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ISTC Oct 28, 2008
Passive House – a Positive Net Energy Home
Katrin Klingenberg
Director Passive House Institute US | PHIUS
www.passivehouse.us
ISTC Oct 28, 2008
1 Introduction
• 2000 Watt Society
• IEA World Energy Outlook
• Carbon Neutrality
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IEA World Energy Outlook 2006 :
(Slide with permission from Keynote Presentation Passive House Conference 2007: Dr. Wolfgang Feist)
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Alternative FuelSources to reduce CO2 Emissions:
1. Nuclear 2. Renewables3. Biofuels4. Efficient Technologies
CO2 emissions estimated to increase by
56%. 32% in increase still remain unaccounted
for!
(Slide with permission from Keynote Presentation Passive House Conference 2007:
Dr. Wolfgang Feist)
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Passive House Technology
Renewables II
Stabilizing CO2 Emissionsuntil 2030 through:
1. Passive House technology applied for all new construction
2. Renewables II: Technological advancements in Renewable Technologies
(Slide with permission from Keynote Presentation Passive House Conference 2007:
Dr. Wolfgang Feist)
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2 Basic Design Principles
• Why Passive House?
• Economic Feasibility as Core Concept
• Envelope & Thermal Comfort Principles
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Optimize the House… … to the Heating System
Why Passive House?
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Minimimize Losses First-Maximize Gains
(Krapmeier and Drossler 2001)
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Climate Neutrality achieved:
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Image Source: McKinsey Quarterly Report
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Passive House Concept Developed in the early 1990s by Dr. Wolfgang Feist and Professor Bo Adamson as optimization of early superinsulation work
First Passive House Prototype built in 1990 in Kranichstein, Germany
70-80% reduction in overall energy consumption, 90-95% reduction of heating and cooling energy
Passivhaus Institut (PHI) founded in 1996
Economic Feasibility as Core Concept:
PASSIVHAUS
INSTITUT
(W. Feist 2006)
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The Small Homes CouncilUniversity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign:
Wayne Schick’s Team develops the Lo-Cal House in 1974-76
Walls:
Double stud
Walls,
R-30
Roof:
R-40
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Harold Orr builds the Saskatchewan Conservation House
In Saskatoon, Canada in 1977
First superinsulated house that showed that airtight construction is feasible. It is equipped with a ventilation system with an air-to-air heat exchanger.
Peak heat load at -10 degrees Fahrenheit is 3000 watts (10,640 Btu per hour)
Walls: 12” thick, R-44
Roof: R-60
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Amory and Hunter Lovins finish the Rocky Mountain Institute
in Snowmass, Colorado in 1984
“Tunneling through the cost barrier”Amory Lovins
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Cost asymptote occurs when standard heating system is eliminated
Eliminating the Heating System for Market Viability:
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Envelope and Thermal Comfort Principles1. Continuous Insulation- creating steady
indoor temperatures that won’t drop below 50 degrees without heating source
2. Thermal Bridge Free Construction-minimizes condensation/ building deterioration
3. Compact Building Shape- excellent surface-to-volume ratio (< 1)
4. Airtightness- minimizes moisture diffusion into wall assembly
5. Balanced Ventilation with Heat Recovery with minimal Space Conditioning System - exceptional efficiency, indoor air-quality and comfort
6. Optimal Solar Orientation and Shading – maximizing solar gains for winter, minimizing gains for the summer case
7. Energy Efficient Appliances and Lighting- highly efficient use of household electricity
8. User Friendliness - user manuals are recommended to be given homeowners
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Major comfort criteria
Low surface temp = discomfort
59°F 68°F
6°F
No !
conventional house(Slide with permission from Manfred Brausem)
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64°F 68°F
6°F
Passive House
Yes !
