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LSU AgCenter • 4-H Youth Wetlands Program • 2015 • High School • Pearlshell Problems
Grade level: High school Subject area: Science Duration: One class period Setting: Classroom Vocabulary: Endangered species Habitat Habitat Suitability Index Hydrology Invertebrate Population density Qualitative data Sediment Threatened species Turbidity Watershed
Pearlshell Problems Teacher Instructions
Overview:
This lesson introduces students to the life history, status and preservation
of the endangered Louisiana pearlshell mussel, Margaritifera hembeli.
Students will interpret data form simulated surveys of a series of streams
and determine factors that contribute to maintaining healthy populations
of pearlshells.
Learning Objectives:
The students will:
Become familiar with the life history of Louisiana pearlshell
mussels.
Analyze and interpret sample population data.
Determine factors correlated with healthy populations of mussels
based on evidence presented in the simulated data.
Develop a series of Habitat Suitability Index models for
Louisiana pearlshell mussels
Reflect on beneficial resource management practices for the
Louisiana pearlshell mussel.
Materials List:
Computer with Internet access (optional)
Projection system (optional)
Sample topographic map (optional)
Markers (optional)
Chart paper (optional)
Grade Level Expectations:
Physical Science
Utilize mathematics, organizational tools and graphing skills to solve problems. (SI-H-A3)
Use technology when appropriate to enhance laboratory investigations and presentations of
findings. (SI-H-A3)
Gather and organize data in charts, tables and graphs. (PS-H-A1)
Biology
Describe how investigations can be observation, description, literature survey, classification
or experimentation. (SI-H-A2)
Conduct an investigation that includes multiple trials; record, organize and display data
appropriately. (SI-H-A2)
Utilize mathematics, organizational tools and graphing skills to solve problems. (SI-H-A3)
LSU AgCenter • 4-H Youth Wetlands Program • 2015 • High School • Pearlshell Problems
Use technology when appropriate to enhance laboratory investigations and presentations of
findings. (SI-H-A3)
Analyze the dynamics of a population with and without limiting factors. (LS-H-D3)
Analyze positive and negative effects of human actions on ecosystems. (LS-H-D4) (SE-H-
A7)
Explain how selected organisms respond to a variety of stimuli. (LS-H-F3)
Explain how behavior affects the survival of species. (LS-H-F4)
Environmental Science
Describe how investigations can be observation, description, literature survey, classification
or experimentation. (SI-H-A2)
Conduct an investigation that includes multiple trials; record, organize and display data
appropriately. (SI-H-A2)
Utilize mathematics, organizational tools and graphing skills to solve problems. (SI-H-A3)
Use technology when appropriate to enhance laboratory investigations and presentations of
findings. (SI-H-A3)
Explain how species in an ecosystem interact and link in a complex web. (SE-H-A7) (SE-H-
A10)
Give examples and describe the effect of pollutants on selected populations. (SE-H-A11)
Analyze data to determine the effect of preservation practices compared to conservation
practices for a sample species. (SE-H-B2)
Determine the interrelationships of clean water, land and air to the success of organisms in a
given population. (SE-H-C1)
Common Core State Standards:
E5 Read, write and speak grounded in evidence.
E3 Obtain, synthesize and report findings clearly and effectively in response to task and
purpose.
S5 Analyze and interpret data.
S6 Construct explanations and design solutions.
Vocabulary Definitions:
Endangered species – organisms at high risk of extinction through all or part of its range.
Habitat Suitability Index – a graphical, word or mathematical model showing the relationship among
various habitat conditions and the habitat’s suitability for a particular organism.
Habitat – where an organism lives.
Hydrology – the behavior of water as it occurs in the atmosphere, on the surface of the ground and
underground.
Invertebrate – animal without a backbone.
Population density – number of organisms per unit area.
LSU AgCenter • 4-H Youth Wetlands Program • 2015 • High School • Pearlshell Problems
Qualitative data – descriptions of conditions as opposed to measurements.
Sediment – fragmented material from weathering of rocks that is transported by, suspended in or
deposited by water or air, or is accumulated in beds by other natural agents.
