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1.Consciousnotunconsciousegoists-Anunconsciousorinvoluntaryegoistisonewhodoes

notrecognisehisownselfimportanceandindividuality.'Hewhoknowsnothingabouthimself

higherandyetisinfatuatedaboutsomethinghigher'.Incontrastconsciousegoistsareawarethat

theyactpurelyoutofselfinterestandiftheysupporta'highercause'orbeingitisnotbecause

itisanoblethought,butbecauseitwillbenefitthemselves.Hearguesthatindividualsinordertomaximisetheiruniqueness,mustbecomeawareoftherealreasonsfortheiractions.

2.SelfLiberation-Stirnerrecognisestheimportanceofselfliberationandthewaythatauthority

oftenexistspurelythroughacceptancebythegoverned.Partofthisprocessofliberationinvolves

thedestructionofhierachy,forStirner'Hierachyisdominationofthoughts,dominationofminds'

andthismeansweare'keptdownbythosewhoaresupportedbythoughts',byourownwillingness

tonotquestionandthesourcesofthatauthority.

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Explain and individualist Anarchists view ofconscious/unconcious egoists and self liberation

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1.OppositiontoStateandAuthority-Stirnersegoismplacestheindividualselfatthecentreof

themoraluniverse.TheindividualaccordingtoStirnershouldsimplyactasheorshechooses,

withoutanyconsiderationforlawsorconventions.ForStirner,thestateisthegreatestthreat

toindividuality'Iamfreeinnostate'.Thestateclaimstobesovereign,butforStirneronlythe

individualissovereign.Incontrasttocollectiveanarchists,Stirnerwantstoabolishnotonlythestate,butalsosocietyasaninstitutionresponsibleforitsmembers.

2.OrganisationunderEgoism-Aswellasanegativeaccountoftheinstitutionsandpractices

thategoistsmustrejectasincompatiblewithauthonomy,'theegoanditsown'alsocontainssome

positivesuggestionsaboutthepossibleshapeofegotisticrelationshipswhichdonotconflictwith

individualselfmastery.Stirnerbelievesthatasmoreandmorepeoplebecomeconsciousegoists

conflictinsocietywoulddecreaseaseachindividualrecognisestheuniquenessofothers,thus

ensuringasuitableenvironmentwithinwhuchtheycanco-operate.ThesetrucesStirnertermed

'Unionoftheegoists'.Theyarethemeansbywhichegoistscouldfirstlyannihalatethestateandsecondlybuildanewsociety.

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Outline an Individualist Anarchists opposition to stateand authority plus Organisation under Egoism

O.T.S.A.A

U.O.E

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1.ImportanceoftheIndividualConscience-Thoreaubelievedthattheindividualaboveallelse,

mustbefaithfultotheirownconscience,whatheorshedeemstoberight.ConsequentlyThoreau

placestheindividualconscienceaboveanyobligationtothestateorgovernment,theindividual

isquitejustifiedinnotobeyingthegovernmentandlawwhenitdoesnotmatchuptotheirown

views.Heclaimedthat'governmentisbestthatgovernsnotatall'.ThoreauusedthistojustifycivildisobedienceinoppositiontotheUSGovernmentsdefenceofslavery.

2.AbsoluteIndividualSovereignty-Warrenbeganhisradicalcareerasafollowerofthesocialist

RobertOwen.WarrenblamedthefaulureofNewHarmonyonitsdenialofpersonalpropertyrights,

onthedemandforcommunalpropertythatshiftedallindividualinitiative.FromJosiahWarren

disillusionmentwithsocialistcollectivism,fromhisconvictionthatsocialharmonyrequiredradical

individualism-theessentialgroundworkforanindividualistanarchistsocietyemerged.Firstand

foremost,itwasfoundedasaconceptcapturedbytheLiberalphrase'sovereigntyoftheindividual'.

Inhiswork(PracticalDetails)'societymustbesoconvertedastopreservethesovereigntyoftheindividal.

5 of 16

Outline the importance of the Individual conscienceand individual sovereignty to a Libertarian Anarchist

I.O.I.C

A.I.S

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1.LibertarianOrganisation-Warrenthoughtthatindividualshaveasovereignrighttoproperty

theythemselvesproduce,butarealsoforcedbyeconomiclogictoco-operatewithothers.

LibertarianssuchasBenjaminTuckerandJosiahWarrenclaimedthattheinstitutionnecessary

tosecureindividualsovereigntyandco-operationinastatelesssocietyalreadyexistedinthe

institutionofthefreemarket.Whatwasneededwastogetridofthestateandtoallowthefreemarket(thatalreadyexists)tofunction.

2.TimeStoreandContracts-WarrenandTuckerbelievedsostronglyinthepowerofthecontract

thattheycalledtheiridealsocietybycontract.Onepersonslabourcouldbeexchangedfora

promisetoreturnlabourinkind.Warrenopenedaretailstorecalleda'timestore'fromwhichhe

issuedlabourdollars.Thecustomerwouldthenpaythepriceofgoodsintraditionalmoneyand

thencompensateWarrenforhistimewithalabournote.Warrensgoalwastodivorcethepriceof

goodsfromthecompensationhereceive,toestablishaneconomyinwhichhisprofitwasbased

ontheexchangeoftimeandlabour.

