. 8um" u" 9 #impson, %ndre) M-ndividual 3istory: anavia Tornado C&(4E<666!1 ;1useum %ccession Num2er "((4<"4D6<%=M  Ro#al Air +orce Museum, &''Retrieved D 7ecem2er &'""

222. 8um" u" 9 http:<<)))everettaerocom<tornadohtml

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 29/36

223. V Jump up to: a b Most World War -- %ircraftM For*shire Air Museum Retrieved D7ecem2er &'""

224. 8um" u" 9 Manavia Tornado GR"+ %ircraft 3istoryM  Ro#al Air +orce Museum, &'"'Retrieved D 7ecem2er &'""

225. 8um" u" 9 M3ighland %viation 1useum * -nverness * #cotland * 9nited ingdomM

aviationmuseumeu Retrieved &E #eptem2er &'"4

226. 8um" u" 9 MFactsheets: anavia Tornado GR"M Eational Museum of the /@ Air +orce Retrieved: 6 Ccto2er &'"&

227. 8um" u" 9 Richardson "(6E, p !"

+i2liography

•  Aerouide : Panavia &ornado + M* M* 8$ Cngar, 9: /ine)rights /td "(66-#+N '*(4E(D6*&E*&

• %llen, >alvin 3 and W /ynn Rigs2ee man /nder Iaboos: +rom Cou! to

Constitution 1=11<$ /ondon: Routledge, &''' -#+N '*"4E*D''"*!

• +all, 7esmond J &he Australian &actical +ihter +orce: Proloue and Pros!ects$ >an2erra: %ustralian National 9niversity, "(( -#+N '*6D6&!*4!(*4

• >lark, Richard + Air Power and 4esert @torm$ 7ar2y, ennsylvania: 7-%N0u2lishing, "((! -#+N "*DE6'E*44E*&

• >ordesman, %nthony 3 Gulf Militar# +orces in an .ra of As#mmetric ars 5olume $ Westport, >onnecticut: Green)ood u2lishing, &'' -#+N '*&D*((&D'*'

• >ordesman, %nthony 3 &he %ra, ar: @trate# &actics and Militar# 2essons ;>#-##ignificant -ssues #eries= Westport, >onnecticut: raeger, &''! -#+N '*6(&'E*4!&*!

• >o?, #e2astian and eter Gray Air Power Histor#: &urnin Points from Jitt# Haw* to

 Josovo$ /ondon: Routledge, &''& -#+N '*"4E*6&D*6

• 7onald, 7avid M/ossimouth #trike WingM orld Air Power Dournal , .olume !!,#ummer "((6, pp "'45""! /ondon: %erospace u2lishing -#+N "*6E"64*'"D*&-##N '(D(*'D'

• 7onald, 7avid and >hristopher >hant Air ar in &he Gulf 11$ C?ford, 9: Cspreyu2lishing, &''" -#+N "*64"E*&(D*4

• 0agles, J7 Mreparing a +om2er 7estroyer: The anavia Tornado %7.M  Putnam

 Aeronautical Review ;Naval -nstitute ress=, .olume &, "((", pp 665(!

• 0vans, %ndy Panavia &ornado Rams2ury, 1arl2orough, Wiltshire, 9: The >ro)ood

ress, "((( -#+N "*6E"&E*&'"*(

• FrYdriksen, John > %nternational arbirds: An %llustrated Guide to orld Militar#

 Aircraft 16$ #anta +ar2ara, >alifornia: %+>*>/-C, &''" -#+N "*DE'*!E4*D

• Geiss, Juergen and eter +erndt &ornados and +urther Plannin$ 0uropean #ecurityand 7efence, 1arch &'"'

• 3aglund, 7avid G ;"(6(= &he 4efence %ndustrial 0ase and &he est  /ondon:Routledge, "(6( -#+N '*4"D*''(&!*D

• 3oyle, >raig MWorld %ir Forces 7irectoryM +liht %nternational , "!5"( 7ecem2er

&'"" pp &E5D&

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 30/36

• Jackson, aul, enneth 1unson, /indsay eacock and John W R Taylor, eds Dane3s

 All &he orld3s Aircraft 11=1;$ /ondon: Janes -nformation Group, "((6 -#+N '*"'E*"66*

• Jarret, 7 N Coc*!it .nineerin$ Farnham, #urrey, 9: %shgate u2lishing, &''D-#+N '*D4E*"D"*!