Threatened species – organisms at high risk for becoming extinct in the foreseeable future.
Turbidity – cloudiness of water due to sediment or other suspended materials.
Watershed – an area of land that drains water to a particular stream or river.
Background Information: Invertebrate organisms are important and are not often considered components of
ecosystems. In fact, invertebrate organisms account for much of the sheer numbers and diversity of
life on earth. Invertebrates include insects, worms, clams, sponges, starfish, squid and many others.
Invertebrate organisms are very important in ecosystems. For example, insects play a role in plant
pollination and reproduction, snails and worms help recycle nutrients and beetles help control pest
populations. Many marine ecosystems are dominated by invertebrates and the role they play in food
webs.
Louisiana pearlshells, Margaritifera hembeli, are bivalve mollusks in the family
Margaritiferidae. Their origins can be traced back in the fossil record and demonstrate that they have
played role in freshwater ecosystems for several hundred million years. Like many other invertebrate
organisms, the Louisiana pearlshell mussel is currently considered an endangered species at a state
level and is also listed as a threatened species on the Endangered Species Act. (See Protecting and
Conserving Natural Resources in the General Wetlands Information for more details.) Although the
root causes of endangerment are varied, four main areas of concern are often cited: habitat changes
and loss; disruption or fragmentation; displacement by invasive species; and overharvesting. Perhaps
the biggest risk factor for these mussels has been habitat changes. In central Louisiana, where they
are found, much of its original habitat has been altered by the conversion of mixed pine hardwood
forests into agricultural uses such as logging and farming. Both of these practices alter the hydrology
and water quality of the streams that flow through the region.
Currently, the Louisiana pearlshell mussel is limited to 22 headwater streams (small
watersheds) in central Louisiana. Although these bivalves have worldwide relatives, those found in
the Red River watershed are unique and well-adapted to conditions found in the region. Surveys
conducted in the late 1990s discovered two distinct subpopulations of pearlshells on opposite sides of
the Red River. This suggests that these two populations are isolated from each other and are starting
to diverge genetically. The fact that the species currently exists in a few small isolated streams
suggests that the historic range of pearlshells was larger in the past. Data obtained in these surveys
show that pearlshell mussels occur in beds with population densities ranging from 20 per square
meter up to 300 per square meter. Population density appears to be controlled by several factors. For
example, healthy, dense populations of mussels are normally found in small sandy stable bottomed
creeks with clear (low turbidity) fast-flowing, shallow water. In contrast, numbers are low or
nonexistent in deeper stagnate pools with silt or soft bottoms resulting from sediment settling on the
bottom.
Louisiana pearlshell mussels have an oblong brown shell reaching lengths of up to about 4
inches. Louisiana pearlshell mussels have a complex life history with several stages that are
LSU AgCenter • 4-H Youth Wetlands Program • 2015 • High School • Pearlshell Problems
vulnerable to environmental change. During the spawning period, males discharge sperm into the
water. Nearby females collect the sperm by siphoning water. Females are usually fertile in late fall
and release glochidia in early winter. The glochidia are small larvae which attach to the gills of fish.
The larvae are not parasitic even though they attach themselves to a host organism. Rather, they filter
feed on the water that the fish pump over their gills. When they grow too large to remain in the gills
they detach and settle to the stream bottom as juvenile mussels. Fish thus play an important role in
dispersing mussels throughout their range and, consequently, any structure or dam that impedes fish
also impedes mussels.
As juvenile and adult mussels continue to filter feed, removing detritus from water, they rely
on currents to bring them food. Increased sediment caused by erosion from logging or farming
operations limits their ability to pull their food from the water. Changes to the landscape also affect
the volume of runoff received by streams. Practices such as clear-cutting raise stream velocities and
scour stream bottoms of sediment suitable for adult mussels. Ironically, although mussels are found
in streams, their health is tightly linked to activities on surrounding lands within their watershed.
