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Partners in improving local health Slide 1
Controlled Drugs & Patient Safety
- can we prevent another Dr Shipman??
Hira Singh
Medicines Optimisation Pharmacist
Partners in improving local health
Role
• Pharmacist working for NHS North Of England Commissioning Support Unit (NECSU)
• Current role includes supporting:
- NHS England – controlled drugs agenda / PGDs
- Clinical Commissioning Group (CCGs)
Slide 2
Partners in improving local health
AIMS OF THE WORKSHOP
• To outline arrangements for controlled drug (CD) management across the NHS England - North geographic Area
Slide 3
Partners in improving local health
Objectives
At the end of the session participants will be able to:
1. Understand the role of the Accountable Officer and the NHS England lead Accountable Officer
2. Describe the role and structure of the local Controlled Drugs “Local intelligence Networks” (CD LIN).
3. Describe various types of CD incidents
4. Understand the importance of a whole system approach to CD patient safety, through examples of reported incidents.
Slide 4
Partners in improving local health
Quick reminder
What is Patient safety?• Its the absence of preventable harm in
healthcare• A patient safety incident (PSI) is any unintended
or unexpected incident which, could have or did lead to harm for one or more patients receiving NHS care
• This is also referred to as an adverse event/incident, mistake or clinical error, and includes near misses
• Patient safety – is everyone’s business.
Slide 5
Partners in improving local health
Controlled Drugs (CD’s)
Why is patient safety important with CDs?
• Potential Harm– Can be significant (Schedules 1-5 /various controls)– Can occur quickly – Can be rapidly catastrophic
• Historical cases of abuse (Dr Shipman)
Slide 6
Partners in improving local health
Why are we here?
• CD governance is important!
• Linked to fourth report from Shipman enquiry.
• Shortcomings identified in audit and management of CDs
• Changes to CD legislation started July 2006.
Slide 7
Partners in improving local health
Harold Shipman killed at least 218 patients •1976: Pleaded guilty to 3 counts of obtaining pethidine by deception
Asked for 76 other offences to be considered.
GMC decided on no disciplinary action / Home Office decided to take no action •2000:Erased from GMC register after being found guilty of murder
How do you judge a GP? •Good “old fashioned” GP, liked by patients, member of LMC, active in audit, regular attended CE events •“ Shipman did not always comply with the official guidance on prescribing. He was unwilling to prescribe generic drugs and preferred … various new and expensive products… his drugs bill consistently 60% above the average… Shipman would produce scientific papers showing the efficacy of the drugs.”
Slide 8
Partners in improving local health
At sentencing 31st January 2000
Death Disguised – the judge stated:•“ None of your victims realised that yours was not a healing touch. None of them knew that in truth you had brought her death, death which was disguised as the caring attention of a good doctor.”
How Shipman Accessed CDs •Shipman did not hold personal stock •Shipman collected controlled drugs for patients •Gave patients reduced supply? •In some instances he requested scripts after their death •He also removed drugs from patients’ homes after their death
Slide 9
Partners in improving local health
Health Act 2006
Strengthened Governance
3 key elements
•Appointment of Accountable Officers (AOs) for health boards, independent hospitals and hospices
•Duty of co-operation between health bodies and other organisations
•New powers of entry and inspection Slide 10
Partners in improving local health
CD Guidance to Regulation 2013
Regulations Aim to:
•Support healthcare professionals
•Encourage good practice
•Identify potential criminality or areas of poor practice
•Not deter use of controlled drugs when clinically required for patients
Slide 11
Partners in improving local health
Role of the Accountable Officer
• Responsible for a range of measures relating to the monitoring of the safe use and management of CDs within the organisation and taking appropriate action where necessary.
• Required to develop and implement systems for routinely monitoring the management and use of CDs through pro-active analysis and identifying triggers for concern, and taking action.
• Need to ensure that appropriate arrangements are in place for assessing and investigating concerns and that they are alerted to any significant findings.
Slide 12
Partners in improving local health
Role of the Accountable Officer (cont)
• To establish arrangements for sharing information• To produce quarterly reports of CD occurrences for the
lead NHS England AO• To ensure adequate and up to date standard operating
procedures (SOPs) are in place in relation to the management and use of CDs
• To ensure relevant individuals receive appropriate information, education or training; and
• To ensure adequate destruction and disposal arrangements for CDs.