Major comfort criteria
min 64°F surface temp = comfortSlide with permission from Manfred Brausem
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Windows & Doors
Passive house windowrequirements for cold climates (triple-pane, argon filled, low-e on the right)
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www.enersign.de
•Uglass = 0.54 SHGC, triple glazing
•Uframe = 0.64 W/(m²K) superior insulation
•Uwindow = 0.77 W/(m²K), R7.4 whole window
www.optiwin.net/mueller-en?set_language=en
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Raico Therm+
www.raico.de
Uframe = 0.8 W/(m²K)
Uframe = 0.7 W/(m²K)
www.optiwin.net/mueller-en?set_language=en
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•Passive house windowframes, door frames and doors for cold climates need to be insulated
•Multiple lock systems for operable windows and doors to ensure air-tightness and even wear
•Excellent, multiple sealsat sill
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Wall Construction Components
Wall Type Insulation TypeStructural insulated panel (SIP)Insulated Concrete Form (ICF)Double stud wallWooden I-JoistStraw Bale Straw
cellulose, fiberglass, foam, cotton, wool, etc
foam
No ‘best’ method, just must meet the thermal resistance requirements of the building in the specific climate
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Insulation Materials•Expanded Polystyrene in various densities for wall and under-slab insulation
•Cellulose damp-spray insulation (40 times lower embodied energy than fiberglass)
•High-density spray-in fiberglass insulation
•Mineral Wool (Rock Wool)
•Vacuum Insulation
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Wall Construction Methods
Structural insulated panels: Agriboard panels (Straw boards instead of EPS)
Rastra (insulated
Concrete form made from recycled
material) and Straw Bale
Wall
Regular insulated concrete formsVarious Passive House applicable Wall Type Sections
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3 US Projects
• Built Examples
• Townhouses
• Apartment Buildings
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Detailing & Construction:
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Fairview 2: Prefabricated Panels
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Fairview 1+2 - 2005-07
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Tahan Residence, Berkeley - 2008
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Smith House - 2003
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3 Passive Houses in IllinoisFairview 1+2 and Smith House in Urbana, built in 2005-07 and 2003
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Tahan Residence, Berkeley - 2008
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Isabella Lake Passive Home in Minnesota:Mike LeBeau, Conservation Technologies
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Towards the Passive House in Duluth, MN:Skyline House Wagner-Zaun Architects, Mike LeBeau, Conservation Technologies
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Solar Decathlon 2007
University of Darmstadt
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BioHaus School, Bemidji MN – 2006
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Martha’s Vineyard
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Planned Multifamily Projects in the US
AIA (1980)
•70 Unit Multifamily Development in Boston, Massachusetts
•36 Unit Townhouses and Multifamily Residences, Urbana, Illinois
•30 Unit Multifamily Development in Yellow Springs, Ohio
•250 Unit Multifamily/mixed Development in Boulder, Colorado
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Kerr Avenue, Urbana IL: Passive Townhouses 2006
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Kerr Avenue, Urbana IL: Passive Townhouses 2006
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Kerr Avenue, Urbana IL: Passive Townhouses 2006
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Kerr Avenue, Urbana IL: Passive Townhouses 2006
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Kerr Avenue, Urbana IL: Passive Townhouses 2006
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Kerr Avenue, Urbana IL: Passive Townhouses 2006
PHPP Multifamily Calculation:
1. Overall Volume can be used to certify building/meet PH standard
2. End house or worst case scenario apartment has to be modeled separatelyto calculate heat/cooling load
3. Passive Townhouse only needs about 4kW PV array to become a net positive energy and carbon negative home! Cost for PH components: $18,000 PV after Rebate: $20,000
4. 10% additional cost for PH, approx. 10% for PV
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4 European built Examples
• Townhouses
• Apartment Buildings
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Nuremberg, Germany: Passive Townhouses 2007
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Kranichstein, Germany: Passive Townhouses 2008
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Cologne, Germany: Passive Townhouses 2007
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Nuremberg, Germany: Passive Apartments 2006
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Community Center built to Passive House standards in Vorarlberg, Austria.
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Retrofitted to Passive House standards: the Drexel & Weiss factory.
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European Passive House Examples:
Passive House GymHeidelberg, Germany
Passive House SchoolWaldshut, Germany
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European Passive HouseExamples:
Passive House Office BuildingUlm, Germany
Single Family Passive House,Austria
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Energie Agentur Oberoesterreich,75 m tall office tower,Linz Austria
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6 Summary
• Outlook
• Measured Energy Performance Comparison
• Certification
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Passive House Requirements:
Requirements: SI Units IP Units
Annual Heating Energy Demand ≤15 kWh/(m2a) ≤4750 Btu/ft2(per net floor area)
Annual Cooling Energy Demand ≤15 kWh/(m2a) ≤4750 Btu/ft2(per net floor area)
Annual Total Primary Energy Demand ≤120 kWh/m2 ≤11.1 kWh/ft2
Air Leakage @ 50 Pa n50≤0.6 ACH n50≤0.1 CFM
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Passive House recommendationsRecommendations: SI Units IP
Heat Load: ≤10 W/m2 ≤ 1 W/ft2
Cooling Load: ≤ 8 W/m2 ≤ 0.8 W/ft2
Envelope Insulation: CA U≤0.26 W/m2K R≥22 hr-ft2- F/Btu Europe U≤0.15 W/m2K R≥38 hr-ft2- F/BtuIL U≤0.1 W/m2K R≥56 hr-ft2- F/Btu
Thermal Bridge Free ConstructionLinear Thermal Transmittance Ψ≤0.01 W/mK Ψ≤0.006 Btu/hr-ft- F
High Performance WindowsOverall Thermal Transmittance U≤0.8 W/m2K U≤0.14 Btu/hr-ft2- FSolar Heat Gain Coefficient g-value≥50% SHGC≥50%
Heat Recovery VentilationNet Efficiency η≥75% η≥75%Electric Consumption of motor ≤0.4 Wh/m3 ≤0.68 Wm/ft3
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Outlook:
Passive House construction has grown exponentially in Germany and Austria and continues with that trend.
10,000 passive house units had been constructed by the end of 2007 and are inhabited.
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Study done by the Florida Solar Energy Center in conjunction with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Author: Danny Parker
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ISTC Oct 28, 2008
3rd ANNUAL NORTH AMERICAN
PASSIVE HOUSE CONFERENCE
“WHOLE > SUM:PARTS”
YOU ARE INVITED TO THE
November 7-9, 2008Hosted at the Duluth Entertainment Convention Center, Duluth, Minnesota
www.passivehouse.us