A number of in-stream threats also contribute to the decline in mussel populations. In addition
to water impoundment from development of man-made reservoirs, beaver activity has also caused
fragmentation of populations. For example, a population of almost 1,000 mussels found in 1985 was
flooded by a beaver dam and eliminated within a year. Beaver ponds reduce stream velocity,
therefore decreasing turbidity. Much of the sediment, however, settles on stream or river bottoms,
resulting in a softer, less suitable bottom for the attachment of pearlshells. In addition, beaver dams
create physical barriers to host fish that transport mussel glochidia to new habitats. Stream habitats
also are affected by increased turbidity resulting from cattle crossing and wading in streams. Road
and bridge construction and gravel mining also have played a part in the decline of pearlshell
mussels.
Researchers study effects on fish and wildlife habitat from water or land use changes, such as
in the streams where Louisiana pearlshells live. The reports they develop are called Habitat
Suitability Index (HSI) models. These models put habitat information into a useful format for
understanding the environmental requirements of a species. The models then can be used to
determine whether an area is suitable for maintaining a healthy population. Typically, these models
reference published science sources in an effort to consolidate scientific information on species-
habitat relationships. HSI models are usually presented in three basic formats – graphic, word and
mathematical. The models should be viewed as hypotheses of species-habitat relationships rather than
statements of proven cause and effect relationships. Although the majority of HSI models are built
around quantitative data such as “percent tree canopy” shown in the beaver HIS model (fig. 1), they
also can be constructed from descriptive qualitative data. For example, field researchers may rate
variables such as stream flow and turbidity as low, medium or high. HSI models serve as a basis for
improved decision making and increased understanding of habitat relationships because they specify
hypotheses of habitat relationships that can be tested and improved.
LSU AgCenter • 4-H Youth Wetlands Program • 2015 • High School • Pearlshell Problems
Figure 1. Sample HSI model for beaver. The model shows the relationship between habitat suitability
and percent tree canopy closure. In this case, the best habitat for beaver has canopy closure between
40% and 60%. (Allen, 1982.)
Figure 2. Sample HSI model for beaver. The model shows the relationship between habitat suitability
and percent of trees ranging from 2.5 to 15.2 cm in diameter at breast height. In this case, the best
habitat for beaver is composed solely of trees in this size range. (Allen, 1982.)
Figure 3. Sample HSI model for beaver. The model shows the relationship between habitat suitability
and average height of shrub canopy adjacent to the stream. In this case, the best habitat for beaver
has a shrub canopy greater than 2.0 meters high. (Allen, 1982.)
LSU AgCenter • 4-H Youth Wetlands Program • 2015 • High School • Pearlshell Problems
Advance Preparation:
1. Make copies of:
A. Rare Animals of Louisiana: Louisiana Pearlshell (one per student)
B. Pearlshell Sampling Location Data (one per student)
C. Habitat Suitability Index Model: Louisiana Pearlshell Mussels Work Sheet (one per
student)
2. Secure computer, Internet access and projection system for image viewing(optional).
3. Secure sample topographic map (optional).
4. Collect chart paper and markers (optional).
5. Print Beaver Habitat Suitability Index (optional, see resources).
Note: Teachers may want to print a complete Habitat Suitability Index model for student
review, such as the beaver model cited in the reference section. Teachers also may want to
print and review topographic maps from the Bayou Rigolette watershed in central Louisiana
in support of this activity. Maps of the watershed can be printed for free from the Louisiana
Department of Natural Resources web-based GIS service called SONRIS. Click on the tutorial
link for instructions for use of that site (see SONRIS maps in resources list). You also may
download GoogleEarth to view the sites.
Procedure:
1. Ask students to list a few types of invertebrates. (Insects, crustaceans, spiders, sponges,
worms, clams, etc.)
2. Ask students to give a few examples of the importance of invertebrates in ecosystems. (For
example, bees’ role in pollination of crops.)
3. Explain to them that invertebrates have greater numbers, mass, diversity and importance than
any other type of life on earth, yet they are sometimes overlooked in ecosystem management.
