Name: ________________ Period:__________

Cell Cycle, DNA Replication and Mitosis Notes

Reasons why cells divide:

1. _______________________2. _______________________3. _______________________

Cell Size Limitations

Ratio of surface area to volume

Smaller cells can transport substances more easily

Diffusion is inefficient over ___________distances Cytoskeleton _______efficient when cells are larger Cellular communication ________efficient in cells

The Cell Cycle

• Three main stages of the cell cycle:

• __________________ the cells grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates its DNA. Longest phase.

• __________________the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide; includes four sub stages.

• __________________cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating two new cells.

The Cell Cycle is the series of events that take place in a ______ leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells.

The Cell Cycle__________________________cells divide via the cell cycle.____________________________cells divide via binary fission.

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Cell Cycle

The sequence of growth and _________________of a cell. An average cycle may be ________ hours Two general periods:

1. growth phase: 2. division phase:

INTERPHASE (GROWTH PHASE)Most of the cell’s life is spent in interphase__________phase –(_______% of cell’s growth)

: help to organize cell division

____________: DNA-bound protein within the nucleus

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State Description Abbreviation

Interphase Gap 1Growth Phase G1

1. Increase in size. 2. Makes new proteins andorganelles.

Interphase

Gap 0 ______________ ______________

G0

1. If cells don’t go into this phase it could cause ______________ (tumor)

SynthesisDNA is Made S

1. Chromosomes are replicated 2. New DNA molecules are made/synthesized

Gap 2 G2

1. final cell growth2. _________________ phase3. Prepares cell for mitosis4. ____________ for no mistakes in the

__________________________.5. Repairs any mistakes.

Cell division Mitosis M Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

“PMAT”

Not part of Interphase:

__________________ -cell’s DNA division

__________________- division of the cytoplasm into two new cells

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What is the name of the monomer below (think back to biomolecules)? What is the name of the polymer or macromolecule to which this monomer belongs?

DNA is a ______________________ made up of repeating _______________________ of nucleotides. DNA determines an organism’s traits by controlling the manufacturing of proteins.The sequencing of nucleotides forms________________________ genetic information.

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Scientists Discovery YearOswald Avery Discovered that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits the

genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next

Erwin Chargaff Discovered a relationship in the nitrogenous basesAdenine (A) = Thymine (T) Guanine (G) = Cytosine (C)

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.Used radioactive phosphorous and sulfur.

Rosalind Franklin ***

Know this!

Took an x-ray of the DNA __________________ so the patterns could be seen.The x-rays show that DNA is twisted around each other like a helix and has two strands.

James Watson and Francis Crick

Watson and Crick proposed that DNA is made up of 2 chains of nucleotides held together by nitrogenous bases & that the 2 strands are twisted together in a shape called a double helix.

The nucleus of a cell contains ____________________________which are made up of ____________________ _______________.Eukaryotic chromosomes contain ____________ wrapped around proteins called .Each strand of DNA is made up of subunits called ______________________.Each nucleotide is constructed of 3 parts:

a ________________ group,a _________________ molecule1 of 4 _______________bases

Purines: Adenine (A)Guanine (G)

Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C)Thymine (T

DNA Replication______________ Process by which a cell duplicates its DNA.DNA molecule separates into ______ strands, then produces _____ new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing.Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a _______________ for the new strand.

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____________(helicase) unzip DNA by breaking the _____________ ____________between the base pairs, which produces two replication forks.

DNA polymerase Joins individual _____________ to make a new strand.Proofreads each new strand.Joins the hydrogen bonds.

Ligase: Enzyme creating the bond that connect the - backbone.

Because of the hydrogen bonds, A_________________ can only bond with T____________________ & G___________________ can only bond with C___________________(A-T apples/trees; C-G cars/gas)

This is known as base pairing!

Mitosis

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The making of Body Cells (_______________________)

Terms To Know__________________ : contains genetic information (DNA) passed from one generation to the next.________________ : microtubule that helps separate chromosomes________________ - center of chromosome__________________ - two identical “sister” parts of the chromosome

4 Phases of Mitosis (PMAT)

1) Prophase2) Metaphase3) Anaphase4) Telophase

Mitosis: 4 Stages:

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Mitosis onlyPassed (prophase)My (metaphase)Algebra (anaphase)Test (telophase)

All cell cycle I (interphase)Passed (prophase)My (metaphase)Algebra (anaphase)Test (telophase)Corrections (cytokinesis)

Prophase (Primary):

1st and phase of mitosis. Chromatin condenses into (chromosomes become visible). Nuclear envelope . Centrioles migrate to poles. are formed.

Metaphase (Middle):

2nd phase of mitosis. meet in the of the cell. Chromosomes are

pulled by . Each chromosome is attached to top of spindle

Anaphase (Away):

3rd phase of mitosis are split apart are pulled apart and begin to drift to opposite poles

Telophase (Two):

Final phase of mitosis. Begins when reach poles. New starts to form. Chromosomes start to . disappear begins to divide; cell plate forms.

Cytokinesis: completely in half.Each daughter cell has an set of chromosomes.

Animal cells: The cell membrane is drawn inward forming a until the cytoplasm is pinched into 2 nearly equal parts.Plant cells: A __________ __________ gradually develops into a separating membrane.

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Cancer_________________ is a disorder where the cell has __________________________. (Does not go into the G0 phase)Cancer cells do ________ respond to regulators that control timing of cell cycle (cyclins).This causes the cells to form ____________ called ___________, which can damage surrounding tissues.Growing out of control, cancer cells produce ______________________________Cancer cells _____________ respond normally to the cell cycle control system

Divide excessivelyCan invade other tissuesMay kill the organism

If an abnormal cell avoids destruction by the immune system, it may form a tumor : abnormal cells remain at original site : abnormal cells can spread to other tissues and parts of the body : spread of cancer cells through the circulatory system

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Cancers are named according to location of originCarcinoma: external or internal body coveringsSarcoma: tissues that support the bodyLeukemia and lymphoma: blood-forming tissues

Radiation and chemotherapy are effective as cancer treatments because they interfere with ___________________

Aka:____________________________________

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