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Name: _______________________________________________________ Period: ____________ Date: _________________________
CHAPTER 2: CELLS and TISSUES
2.1: Molecules of Life
· An almost countless number of different types of molecules exists in the human body.
· Biochemistry is ______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
· Many chemicals important for life are organic molecules.
· Organic molecules always contain _________________________________________________________.
· They usually contain ___________________________________, as well as ___________________________________, _________________________________, _______________________________, and other elements
· Major classes of large organic molecules in the body include:
· ________________________________________________________
· ________________________________________________________
· ________________________________________________________
· ________________________________________________________
· ________________________________________________________
Carbohydrates
· These are also known as saccharides, they are “_________________________________________” molecules
· Simple carbohydrates
· ______________________________________
· Complex carbohydrates
· _______________________________________
· The main function of carbohydrates in the body is _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
· The body can quickly utilize this fuel to _______________________________________________________
Proteins
· Proteins are large biological molecules made of __________________________________________________________
· There are 20 common amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins
· Amino acids are linked together by ______________________________________________________
· Long chains of amino acids are called ____________________________________________
· The structure and shape of a protein is organized into the following levels:
· _______________________________________________
· _______________________________________________
· _______________________________________________
· _______________________________________________
· Proteins have many functions in the body including acting as:
· Structural elements: _________________________________________________________________________________
· Enzymes: salivary amylase found in saliva, _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lipids
· Lipids are _____________________________, ________________________________ and related molecules.
· Fatty acids:
· ______________________________________________________
· Glycerides
· Composed of a _____________________________________________ (a simple sugar) with one, two, or three ________________________________________, to make mono-, di-, and triglycerides
· Glycerides are _______________________________________________________________ in the body.
· Phospholipids
· Are similar to glycerides with a _____________________________________________ and a _________________________________________________________
· As a result, phospholipids in a watery environment tend to form ______________________ Ex. ___________________________________________________
· Steroids
· have a structure different from other lipids
· have the ___________________________________________ but differ in the attached side groups
· Three well-known steroid molecules—________________________________________, ________________________________________, and ___________________________________
Nucleic Acids
· Nucleic acids are key _________________________________________________________________
· They are chains of ________________________________________________
· The two kinds of nucleic acids found in cells are:
· __________________________________________________________
· __________________________________________________________
· __________________________________________________
· __________________________________________________
· __________________________________________________
· Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
· is a nucleotide composed of ________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
· This is an _______________________________________________________________________________________
Water
· Water makes up about two-thirds of the mass of the human body.
· Hydrogen bonding
· These are relatively ___________________________________________ and are responsible for several biologically important properties of water such as solvent properties
· Good solvent
· _________________________________________________________________________________________________
· pH
· A small fraction of water molecules in solution dissociate to make _____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________--
2.2: Anatomy and Physiology of Cells
· The cells of the human body are surrounded by extracellular fluid, which is mostly water, and an extracellular matrix.
· Plasma membrane makes up the shell of the cell
· _______________________________________________________________________________________________
· Cytoplasm
· _______________________________________________________________________________________________
· Nucleus
· ______________________________________________________________
Plasma Membrane Components
· This is a phospholipid bilayer which contains _____________________________________ and a variety of ______________________________ including _________________________________________ which allow water or small, charged particles such as sodium, to pass into or out of the cell.
Membrane Transport
· Membrane transport is the movement of substances ____________________________________________________ which can occur on one of two ways:
· Passive transport
· ________________________________________________________
· Usually involves ________________________________ – movement of a substance from ________________________________________________________________________________
· Active transport
· ______________________________________________________________
· Involves the movement of a substance from _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
· sodium-potassium pump found in neuron membranes used to move Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell
Cytoskeleton
· The cytoskeleton _____________________________________________________________
· The cytoskeleton contains three types of long fibers:
· Microfilaments:
· the thinnest of these fibers, especially _____________________________________________________
· Intermediate filaments:
· give the cell strength to _______________________________________________________________
· Microtubules:
· help to ________________________________ and ___________________________ chromosomes during _________________________________________________
Organelles in the Cytoskeleton
· Microvilli
· _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
· Cilia
· hair-like projections that actively ____________________________________________________ to _______________________________________________________________________________________
· Centrioles
· The centrioles __________________________________________________________________ and ________________________________________________________________________________________
· Mitochondria
· tubular- shaped structures in the cytoplasm of cells responsible for _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
· ____________________________________________________________________
· Golgi Apparatus
· The Golgi is __________________________________________________________________, usually between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane of the cell.
