Parts of Speech 3_10

7/30/2019 Parts of Speech 3_10

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PARTS OF SPEECH:

Positional Classes


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Schematic Overview of Parts of Speech

1. Form Classes open based on changes inform that a word can undergo, some words

belong to a form class but no distinctive

change in form.

- noun

- verb

- adjective

- adverb


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2. Structure classes closed normallyuninflected, and recognized by position alone.

- determiner- personal pronouns

- auxiliary

- qualifier- prepositions

- expletives

- pre determiner

- post determiner- subordinating conjunction

- coordinating conjunction

- relative


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3. Positional Classes based on the

positions occupied by the form classeswords and phrases

- nominalverbal

- adjectival

- adverbial


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Nominals

Those that occupy noun positions

Fs: S, SC, DO, IO, OC, OP

But occupancy of these positions does notpositively identify nouns because words ofother form classes can occupy them as

well.

Examples


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Pattern 3: The poor live under the bridge.

S slot is occupied by an adjective can

be inflected with er and est.

the poorest live under the bridge.


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Pattern 2: Steadily is the best way to work.

Now is the best time.

S slot is occupied by an adverb.

Pattern 4: Swimming develops your lungs.

Swimmingis a verb and cannot be declared as anoun because:

(1) it cannot take a noun inflection {-s pl} and {-sps}

(2) it does not contain a noun-formingderivational suffix.


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Word groups and individual words can be

nominals, and they occupy the usual noun

positions.

examples:

-About a platefulis my limit.(Prepositional phrase occupying S position)

- A chipmunk emerged from under the porch.(Prepositional phrase occupying OP position).


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Verbals

Those that occupy verb positions

The main verbal position is that of the

main verb comes after the opening NP

slot the verb by form is a verbal by

position.

- The football team mayplaytomorrow.

- They have been waitingthere for long.


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To identify the other verbal positions, wemust first make a distinction between 2

kinds of verb forms. Certain verb formsand verb phrases have complete assertivepower needed to make a sentence go.

For examples:

- I choose the T-shirt.- She chooses the T-shirt.

contrastive inflection for person.


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- She chooses the T-shirt.

- They choose the T-shirt.

contrastive inflection for number

- They choose the T-shirt.

- They chose the T-shirt.

contrastive inflection for tense


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- She has been chosen as a cheerleader.

- We have been chosen as cheerleaders.

contrastive inflection for person and number

- I am being chosen as a cheerleader.

- They were being chosen as cheerleaders.

contrastive form for person, number, andtense


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Verb forms that are capable of full assertion in asentence and of changing their form to indicateperson, number and tense are called FINITE

VERBS.

Verb forms that do not assert fully and do notchange their form to indicate person, number or

tense are called NONFINITE VERBS.

There are three nonfinite verb forms:

- the present participle {-ING vb}

- the past participle {-D pp}- the infinitive (to)+ verb stem


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The nonfinite verb forms also frequentlyappear in sentence portion, like:

1. a. Shakinghis fist

b. Beingangry

c. The willow bendingin the wind

2. a. Having crushedthe invaders

b. Having stayedcalm

c. The guide having disappeared

3. a. To stop this nonsense

b. To be sensible

c. His cousin to come


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All the verb forms mentioned are nonfinite

and participate partially in one of the

seven sentence pattern, but they do not

have full assertive power of the main verb.

These forms are called NONFINITE

VERBALS.


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When nonfinite verb form present participle

{-ING vb}, past participle {-D pp}, and(to)+verb stem appears alone in a noun

position, it is labeled a NOMINAL, e.g.

- To erris human. (S position)

- She enjoys skiing. (DO position)

- His hobby is swimming. (SC position)


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Likewise, the whole sentence portion containing a

verbal and occurring in a noun position is labeled aNOMINAL, e.g.

- Playing footballis his favorite pastime. (S position)

- He like to play football. (DO position)

- His specialty is making doughnut. (SC position)

- He got paid forfixing the car. (OP position)


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Complements of the Verbals

The main verb can be complemented by

nominals functioning as SC, DO, IO, and

OC. These same kinds of complements

can follow not only the main verb but also

other verbals in the sentence.

- Her hobby is collecting stamps.

SC collecting stamps (nominal)

verbal DO


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- He enjoysplaying football.

He enjoys playing football.

main verb DO

nominalverbal DO


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- They wanted to teach him a lesson.

They wanted to teach him a lesson.

main verb DOnominal

verbal IO DO


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- Rina asked him to drive the car.

Rina asked him to drive the car.

main verb DO

nominalS verbal DO

= Rina asked that he drove the car.


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- Drawing pictures made her happy.

Drawing pictures made her happy.

S V DO OC

nominalverbal DO


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Verbals and sentence portions containingverbals occur not only as nominals but

also as adjectivals and adverbials,

functioning as modifiers.


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ASSIGNMENT: Group Presentation

1. Adjectivals: Andre, Manda, Monik, Dania, Merieska

2. Adverbials: Guruh, Bill, Ray, Dimas

3. Verb Adverbial Composites: Agnes, Ajeng, Icha, Irma,Kiki

4. Sentence Modifier, the NP-Prenominal Modifiers: Sarah,Manda, Datu, Nilam, Danny (P)

5. the NP-Postnominal Modifiers: Regina, Aji, Danny, Reza

6. theVP: One-Word Averbials, the VP: Word-GroupAdverbials: Enny, Rara, Jasmine, Cessara, Razan

7. Beyond Modification: Nara, Vika, Grita, Mitha, Chacha

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Parts of Speech 3_10