Slide 13
Partners in improving local health
NHS England Accountable Officer
An overarching role: •responsible for establishing and leading Local Intelligence Networks (LINs) drawn from representatives of designated and responsible local organisations.
•The main aims of a LIN continues to be the facilitation and co-operation of responsible bodies in the identification and consideration of concerns and incidents where action may need to be taken in respect of the safe management and use of CDs by relevant persons, and to agree to the actions to be taken in respect of such matters. •
Slide 14
Partners in improving local health
How is this structured?
Slide 15
NHS England (Cumbria & North East sub region)1 Accountable Officer
Dr Mike Prentice(supported by NECs to fulfil
responsibilities)
1 Accountable OfficerDr Mike Prentice
(supported by NECs to fulfil responsibilities)
4 Locality LINs4 Locality LINs
CumbriaChair:
Dr Craig Melrose
CumbriaChair:
Dr Craig Melrose
North/South TyneChair:
Dr Craig Melrose
North/South TyneChair:
Dr Craig Melrose
TeesChair:
Dr James Gossow
TeesChair:
Dr James Gossow
DurhamChair:
Dr James Gossow
DurhamChair:
Dr James Gossow
Partners in improving local health
Local Intelligence Networks
LINs bring together following organisations:•NHS England•CCGs •Acute and Mental Health trusts•CQC •GPhC (local inspector)•Hospices and private hospitals•Police•NHS protect•Local authority commissioners
Slide 16
Partners in improving local health
Role - Tees Police representative
Tees police Chemical Drug Liaison Officer (CDLO)
•Looks into diversion of Rx drugs in community
•Incidents involving Rx drugs /theft loss/fraud forgery
•Intelligence gathering regarding controlled drugs /legal highs /diversion of medication
•Linking in with NHS /Public Health regarding Drug related deaths
•SPOC for NHS provide information /intelligence to LIN
•Carry out Inspections and destructions of CDS in Pharmacies /Hospitals
Slide 17
Partners in improving local health
CDLO
• Use him or loose him!!• Can be contacted by organisations
directly for advice
PC 828 Andrew LeeChemical Drugs Liaison Officer Cleveland PoliceTel 01642 301745 / Mob 07736085282
Slide 18
Partners in improving local health
What are your individual responsibilities?
• In any organisation you should:1. Report incidents involving CDs using the agreed reporting mechanism.
2. Report concerns relating to the management or use or prescribing of CDs by a ‘relevant person’ to your Accountable Officer
Note: A relevant person is a HCP who provides healthcare services (including medical, dental, pharmaceutical, nursing or midwifery services) including those who provide private services
Slide 19
Partners in improving local health
Incidents reported - overview
• The incidents reported can be broadly categorised as follows:Suspected Fraudulent ActivityBalance Discrepancies – with no patient involvementDispensing / Administration / Prescribing errors – with
patient involvementGovernance concerns
Slide 20
Partners in improving local health
9 months data (CNTW area team)
Category Total Number of Incidents
Suspected Fraudulent Activity 88 (16%)
Balance Discrepancies – no patient involvement
139 (26%)
Dispensing / Administration / Prescribing Errors – with patient involvement
157 (29%)
Governance Concerns 157 (29%)
Slide 21
Partners in improving local health
Fraudulent prescription Activity
• Most common drugs involved in stolen / fraudulently presented prescriptions are:Opioids – morphine, diamorphine, oxycodone,
tramadol, codeine and dihydrocodeineZopicloneMethadoneBenzodiazepines – temazepam, diazepam,
nitrazepam, clonazepam, oxazepamNon-CDs - Pregabalin and gabapentin (increasing
numbers associated with ‘lost’ / stolen prescriptions)
Slide 22
Partners in improving local health
Fraudulent Prescription Activity
Majority are:
•Stolen Prescriptions – sometimes blank ones which are presented as forged prescriptions
•Altered PrescriptionsDate alteredQuantity alteredNew handwritten product added
Slide 23
Partners in improving local health
Recorded Fraudulent Activity
• Very good forgeries which pharmacies find hard to spot
• Presented at out of area pharmacies / supermarkets
• Patients may register at more than one GP surgery in an attempt to obtain medication
• Locally, one individual is known to have stolen prescriptions from numerous GPs and presented at out of area pharmacies.