• Jefford, >G ;ed= &he 0irth of &ornado /ondon: Royal %ir Force 3istorical #ociety,&''& -#+N '*(D!'!4D*'*

• Jukes, 1alcolm Aircraft 4is!la# @#stems$ Reston, .irginia: %merican -nstitute of%eronautics and %stronautics, &''4 -#+N "*DE!4*ED*E

• och, >hristian and 7avid 0 /ong Gulf @ecurit# in the &went#-+irst Centur#$ /ondon:-+ Tauris, &''! -#+N "*6D'4!*!6E*'

• /ake, Jon M%ircraft of the R%F: art " 5 anavia TornadoM  Air %nternational , .ol 4, No 4, %pril &''6, pp &45&( -##N '!'E*DE!4

•

/ake, Jon Great 0oo* of 0ombers$ 1inneapolis, 1innesota: Penith -mprint, &''&-#+N '*E'!*"!4*4

• /ake, Jon MTornado .ariant +riefing: art -: -7# and RecceM orld Air Power Dournal ,.olume !', %utumn<Fall "((, pp (65"&" /ondon: %erospace u2lishing -#+N "*6E"64*''4* -##N '(D(*'D'

• /ake, Jon MTornado .ariant +riefing: art ---: Tornado CperatorsM orld Air Power

 Dournal , .olume !&, #pring "((6, pp ""65"! /ondon: %erospace u2lishing -#+N"*6E"64*''E*! -##N '(D(*'D'

• /am2eth, +en8amin # EA&3s Air ar for Josovo: A @trateic and !erational

 Assessment$ #anta 1onica, >alifornia: Rand >orporation, &''" -#+N '*6!!'*!'D'*

• /aming, Tim +iht3s n: Airborne with the Aressors$ 1inneapolis, 1innesota:Penith -mprint, "((E -#+N '*E'!*'&E'*

• /a)rence, Richard R Mammoth .#ewitness 0oo* f How %t Ha!!ened 0attles:

 .#ewitness Accounts of Histor#3s Greatest 0attles from &hermo!#le to the Gulf ar /ondon: >onsta2le K Ro2inson /td, &''& -#+N (6*'*6E*"""(*&

• /ist, Friedrich MGerman %ir %rms Revie)M Air %nternational , .ol ', No D, 1ay&''E, pp D'5D -##N '!'E*DE!4

• /orell, 1ark % &roubled Partnershi!: A Histor# of /@-Da!an Collaboration on the +@-

  +ihter$ iscata)ay, Ne) Jersey: Transaction u2lishers ;Rutgers 9niversity=, "((E

-#+N "*DE'''*6("*"• /o)ry, Richard # &he Gulf ar Chronicles: A Militar# Histor# of the +irst ar with

 %ra,$ +loomington, -ndianna: i9niverse, &''6 -#+N "*E'D&6*''E*&

• 1artin, #tephen &he .conomics of ffsets: 4efence Procurement and Countertrade$ /ondon: Routledge, "((E -#+N !*"6E*D6&*"

• 1oir, -an and %llan #ea2ridge Aircraft @#stems: Mechanical .lectrical and Avionics

@ubs#stems %nteration$ Ne) @ork: John Wiley and #ons, &'"" -#+N "*""(*(ED&'*(

•  Niccoli, Riccardo MNe) >apa2ilities for -talys TornadosM Air %nternational , .ol &, No E, pp &E5&( -##N '!'E*DE!4

•  Niccoli, Riccardo M#%1 +ustersM Air %nternational , .ol E, No 4, pp 4E5D" -##N'!'E*DE!4

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 31/36

• Clsen, John %ndreas Global Air Power$ #terling, .irginia: otomac +ooks, &'"" -#+N"*D((*E6'*E

• ratt, Roger +liht Control @#stems: Practical %ssues in 4esin and %m!lementation$ /ondon:-nstitution of 0lectrical 0ngineers, &''' -#+N '*6D&(E*EE*

•

eters, John 0 .uro!ean Contributions to !eration Allied Air +orce: %m!lications for&ransatlantic Coo!eration Washington<%rlington .irginia: Rand >orporation, &''"-#+N '*6!!'*!'!6*6

• Racho), .olker M/uft)affe Tornado 1/9M Air %nternational , .ol 6", No E,7ecem2er &'"", pp '5D -##N '!'E*DE!4

• Richardson, 7oug &ornado (Modern +ihtin Aircraft 5ol$ ) Ne) @ork: rentice3all ress, "(6E -#+N '*"!*(&DD'4*4

• Richardson, 7oug Hih &ech arfare$ Ne) @ork: >rescent +ooks, "((" -#+N '*D"*'EE!*4

•

Ripley, Tim Conflict in &he 0al*ans 11$ C?ford, 9: Csprey u2lishing,&''" -#+N "*64"E*&('*!

• Ripley, Tim MWorld %ir Forces &''!M  +liht %nternational , &D Novem2er 5 "7ecem2er &''!, pp &5"

• &he Ro#al Air +orce Handboo*: &he 4efinitive Mo4 Guide$ /ondon: 1inistry of7efence, via reprint, >on)ay, &''E -#+N "*6DD!*!64*4

• #cutts, Jerry Postwar Aircraft (s!re# Modellin Manuals) C?ford, 9: Cspreyu2lishing, &''' -#+N (6*"*64"E*"D(*E

• #egell, Glen ;" January "((= ither or 4ither: 0ritish Aeros!ace Collaborative

 Procurement with .uro!e #taffordshire, 9: Glen #egell u2lishers, "(( -#+N "*('"4"4*'!*D

