Paying for the war

Continental Congress ran out of money

Overprinted “Continental Currency” to pay for war

Massive inflation

Sold bonds to investors, foreign gov’ts

Profiteers – sold scarce goods for profit

Haym Saloman and Robert

Morris

Morris – appointed superintendent of finance

Saloman – financier

Both men worked together to raise money – various

sources – paid troops in gold

Saloman

French and other Foreign Aid

February 1778 – French treaty of cooperation with

American Revolution

France would not make peace with Britain until Britain

recognized American independence

France sent resources, soldiers by end of war

Friedrich von Steuben and

Marquis de Lafayette

Von Steuben – Prussian drillmaster – trained

Washington’s army at Valley Forge

Lafayette- spent time at Valley Forge – lobbied for

French reinforcements

British shift South

After Saratoga – British shifted strategy southward

Goal – peel off the South, divide country then reconquer

North

British victories in South

Late 1778 – Savannah, Georgia

Spring 1779 – Georgia conquered

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Siege of Charles Town

(Charleston)

Siege of Charles Town – largest southern city – May 1780

Help of escaped slaves fighting for freedom

Late 1780 – all South Carolina conquered

Siege of Charleston - Closeup

Battle of Cowpens (South

Carolina)

January 17, 1781 – American victory

Decisive – Americans began taking back South

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Battle of Yorktown

Battle of Yorktown

Battle of Yorktown

British General Charles Cornwallis – went to Yorktown, sought to fortify

peninsula

Plan- use it as launching point to take Virginia

Victory at Yorktown

French fleets defeat British at sea,

British get trapped on peninsula at Yorktown

17,000 French and Americans surround British

17 October 1781 – Cornwallis Surrenders

Washington victorious

Negotiating a Peace

Delegates from below countries- Paris, 1782

Britain, United States, France, Spain

Britain wanted to avoid full independence

France supported American independence

Spain – interested in land west Appalachians

Americans – Ben Franklin, John Jay, John Adams

Confirming Independence

September 1783- Treaty of Paris ratified, US independence confirmed

US territory – Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi River

Impact of Revolution

Symbol of Liberty

Growth of egalitarianism – equality of people regardless

of background/origins

Slavery, sexism remained problems

Key Concept 3.1, III – The United

States became a new nation and

had to get on with the “big boys”

Key Concept 3.1 “Britain’s victory over France in the

imperial struggle for North America led to new conflicts

among the British government, the North American

colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the

creation of a new nation, the United States.”

III - In response to domestic and international

tensions, the new United States debated and

formulated foreign policy initiatives and asserted an

international presence.

Baggage…

Background we will deal with later –

Failure of the Articles of Confederation,

the Constitutional Convention, and the

formation of Parties (Democratic-

Republicans and Federalists) – MAJOR

BAGGAGE

As a new Nation, the United States had to fight to gain

the respect of the rest of the world

Foreign Affairs Trouble the

Nation

French Revolution –1793- Jefferson and DRs wanted to help

the revolution in France – Revolution had executed French King

George Washington declared neutrality

Foreign Affairs – French

Revolution

Pinckney’s Treaty – 1795- Spain establishes Friendship with US

Set southern boundary of US with Spanish Florida

gives US access to Mississippi River

Pinckney’s Treaty

Immediately following Battle of Fallen Timbers, prior

to Treaty of Greenville

Jay’s Treaty – Nov. 19, 1794

Bogged down with other conflicts, British agree to

evacuate posts in Northwest Territory

Jay’s Treaty -1794

Key Concept 3.1, III – The United

States became a new nation and

had to get on with the “big boys”

Key Concept 3.1 “Britain’s victory over France in the

imperial struggle for North America led to new conflicts

among the British government, the North American

colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the

creation of a new nation, the United States.”

III - In response to domestic and international

tensions, the new United States debated and

formulated foreign policy initiatives and asserted an

international presence.

Key Concept 3.2, I – It was a shaky

start but we pulled through

In the late 18th century, new experiments with

democratic ideas and republican forms of

government, as well as other new religious,

economic, and cultural ideas, challenged

traditional imperial systems across the Atlantic

World.

During the 18th century, new ideas about politics and

society led to debates about religion and governance

and ultimately inspired experiments with new

governmental structures.

Washington’s Farewell

Address Overview for the issues that were facing the

nation at the time Washington was leaving office

Emphasized UNITY BETWEEN THE STATES and a new American

nationalism

Respect for constitution’s integrity

Warning against political parties

Warning against foreign entanglements, alliances

Also note – two term precedent

During Revolutionary War… Calls for a republic

Republic – gov’t where citizens rule via elected reps

Republicanism – gov’ts should rule by consent of the

people

Idea – people’s interests best represented in republic

Issue – state vs. nat’l ID

Issues of creating a gov’t

Representation by population or state?