Slide 24
Partners in improving local health
Balance Discrepancy Context
• Of the 139 balance discrepancies 15 (11%) were resolved.
• Reasons identified:Split bottle counted as full packDropped during dispensing but unable to find / retrieveStored in more than one locationRecorded incorrectly in CD register
Slide 25
Partners in improving local health
Dispensing / Administration / Prescribing Errors – with Patient Involvement
The 157 dispensing / administration / prescribing incidents with patient involvement can be further split as follows
Slide 26
Dispensing / Administration / Prescribing Errors
91 (58%)
Dispensing / Administration / Prescribing Errors with Substance Misuse Medicines
66 (42%)
Partners in improving local health
Dispensing / Administration / Prescribing Errors – with Patient Involvement
Majority of the errors involved patients receiving the incorrect quantity, usually more than requested.
Other errors include: Issuing on expired prescriptions – past 28 day limitAdministering out of date injections – indicating
possible lack of stock control Incorrect strength Incorrect product / formulation – continued generic
prescribing of modified release productsSlide 27
Partners in improving local health
Dispensing / Administration / Prescribing Errors Involving Substance Misuse medicines – with Patient Involvement
Majority errors involved the client receiving the incorrect quantity either as a single dose or more carry out doses than required.
Others errors include:– Incorrect strength– Incorrect product– Incorrect supervision– Incorrectly labelled
Slide 28
Partners in improving local health
Governance Issues
• Spillages
• Breakages Manufacturing problems or while preparing medication
• Soft intelligence / reported concerns Information that is passed to the police for further
investigation
• Staff competency• Known inadvertent disposal e.g. Stock CDs• Performance concerns relating to prescribers
and pharmacy HCPsSlide 29
Partners in improving local health
Example incidents
Prescribing error• GP visited a patient with heart failure and renal
failure. • The community prescription sheet for
anticipatory end of life injections was checked.• It was noted the alfentanil prescribed for syringe
driver - 500-1000mgs instead of 500-1000mcgs. • No medication had yet been administered.
Slide 30
Partners in improving local health
Example 2
Dispensing error• Prescription presented for Zomorph 10mg MR caps• No stock in pharmacy so owing slip provided• Owing slip labelled in error as 100mg • 100mg stock was ordered automatically by computer.• Prescription fulfilled following day with 100mg caps • Different carer collected medication • Patient had taken one dose• Error noted when care home phoned to check strength.
Slide 31
Partners in improving local health
Example 3
Possible diversion of temazepam and oramorph
(patient safety / safeguarding issues)
Incident involved sharing info between hospital pharmacist and patient's GP
• Patient with multiple medical problems & admissions, OOH services and A&E.
• Patient makes multiple requests for medicines at the practice (including artificial saliva spray therefore not just for drugs with known abuse potential)
• Pharmacy report that a taxi is often sent to collect the medicines - in particular prescriptions for temazepam and oramorph.
• Taxi firm unknown and signature on the back of the prescription is illegible.
• Patient’s GP suspects that family may be encouraging patient to ask for temazepam and oramorph.
• Patient in respite care and the respite service were managing the medication.
• There was a risk the patient will self-discharge.
Slide 32
Partners in improving local health
The actions put in place:
• Patient to be supplied with medication (where possible) in a multi-compartment compliance aid (medibox) and reduced, regular quantities - to limit the availability of medicines with the potential for misuse whilst also allowing access to medicines for the patient.
• Whilst inpatient, temazepam dose was reduced from 20mg to 10mg and sleep was fine, therefore to continue with this dose with a view to reducing further.
Slide 33
Partners in improving local health
Thank you
Can we prevent another Dr Shipman? – probably not, but with.............
1) increased incident and concern reporting
2) analysis of themes and trends
3) networks to facilitate sharing of information
..............all should help to identify another Dr Shipman earlier rather than later
Any Questions?
Slide 34