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Parental imprisonment: Parental imprisonment: Effects on children’s Effects on children’s delinquency through delinquency through
the life-course the life-course in England and Swedenin England and Sweden
Dr. Joseph MurrayDr. Joseph Murray
Institute of Criminology Institute of Criminology
University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge, EnglandEngland
National Institute on Drug Abuse meeting November 6, 2006
Overview of 4 studiesOverview of 4 studiesStudyStudy Bedford Bedford
PrisonPrison
StudyStudy
CambridgCambridge Study in e Study in DelinquenDelinquen
t t DevelopmDevelopm
entent
CambridgCambridge Study in e Study in DelinquenDelinquen
t t DevelopmDevelopm
entent
Project Project MetropolitMetropolit
anan
ChildChild
OutcoOutcomeme
Numbers/ Numbers/ living living
circumstancircumstancesces
Mental Mental HealthHealth
DelinquencDelinquencyy
DelinquencyDelinquency
MethoMethodd
150 male 150 male prisoners.prisoners.
SurveySurvey
411 boys.411 boys.
LongitudinLongitudinalal
studystudy
411 boys.411 boys.
LongitudinLongitudinalal
studystudy
15,117 15,117 children.children.
LongitudinalLongitudinal
StudyStudy
PaperPaper Murray Murray
(in press) (in press) Criminology Criminology and Criminal and Criminal
JusticeJustice
Murray & Murray & FarringtonFarrington
(in press)(in press)
Development Development & &
PsychopatholPsychopathologyogy
Murray & Murray & Farrington Farrington
(2005)(2005)
Journal of Journal of Child Child
Psychology Psychology and and
PsychiatryPsychiatry
Murray, Murray, Janson, & Janson, & FarringtonFarrington
(in press)(in press)
Criminal Criminal Justice & Justice & BehaviorBehavior
Effects of parental Effects of parental imprisonmentimprisonment
Parental imprisonment
Other childhood stresses
Crime
Pre-existing
risk factors
Cambridge Study Cambridge Study (England)(England)
• 411 boys411 boys, working-class, born 1953, working-class, born 1953• Main interview ages: 8-10, 14, 18, 32, 48Main interview ages: 8-10, 14, 18, 32, 48• Parents, Teachers, Boys, Official RecordsParents, Teachers, Boys, Official Records• Ages 8-10Ages 8-10: IQ, daring, school : IQ, daring, school
attainment, poor parenting, mental attainment, poor parenting, mental health parents, poor marital relations, health parents, poor marital relations, family size, family SES, family income family size, family SES, family income & & parental convictions and parental convictions and imprisonmentimprisonment
Cambridge StudyCambridge StudyTen antisocial-delinquent outcomesTen antisocial-delinquent outcomes
- Antisocial personality (14, 18, 32)Antisocial personality (14, 18, 32)- Self reported delinquency (18, 32)Self reported delinquency (18, 32)- Convicted (10-16, 17-25, 26-40) Convicted (10-16, 17-25, 26-40) - Poor life success (32) Poor life success (32) - Imprisoned (by 40)Imprisoned (by 40)
AimsAims– Risk compared to other forms separationRisk compared to other forms separation– After controlling for other risksAfter controlling for other risks
Cambridge StudyCambridge Study
MethodMethod
23 23 Separated parental imprisonmentSeparated parental imprisonment227 227 No separationNo separation
77 77 Separated hospital/ deathSeparated hospital/ death
61 61 Separated other reasonsSeparated other reasons
17 17 Parents imprisoned only before boys’ Parents imprisoned only before boys’ birthsbirths
Statistically control for background Statistically control for background childhood adversitieschildhood adversities
Cambridge Study: Cambridge Study: Antisocial outcomesAntisocial outcomes
Number of antisocial outcomes, ages 14-40
2.3
33.4
3.8
5.4
No Prison,Not
separated
No Prison,Separated a
No Prison,Separated b
Prison(before
boy's birth)
Prison (boy0-10)
Parental imprisonment (0-10) still predicts even after controlling for other childhood
adversities
Cambridge Study: Cambridge Study: Other Childhood RisksOther Childhood Risks
Number of childhood risk factors, age 10
• 15,117 children, born 1953, 15,117 children, born 1953, Stockholm, SwedenStockholm, Sweden
• Official records until age 30Official records until age 30• Criminal records of childrenCriminal records of children• Criminal records of parentsCriminal records of parents
Project Metropolitan Project Metropolitan (Sweden)(Sweden)
AimsAims– ReplicationReplication– GirlsGirls– Middle-upper classMiddle-upper class– Different social contextDifferent social context
OutcomeOutcome– Criminal records of children from ages Criminal records of children from ages
19 to 3019 to 30
Project MetropolitanProject Metropolitan
MethodMethod
283 283 Children of imprisoned parents (0 Children of imprisoned parents (0 to 19)to 19)
14,589 14,589 Children of unconvicted parentsChildren of unconvicted parents
245 245 Children of imprisoned parents Children of imprisoned parents (before child’s (before child’s birth)birth)
Project MetropolitanProject Metropolitan
Statistically control for background Statistically control for background parental criminality parental criminality
Project Metropolitan: Project Metropolitan: Dose-response relationshipDose-response relationship
0 (n=14,589)
1 (n=316)
2 (n=86)
3-4 (n=66)
5+ (n=60)
Number of times parents incarcerated (before offspring 19)
0
1
2
3
4
5M
ea
n o
ffe
nc
es
of
off
sp
rin
g (
ag
ed
19
to
30
)
0.77
1.62
2.072.29
4.98
Results: Delinquency in Results: Delinquency in SwedenSweden
• Parental imprisonment predicted Parental imprisonment predicted girls’ and boys’ delinquencygirls’ and boys’ delinquency
• Predicts different types of crime with Predicts different types of crime with similar strengthsimilar strength
• No differences by social class of childNo differences by social class of child
Controlling for parental criminality, effects Controlling for parental criminality, effects of of
parental imprisonment disappear!parental imprisonment disappear!
