� After nouns

� Adverbial clauses

� After conjunctions and prepositions

� Fixed expressions

They often work like a reduced relative clause. They just add more information about a noun.

We can offer you a job cleaning cars

which consists in cleaning

The people invited to the party

who were invited

They express condition, reason, time

relations, result.

They are usually rather formal

Used economically, one tin will last for six

weeks (if it is used….)

Having failed my medical exams, I took up

teaching (as I had failed, because I had

failed…)

-ing clauses can be formed with the verbs BE,

HAVE, WISH or KNOW, which are statives

verbs and not used in the progressive.

They express reason or causeThey express reason or cause

Being unable to help in any other way, I gave

her some money.

Knowing her pretty well, I realised something

was wrong

After talking to you I always feel better.

After having annoyed everybody he went After having annoyed everybody he went

home.

They left without saying goodbye.

Generally speaking, men can run faster than

women.

Broadly speaking, dogs are good company.

Judging from his expression, he is in bad mood.Judging from his expression, he is in bad mood.

Considering everything, it wasn’t a bad holiday.

Supposing there was a war, what would you do?

Taking everything into consideration, they ought

to get another change.