4. Explain to students that invertebrates often suffer from endangerment for the same reasons as
other organisms that we are more familiar with. The leading causes are habitat destruction,
invasive species, habitat alteration and overharvesting.
5. If Internet access is available show students images of Louisiana pearlshell mussels. Briefly
describe the life history and biology of mussels. (More information is available in the
background and the resource section).
6. Distribute “Rare Animals of Louisiana: Louisiana Pearlshell.” Show students where
Louisiana pearlshell mussels are found using maps (such as the one in the “Rare Animals of
Louisiana: Louisiana Pearlshell” included in the Blackline Masters), Google Earth or other
methods. (Their range is on either side of the Red River at the confluence of Bayou Rapides
and Bayou Rigolette as shown in Blackline Master.)
7. Tell students that they have five minutes to review “Rare Animals of Louisiana: Louisiana
Pearlshell” and will be using their reading and a set of simulated data to determine the factors
that contribute to a healthy Louisiana pearlshell habitat. They will then use these data to
develop graphical models called Habitat Suitability Indexes for Louisiana pearlshell mussels.
8. Define Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) for the students (a graphical, word, or mathematical
model that shows the relationship between various habitat conditions and the habitat’s
suitability for a particular organism). Show examples from the beaver HSI as needed.
9. Distribute Pearlshell Sampling Location Data and Habitat Suitability Index Model: Louisiana
Pearlshell Mussels to each student.
LSU AgCenter • 4-H Youth Wetlands Program • 2015 • High School • Pearlshell Problems
10. Tell the students to read and follow the directions on the Habitat Suitability Index Model:
Louisiana Pearlshell Mussels work sheet. They should use the Pearlshell Sampling Location
Data to answer the questions. Give them 10-15 minutes to complete the work sheet.
(Optional: If class time is limited, you may assign work sheet for homework and discuss the
following class period.)
11. Optional: After students complete the work sheet, if time allows, have individual students
prepare charts showing the HSI models they created on the student work sheet. Prompt the
students to tell the story of the graph in the following form: “As ____________
(increases/decreases) the habitat suitability (increases/ decreases).”
12. Lead a closing discussion and reflection about the students’ observations on the HSI models
they created. Include any other reflection questions that may pertain to the students
understanding.
a. What relationships did you see between habitat suitability and turbidity? (As turbidity
increases, habitat becomes less suitable.)
b. Between habitat suitability and average flow? (Medium flow is most suitable; as it
increases or decreases, habitat becomes less suitable.)
c. Between habitat suitability and stream bottom? (Harder bottoms are more suitable
habitat.)
d. Between habitat suitability and average depth? (As streams become deeper, habitats
become less suitable.)
e. Between habitat suitability and land use? (Forested lands are more suitable habitat.)
f. How might we change our land use practices to lessen the impact on pearlshells?
(Avoiding logging and grazing near stream edges, leaving strips of plants to buffer”
the edges of streams to catch run off, etc.)
g. What is the significance of modeling and the Habitat Suitability Index in the
management of threatened or endangered species? (Identifies the most suitable habitat
conditions for a variety of variables, allowing managers to pinpoint issues and
improve conditions.)
13. After the discussion, collect student work sheets, and score using the Habitat Suitability Index
Model: Louisiana Pearlshell Mussels Key.