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Outline a Libertarian Anarchists view of Organisationand Contracts.

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Thekeyquestionbecomes:whatiftheshopkeeperdecidestochargetoohighapricefor

hisservices.

Mutualistswouldplacerestrictionsonsuchpractices,amoralguidewhichwouldensurea

fairandequitableexchangeandeliminateexploitation.Individualswhopersistedwouldbeasked

toleavethecommunity.

Individualistanarchistsgaveprimacytothefreemarketandtherightofcontract.Eventually

mutualistsseebusinessesandmutualbanksascommunitycontrolledfunctions,libertarianssee

timebanksasanotherinstrumentofthefreemarket.

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Outline the differences within Collectivist Mutualism

M.P.R

I.F.M

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1.SelfinterestandIndividualAutonomy-Anarcho-capitalismcombinestheviewsof

individualistanarchismandclassicalliberalism.Itisthereforebasedontheegotisticalselfinterest

oftheindividual,anextremeinterpretationofnegativeliberty(theabsenceofexternalrestraints)

andthebeliefinthe'invisiblehand'ofthefreemarketasamechanismforresolvingtheneeds

ofselfinterestedindividuals.Theyareconvincedthatgovernmentisinherentlyevilandbelievethatinsocietyindividualsshouldbefreefromanyformofcollective.Individualsshouldbefreeto

organisethemselvesinanyeconomicwaythattheylike,theydefendcapitalismasalegitimate

choiceasitsmostefficient,butwouldnthavetobeimposedonothers.

2.Anti-hierarchicalstructures-TheAnarcho-IndividualistandAnarcho-Capitalistssharewith

Liberalsadesiretoseesocietythatisasfreeaspossible.IndeedclassicalliberalsandSocial

Darwinistssharewithanarchiststhebeliefthateveryindividualcanonlyreachhisorherfull

potentialinafreesociety.Theyallbelievethatthefreedomoftheindividualshouldstandabove

socialconstraints,theyhopeandexpectthatindividualswillusetheirlibertyexclusivelyforgoodends,whereasLiberalsacceptthatindividualsarelikelytopursuetheirowninterests,creatinga

highlycompetitiveworld.

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Outline an Anarcho- Capitalists belief in Self Interest/Individual Autonomy and Structure of Society.

S.I.A.I.A

A.H.S

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1.DefenceofPrivatePropertyRights-Anarcho-capitalistsincontrasttomostformsof

anarchism,promotetherightofindividualstopossessanddefendprivateproperty.Murray

Rothbardpushedfreemarketideastotheirlimitandbelievedthatpropertymustbeinprivate

handsandownersmustbefreetocontrolitastheyseefit.Rothbardclaimedthattaxationwas

merely'organisedtheft'whichtakescapitalfromprivatehandsandpreventsitfrombeingusedtoserveprivateinterestsandtheconsumingpublic.SimilartoclassicalLiberalcriticslikeMilton

Friedmanhearguesthatthestatespendstaxesinwaysthataltertheproductionpatternsofthe

market.Ifmoneyisspentonmarketcreatedprojectsitunjustlycompetes,ifitisspentonnon-

marketprojectsitiseconomicallyinefficient.Rothbardsaid:'itisutopiantothinkthatthepower

totaxwon'tbeabusedoncegranted'.

2.Ultimateprivatisation-Theyrejectanykindofgovernmentcontrol,taxationorregulation.

Anarcho-Capitalistsbelievethatpoliceservicescouldbesoldbyfreelycompetitivefirmsand

thatacourtsystemwouldemergetopeacefullyarbitratedisputesbetweenfirms,andthatasensiblelegalcodecouldbedevelopedthroughcustomandprecedentandcontract.Anarcho-

Capitalistspointoutthatmanysocialdutiesarealreadyperformedwithouttheaidofthestate.E.g.

Increasedrelianceonprivatesecurityguards.IntheidealAnarcho-Capitalistsocietyfreemarket

alternativestogovernmentservicesouldtakeoveralllegitimatesecurityservices.Onotherissues

theanarcho-capitalistsdifferslittleifatallfromthemoremoderateLibertarian.Servicesshouldbe

privatisedandopenedtofreecompetition,regulationofpersonalandeconomicbehaviourshould

bedoneawaywith,povertywouldbehandledbyworkandresponsibilityforthoseabletocarefor

themselvesandvoluntarycharityforthosewhocannot.

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Outline an Anarcho-Capitalist view of Property Rightsand Privatisation

D.O.P.P.R

U.P

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CriticsofAnarcho-capitalism(collectivistandmostotherindividualistanarchists)believethatthis

wouldresultinchaoswithpoliceforcesfightingoneanother.Rothbardandotheranarcho-

capitalistscounterthisclaim.

Firstly;failuretopeacefullyarbitratewillyieldtoalloutwarwhichwouldbebadforprofits

andnotinanyonesselfinterest.

Secondly;firmswillwanttodeveloplongtermbusinessrelationshipsandhencebewilling

tonegotiateingoodfaithtoinsuretheirlongtermprofitability.

Thirdly;aggresivefirmswouldbelikelytoattractonlyhighriskclientsandthussufferfrom

extra-ordinarilyhighcosts.

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Outline how an Anarcho-Capitalist would argue thatconflict wouldn't occur.

A.O.W.N.I.S.I

B.R

H.C