Effects of parental Effects of parental imprisonmentimprisonment
Parental imprisonment
Other childhood stresses
Crime
Pre-existing
risk factors
Parental crime/ antisocial behaviour
Close comparison of Close comparison of samplessamples
Children:Children:ENGLANDENGLAND SWEDENSWEDEN
Year of birthYear of birth
ResidencyResidency
SexSex
Social classSocial class
OutcomeOutcome
19531953
London (capital)London (capital)
MaleMale
Working-classWorking-class
Crime 19-30Crime 19-30
19531953
Stockholm Stockholm (capital)(capital)
MaleMale
Working-classWorking-class
Crime 19-30Crime 19-30
Parental imprisonmentParental imprisonmentBoy aged 0 to 19Boy aged 0 to 19
versus before boy’s birthversus before boy’s birth
Parental criminalityParental criminalityParental convictionsParental convictions
nn = 29 = 29
nn = 17 = 17
up to boy 19up to boy 19
nn = 92 = 92
nn = 72 = 72
up to boy 19up to boy 19
Comparing England & Sweden: Comparing England & Sweden: CrimeCrime
ENGLANDENGLAND SWEDENSWEDEN
OddOdds s
ratioratio
((controlling for controlling for
parental parental criminality)criminality)
Partial Partial
odds ratioodds ratio
Odds Odds ratioratio
((controlling for controlling for parental parental
criminality)criminality)
Partial Partial
Odds ratioOdds ratio
CrimeCrime 19 to 3019 to 30 4.1*4.1*
**3.2*3.2* 1.31.3 1.3 1.3
Odds ratio = comparing boys with imprisoned parent (0 – 19) and boys whose parents were imprisoned only before boy’s birth.
Partial odds ratio = after controlling for parental criminality
* p < .10, ** p < .05
Social Social contextcontext
ENGLANDENGLAND SWEDENSWEDEN
Average length of Average length of prison sentencesprison sentences
LongerLonger ShorterShorter
Prison policiesPrison policies Less family Less family friendly prison friendly prison
policiespolicies
More open prisons, More open prisons, home leave, conjugal home leave, conjugal
visitsvisits
Juvenile JusticeJuvenile Justice Similar to adult Similar to adult criminal courtscriminal courts
Child welfare Child welfare committeescommittees
Social support Social support systemssystems
Developing Developing welfare statewelfare state
““Cradle to grave” Cradle to grave” social/financial social/financial
supportsupport
Punitive attitudesPunitive attitudes Less liberalLess liberal Liberal: “Swedish Liberal: “Swedish prisoner remains a prisoner remains a
citizen”citizen”
Main conclusionsMain conclusions
• Parental imprisonment strongly Parental imprisonment strongly predictive of crime in later life in predictive of crime in later life in England and SwedenEngland and Sweden
• In England parental imprisonment In England parental imprisonment = possible cause of criminal = possible cause of criminal behaviorbehavior
• In Sweden parental imprisonment ≠ In Sweden parental imprisonment ≠ cause of criminal behaviorcause of criminal behavior
Parental imprisonment Parental imprisonment across across
3 generations3 generations• Cambridge Study: Future researchCambridge Study: Future research
- 500 brothers- 500 brothers-- 519 sisters519 sisters- 600 children- 600 children
• Compare with similar study in the NetherlandsCompare with similar study in the Netherlands
• Replicate among siblings in 1950sReplicate among siblings in 1950s• Replicate among children in contemporary Replicate among children in contemporary
EnglandEngland• Compare between England and the Compare between England and the
NetherlandsNetherlands