Supremacy of national or state gov’ts?

Articles of Confederation

Confederation – loose alliance

Sharing of power between state, nat’l gov’ts

State gov’ts supreme in some cases, nat’l in others

NO NATIONAL EXECUTIVE BRANCH TO ENFORCE LAWS,

NO NATIONAL COURT SYSTEM TO INTERPRET LAWS

Problems with the Articles

Lack of nat’l unity – each state functioned independently

Confederation did not recognize population differences

(small states overrepresented)

Articles could not be amended w/out unanimous consent

No power to tax w/out states’ approval

No control over interstate & foreign trade

Problems w/ foreign relations

Key Concept 3.2, I – It was a shaky

start but we pulled through

In the late 18th century, new experiments with

democratic ideas and republican forms of

government, as well as other new religious,

economic, and cultural ideas, challenged

traditional imperial systems across the Atlantic

World.

During the 18th century, new ideas about politics and

society led to debates about religion and governance

and ultimately inspired experiments with new

governmental structures.

Federalist Papers

85 Articles – Hamilton, Madison, Jay

Promoted ratification of constitution

Federalist 14 – promoted federal republic

Federalist 51 – 3 branch gov’t, separation of powers

Ideas – Locke (consent of governed), Montesquieu (3

branch gov’t),

Constitutional Convention

Nationalist leaders met – Philadelphia

Convention – May 1787 – Debated:

States Rights v. central gov’t

Big states v. small states

Representing diverse interests

Constitutional Convention

Division of Powers – federalism – state and nat’l gov’ts

Separation of Powers – branches of gov’t

Legislative – make laws

Executive – enforce laws

Judicial – interpret laws

**Checks and balances

Issues

Big states wanted proportional

representation

Small states wanted to keep power

NJ Plan

Preferred by small states

Legislative, judicial, executive

TAXES COULD BE COLLECTED!

Each state got 1 vote - unicameral

VA Plan

Preferred by big states

Legislative, executive, judicial

TAXES COULD BE COLLECTED

Bicameral legislature (both houses

proportional)

CT Compromise

2 house legislature

House of Reps – proportional; Senate – 2

per state

Slaves = 3/5 of a person

Ratifying the Constitution -

1789

Ratification – official approval by the people

Ratification Process – each state has

convention – ratified after 9 states approved

Federalists v. Anti-federalists

Federalists – supported constitution, Fed

Papers,

Antifederalists – doubted strong central gov’t

– pushed for Bill of Rights

3.2 II – The constitution had to be

written; it wasn’t perfect but it was

way better than anything else

In the late 18th century, new experiments with democratic ideas and republican forms of government, as well as other new religious, economic, and cultural ideas, challenged traditional imperial systems across the Atlantic World.

II. After experiencing the limitations of the Articles of Confederation, American political leaders wrote a new Constitution based on the principles of federalism and separation of powers, crafted a Bill of Rights, and continued their debates about the proper balance between liberty and order

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to constitution

Addressed fears about constitution of anti-Federalists

Washington – 1st president after winning

1788 election

Nobody knew if gov’t based on “will of the

people” could work

George Washington – 1st

President

Judiciary Act of 1789

Allowed State court decisions to be appealed in federal courts when

constitutional issues were raised

First Actions of New Gov’t

Washington’s Cabinet

Washington – first to have a cabinet

First cabinet – Only 4 Members:

Secretaries of State, War, and Treasury

Attorney General

Washington’s Secretary of Treasury (Alexander

Hamilton) and his Secretary of State (Thomas

Jefferson) disagreed on how the nation should

be run

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

Strong Federal Government

Country run by elites (fear of mob rule)

Loose interpretation of Constitution

National Bank

Economy - shipping and manufacturing

Supported by manufacturers, landowners, investors

Hamilton’s Plan

Shared Power between state and Nat’l Govs

Country run by farmers and tradespeople (fear of

dictatorship)

Strict interpretation of Constitution

National Bank – unconstitutional

Economy = farming

Favored by farmers, workers

Jefferson’s Plan

Hamilton’s supporters became known as

“Federalists”

Jefferson’s supporters become known as

the “Democratic-Republicans”

George Washington never joined a party

Political Parties

Washington and Hamilton led 15,000 soldiers to stop

a rebellion of whiskey-distillers

Distillers angry over a federal tax on whiskey

production – refused to pay and beat federal agents

Washington’s soldiers put down rebellion – show

power of Federal government

Putting Down the Whiskey

Rebellion -1794

Ultimately a National Bank is created

despite opponents beliefs that it would be

unconstitutional

Unified economic structure of nation

The National Bank -1790

I790 – Congress authorizes the construction of a new

national capital

The District of Columbia is established in between

Maryland and Virginia

Previous capitals -New York, Philadelphia

The District of Columbia-1790

Are the following statements legal or illegal to say?