· Forms small vesicles ________________________________________________________________________________
· Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum
· Ribosomes are ____________________________________________________________________________________
· Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a ___________________________________________ in the cytoplasm connected to the nuclear envelope
· Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it and _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
· Smooth ER has no ribosomes; it is a site ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
· The Nucleus
· The nucleus is enclosed by __________________________________________________________
· Contains the cells __________________________________________________ – DNA, some RNA and proteins
· The nucleolus is an area in the nucleus where ____________________________________________________
· DNA, RNA, and Proteins
· The sequence of bases in DNA contains the _______________________________________________________ and __________________________________________________________________
· The production of RNA from DNA is called _______________________________________________
· The production of Proteins from RNA is called ___________________________________________
Life Cycle of a Cell
· Most cells do not have a long-life span
· Intestinal cells have a life span of _______________________________________________________
· Red blood cells live for _______________________________________________________________
· Many of the ______________________________ in your brain, on the other hand, are as old as you are.
· Cells must divide to make new cells for our bodies.
· Interphase: the cell performs its ___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
· The mitotic phase: cell divides _____________________________________________________________________
· Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus and chromosomes
· ________________________________________________
· ________________________________________________
· ________________________________________________
· ________________________________________________
· Cytokinesis is ____________________________________________________________________, final step of cell division.
· Mitosis
· Prophase
· _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
· Metaphase
· _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
· Anaphase
· _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
· Telophase
· _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
· Cancer
· Cancer is the _________________________________________________________________________________________
· grows __________________________________________
· grows __________________________________________________________
· does not ________________________________________________________________
· Cancer is caused by _____________________________________________________________________________
2.3: Tissues
Types of Tissues
· Tissues are groups of cells with a ______________________________________________ that join together to accomplish a ___________________________________________________
· Tissues in the body have been classified into four main types:
· _______________________________________________________
· _______________________________________________________
· _______________________________________________________
· _______________________________________________________
Epithelial Tissue
· These are tissues that ______________________________________________________________________________, they include epithelia and glands
· Glands secrete chemicals, either:
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· Epithelial tissues _____________________________________________________________________________________
· Their functions include:
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· All epithelial tissues have an inside and an outside
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· Epithelial Cell Shapes
· Epithelia are classified according to how __________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
· Simple epithelia have a single layer of cells, and stratified epithelia have multiple layers.
· __________________________________________________
· __________________________________________________
· __________________________________________________
· Epithelial Cell Arrangement
· Example locations of the following tissues in the body:
· ______________________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________________
Connective Tissue
· Connective tissue is found throughout the body. Its functions include:
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· Extracellular fibers are an important part of connective tissue, determining the mechanical properties of the connective tissue.
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· Classes of Connective Tissue
· Connective tissue proper is in a wide variety of locations and has multiple functions
· There are two subtypes:
· __________________________________________________
· __________________________________________________
· Loose Connective Tissue
· __________________________________________________
· __________________________________________________
· __________________________________________________
· Dense connective tissue
· ________________________________________________________________________________
· ________________________________________________________________________________
· ________________________________________________________________________________
· Cartilage
· ___________________________________________________________
· It is found on __________________________________________________________________
· Provides ________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________
· ____________________________________________ are cells that secrete the extracellular matrix of cartilage.
· There are 3 subtypes:
· __________________________________________________
· __________________________________________________
· __________________________________________________
· Bone tissue (osseous tissue)
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· Blood
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· ______________________________________________________________________________
· Muscle tissue
· Types of Muscle Tissue
· Muscle tissue allow our bodies to move
· There are 3 kinds:
· ___________________________________________________________________
· ___________________________________________________________________
· ___________________________________________________________________
· Nerve Tissue
· Nerve tissue is a class of tissue that has the unique ability to convey information by electrical signaling.
· Central nervous system: ___________________________________________________________
· Peripheral nervous system: ________________________________________________________________
· Glial cells are _____________________________________________________________________
· Neurons are the _________________________________________________________ that generate, transmit, and receive electrical signals.