Blackline Masters:
“Rare Animals of Louisiana: Louisiana Pearlshell”
Pearlshell Sampling Locations Data
Habitat Suitability Index Model: Louisiana Pearlshell Mussels
Habitat Suitability Index Model: Louisiana Pearlshell Mussels Key
Extension Ideas:
This lesson may be used as an extension of the “Watershed” activity from the Youth Wetlands
2013 Binder, pg. 188. You also can find the lesson online at www.agcenter.lsu.edu/YWW
under the curriculum link. (or directly at
http://www.lsuagcenter.com/en/4H/about_4H/programs/science_engineering_technology/You
th+Wetlands+Week/Curriculum/)
LSU AgCenter • 4-H Youth Wetlands Program • 2015 • High School • Pearlshell Problems
Resources:
Allen, A.W. 1982. Habitat Suitability Index models: Beaver. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
publication FWS/OBS-82/10.30. http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/hsi/hsi-030.pdf
Habitat Suitability Index models from the National Wetlands Inventory along with sample HIS
models can accessed at: http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/hsi/hsiintro.htm
IUCN red list of threatened species, listing information for Louisiana pearlshell mussels:
http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/12803/0
Johnson, P.D. and Brown, K.M. 1998. Intraspecific life history variation in the threatened Louisiana
pearlshell mussel, Margaritifera hembeli, pp. 317-329. Freshwater Biology 40:2,
10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00356.x:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00356.x/pdf
Johnson, P.D. and Brown, K.M. 2000. The importance of microhabitat factors and habitat stability to
the threatened Louisiana pearlshell, Margaritifera hembeli (Conrad). Canadian Journal of
Zoology 78:271-277, 10.1139/z99-196:
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/doi/abs/10.1139/z99-196
Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Rare animals of Louisiana: Louisiana pearlshell”.
http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/fact_sheet_animal/32145-
Margaritifera%20hembeli/margaritifera_hembeli.pdf
SONRIS Maps : http://sonris-
www.dnr.state.la.us/gis/agsweb/IE/JSViewer/index.html?TemplateID=181
United States Geological Survey. Science in your watershed.
http://water.usgs.gov/wsc/glossary.html#
Rare Animals of Louisiana
Louisiana Pearlshell
Margaritifera hembeli Federal Status: Threatened (February 5, 1988; September 24, 1993) State Status: Endangered (December 20, 1989) Rarity Rank: S1/G1 Identification:
The shell of this freshwater mussel is oblong with moderately full beaks without obvious sculpture.
The posterior ridge is low, the anterior end is rounded and the ventral margin is generally straight or slightly curved.
The shell surface has uneven growth lines and, if sculptured on the posterior end, it is very faint.
The epidermis is brown to blackish and the nacre is white to purple with numerous pits. Adults are about 100 mm (3.9 in) long, 50 mm (2 in) high and 30 mm (1.2 in) wide.
Habitat: Small sandy streams within mixed pine hardwood forest. Food Habits:
Adults are detritivore Immatures are parasitic
Threats:
Siltation, pollution, and other factors affecting water quality Beaver dams may also constitute a threat by
changing the water flow in streams. Beneficial Management Practices:
Protect from siltation and pollution the streams where the species occurs
Control beaver population Monitor population Research to identify life cycle and ecology
of the species. U. S. Range: AR, LA References: NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. 2006. Version 6.1. Arlington, Virginia, USA: NatureServe. Available: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. (Accessed: Aug 28, 2009).
Gary Lester, La. Dept. of Wildlife & Fisheries
LSU AgCenter • 4-H Youth Wetlands Program • 2015 • High School • Pearlshell Problems
Pearlshell Sampling Locations and Data
Sampling location
Pearlshell density
Turbidity Flow Stream bottom
Depth Land use
1 0 / m2 Low Low Soft Deep Forest
2 150 / m2 Low Med Hard Shallow Forest
3 125 / m2 Low Med Hard Shallow Forest
4 0 / m2 Low Low Soft Deep Forest
5 65 / m2 Low Low Hard Shallow Forest/grazing
6 20 / m2 Med Med Med Shallow Grazing
7 0 / m2 High High Hard Shallow Logging
8 0 / m2 High High Hard Shallow Logging
9 17 / m2 Med Med Med Med Logging/grazing
10 0 / m2 High High Soft Deep Forest/logging
1
9
10
00
0
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Beaver Dam
Beaver Dam
Wetlands Program provided by LSU AgCenter
Pearlshell Problemsstudent activity sheet
Name ____________________________________ Date_______
Habitat Suitability Index Model: Louisiana Pearlshell Mussel Work SheetTake a few minutes to review the Pearlshell Sampling Locations and Data handout. Use your background reading and infor-mation from the sampling data to answer the following questions:
1. Which sampling location has the highest mussel density? ______________________________
2. What is the density at the location you answered for question 1? _________________________
3. Which sampling locations have the lowest mussel density? ______________________________
4. What is the density at the locations you put answered for question 3? ____________________
5. Describe the ideal habitat for mussels. (This is a type of Habitat Suitability Index model.)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Suggest two reasons turbidity is higher in logging areas.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. Suggest possible reasons the stream survey detected no mussels upstream from beaver dams.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Wetlands Program provided by LSU AgCenter
Pearlshell Problemshabitat suitability index model
(continued)
Name ____________________________________ Date_______
Look at the three graphs below. They are Habitat Suitability Index models for beaver. On the X axis is a habitat variable. On the Y axis is a rating of how good or “suitable” the habitat is, with a rating of 1.0 being best. Use the graphs to answer the following questions about beaver habitat. Keep in mind that beaver and Louisiana pearlshell mussels are competing for the same streams!