President Obama has committed war crimes and he should

not even be president because he wasn’t born in the

United States; he should be deported to his native Kenya

The Speaker of the House always cries like a little baby

and is undeserving of his position – he should resign

immediately

Cite specific evidence from the constitution to explain

why.

Speech

What does it say in first grade terms?

Sedition Act of 1798

Sedition Act - 1798

Group A – make an argument that it is constitutional

Group B- make an argument that it is unconstitutional

1796 – Federalist John Adams elected – wins 71 electoral

votes to Democratic-Republican Jefferson’s 68

Sectionalism – states of same region voted together

John Adams elected

France/US on brink of war – France disliked Jay Treaty – seen as

violating French-American alliance

French to meet with Chief Justice John Marshall

French sent low level diplomats – “X, Y and Z” – an insult

Anti-French sentiment in US

**Quasi-War – undeclared naval war w/ France (1797-1800)

XYZ Affair -1797/98

Alien Acts

Naturalization Act- Raised residency requirement for US citizenship from 5 to 14 years*

Alien Friends Act - Allowed president to deport “undesirable” aliens **

Alien Enemies Act – same as friends but for male citizens of hostile nations ***

Sedition Act - fines and jail terms for people who expressed opinions considered damaging toward gov’t

* - Repealed and replaced 1802

**Allowed to Expire 1800/1801

*** still law

Alien and Sedition Acts -1798

Virginia and Kentucky claimed the right to nullify

(cancel) the Alien and Sedition Acts because they

violated Bill of Rights

**state power vs. federal power still issue

Virginia and Kentucky

Resolutions (1798/99)

Pennsylvania Gradual

Abolition

What is the most prominent theme? What themes do

you find to be subsidiary to this most prominent theme?

Explain.

3.2, III – Democratic ideals brought

greater equality; but some people

were still “more equal” than others

3.2 In the late 18th century, new experiments with

democratic ideas and republican forms of government,

as well as other new religious, economic, and cultural

ideas, challenged traditional imperial systems across the

Atlantic World.

III. While the new governments continued to limit

rights to some groups, ideas promoting self-

government and personal liberty reverberated

around the world.

Vermont Republic

Constitution

Vermont – for a time an independent nation – declared

slavery illegal in its constitution - 1777

Massachusetts 1780

Constitution

Stipulated that all men were born free and equal –

all Massachusetts slaves freed by 1783

PA – Act for the Gradual

Abolition of Slavery

Banned future import of slaves to PA, said children

of enslaved mothers were indentured servants

until age 28

Results

All northeastern states began a gradual

emancipation process by 1804 (NJ)

Issues

Federal level – three-fifths compromise – all slaves

counted as 3/5ths of a person for representation

purposes (article I – US constitution

Slavery – entrenched by southern economy, state

constitutions

Globally

Haiti – slave revolt – turned revolution turned country – found

inspiration in American Revolution

Slavery abolished throughout Latin America during

Independence Wars

1834 – slavery abolished in British Empire

3.3 I-III: The country expanded,

people moved west and there

were problems. Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America,

cooperative interaction, and competition for resources raised questions about boundaries and policies, intensified conflicts among peoples and nations, and led to contests over the creation of a multiethnic, multiracial national identity.

I: As migrants streamed westward from the British colonies along the Atlantic seaboard, interactions among different groups that would continue under an independent United States resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending.

II: The policies of the United States that encouraged western migration and the orderly incorporation of new territories into the nation both extended republican institutions and intensified conflicts among American Indians and Europeans in the trans-Appalachian West.

III: New voices for national identity challenged tendencies to cling to regional identities, contributing to the emergence of distinctly American cultural expressions.

Legal Basis – westward

expansion

Proclamation of 1763 – told colonists they couldn’t go west;

they went anyway

Treaty of Paris of 1783 – set borders for new United States

Jay’s Treaty – 1794 – evacuated British forts in northwest

Pinckney’s Treaty – 1795 – settled border disputes in

southwest with Spain

Westward expansion confirmed

Conestoga Massacre – 1763

Paxton Boys - Scotch-Irish Presbyterians – saw Indians as

expendable and in the way

Saw America as a haven for European Christians

Brutally massacred Conestoga Indians – aims of expansion

Shays’ Rebellion – Jan. 1787

Daniel Shays - Western Massachusetts –expansion

Farmers’ Rebellion – pre-constitution

Showed chaos of governing; lack of authority from center

High state tax hurt farmers

Farmers rebelled against what they saw as elites’ oppression

America’s Western Expansion Trend - America’s western Expansion would be fueled by

both legal means and policies (treaties, laws etc.) and

battles