• #pick, 1ike and William Green, Gordon #)an2orough %llustrated Anatom# of the

orld3s +ihters$ Penith -mprint, &''" -#+N '*E'!*""&4*&

• #Ie8nmann, >laus*>hristian W Rethin*in Histor# 4ictatorshi! and ar: Eew

 A!!roaches and %nter!retations$ Ne) @ork: >ontinuum -nternational u2lishing, &''(-#+N '*6&E4*4!&!*'

• Taylor, John W R Dane3s All &he orld3s Aircraft$ /ondon: Janes, "(D5"(E -#+N '*!D4*''D&"*(

• Taylor, 1ichael J3 +liht %nternational orld Aircraft K @#stems 4irector#$ /ondon:

Reed +usiness -nformation, !rd 0dition, &''" -#+N '*E"*'"&6(*

• Taylor, 1ichael J3 Dane3s Aviation Review$ /ondon: Janes -nformation Group, "(6-#+N '*"'E*'44E*

• Wertheim, 0ric Eaval %nstitute Guide to Combat +leets of the orld: &heir @hi!s

 Aircraft and @#stems$ %nnapolis, 1aryland: Naval -nstitute ress, &'' -#+N "*D(""4*(DD*

E4ternal lin6s#edit$

Wikimedia >ommons has media related to Panavia Tornado

• %irforce Fact Files on %irforce*technologycom

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 32/36

• Tornado ;+%e= on Fasorg

• anavia Tornado -7# %ttack +om2er on %erospace)e2org

• anavia Tornado on Tornado*datacom

• /ist of all active German Tornados

• German -7# Tornado 44U( at the 7eutsches 1useum su2sidiary Flug)erftC2erschleiQheim, Germany ;70=

• M1R>%: #i? @ears %fter T#R&M a "(" +liht  article

• M#upremacy 5 anavia 1R>%M a "(D advertisement in +liht 

Asho)B 

• v

•t

• e

7ritish &ircraft Cor"oration aircraft

Asho)B 

• v

• t

• e

&ircraft "roduced y &lenia &eronautica and &lenia &ermacchi

Asho)B 

• v

• t

• e

Italian &rmed Forces aircraft designation system

Asho)B 

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 33/36

• v

• t

• e

ists relating to aviation

Retrieved from Mhttp:<<en)ikipediaorg<)<inde?php_

title[anavia`TornadoKoldid[E&6D&6D!M>ategories:

• %lenia aircraft

• +ritish %erospace aircraft

• -nternational attack aircraft "('5"((

• 1esserschmitt*+lko)*+lohm aircraft

• .aria2le*s)eep*)ing aircraft

• "(( introductions

• T)in8ets

3idden categories:

• Wikipedia articles needing page num2er citations from Novem2er &'""

• %ll articles )ith unsourced statements

• %rticles )ith unsourced statements from 1arch &'"4

• Good articles

• 9se dmy dates from %ugust &'"4

• 0ngvar+ from %ugust &'"4

Navigation menu

Personal tools

• >reate account

• /og in

Names"aces

• %rticle

• Talk 

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 34/36

!ariants

!ie)s

• Read

• 0dit

• .ie) history

More

Search

Special:Search   Go

Navigation

• 1ain page

•

>ontents• Featured content

• >urrent events

• Random article

• 7onate to Wikipedia

• Wikimedia #hop

Interaction

• 3elp

• %2out Wikipedia

• >ommunity portal

• Recent changes

• >ontact page

Tools

• What links here

• Related changes

• 9pload file

• #pecial pages

• ermanent link 

• age information

• Wikidata item

• >ite this page

Print/e4"ort

• >reate a 2ook 

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 35/36

• 7o)nload as 7F

• rinta2le version

anguages

• %frikaans

• b

• j

• qetina

• 7ansk 

• 7eutsch

• 0spaol

• 0speranto

• wx 

• Franais

•   한국어

• 3rvatski

• +ahasa -ndonesia

• -taliano

• z{|}~

• 1agyar 

• +ahasa 1elayu

•  Nederlands

•   日本語

•  Norsk 2okm•l

• w€‚ 

• olski

• ortuguƒs• Rom„n…

• †‡ˆ

• #imple 0nglish

• #loven‰ina

• Š‹ < srpski

• #rpskohrvatski < ‹ŒŽ

•

#uomi• #venska

8/10/2019 Panavia Tornado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.rtf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/panavia-tornado-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopediartf 36/36

•   ไทย

• Trke

• ‘’“”

• Ting .i–t

•   中文

0dit links

• This page )as last modified on 6 Ccto2er &'"4 at 'E:"'

• Te?t is availa2le under the >reative >ommons %ttri2ution*#hare%like /icenseadditional terms may apply +y using this site, you agree to the Terms of 9se and rivacy olicy Wikipedia— is a registered trademark of the WikimediaFoundation, -nc, a non*profit organiIation

• rivacy policy

• %2out Wikipedia

• 7isclaimers

• >ontact Wikipedia

• 7evelopers

• 1o2ile vie)

•

•