8. What is the best percent tree canopy cover closure for beaver habitat? _________________
9. True or false: A lower percentage of trees in the range of 2.5 to 15.2 cm dbh (diameter at breast height) is better for beaver habitat. _________________________
10. Fill in the blanks: As the average height of shrubs increases, the habitat is _________________until the shrubs reach an average height of ___________________________.
Wetlands Program provided by LSU AgCenter
Name ____________________________________ Date_______
Use the HSI models for beaver above and the Pearlshell Sampling Locations and Data handout to develop a series of graphical HSI models for Louisiana pearlshells. To determine the suitability index of a given variable, divide the density of pearlshells in that area by 150m2. The suitability index range is established by the following: 150m2/150m2 = 1, and 0m2/150m2 = 0. (Remember: sampling areas with a higher population density (animals per unit area) are better habi-tat, and therefore have a higher suitability index.)
11. Average Turbidity
12. Average Flow
Low Medium High
Low Medium High
Soft Medium Hard
Shallow Medium Deep
Logging Grazing Forest
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
Low Medium High
Low Medium High
Soft Medium Hard
Shallow Medium Deep
Logging Grazing Forest
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0H
abita
t Sui
tabi
lity
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
Pearlshell Problemshabitat suitability index model
(continued)
Wetlands Program provided by LSU AgCenter
Name ____________________________________ Date_______
13. Stream bottom
14. Average Depth
15. Land Use
Low Medium High
Low Medium High
Soft Medium Hard
Shallow Medium Deep
Logging Grazing Forest
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
yLow Medium High
Low Medium High
Soft Medium Hard
Shallow Medium Deep
Logging Grazing Forest
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
Low Medium High
Low Medium High
Soft Medium Hard
Shallow Medium Deep
Logging Grazing Forest
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
Pearlshell Problemshabitat suitability index model
(continued)
Wetlands Program provided by LSU AgCenter
Pearlshell Problemsstudent activity sheet-KEY
Name ____________________________________ Date_______
Habitat Suitability Index Model: Louisiana Pearlshell Mussel Work SheetTake a few minutes to review the Pearlshell Sampling Locations and Data handout. Use your back-ground reading and information from the sampling data to answer the following questions:
1. Which sampling location has the highest mussel density? (2)
2. What is the density at the location you answered for question 1? (150m2)
3. Which sampling locations have the lowest mussel density? (1,4,7,8,10)
4. What is the density at the locations you put answered for question 3? (0m2)
5. Describe the ideal habitat for mussels. (This is a type of Habitat Suitability Index model.) The data in the Pearlshell Sampling Locations and Data handout suggest that the ideal stream habitat (highest population density) is in areas with low turbidity, medium stream flow, a hard stream bottom and shallow depths surrounded by forests.
6. Suggest two reasons turbidity is higher in logging areas. (Increased turbidity results from higher erosion due to removal of forest cover. Faster stream flow and increased turbidity can be caused by in-creased runoff.)
7. Suggest possible reasons the stream survey detected no mussels upstream from beaver dams. (Increased sediment in slow-moving streams resulting from dam construc-tion changes the bottom substrate. Beaver dams can limit the range of pearlshell mussels by preventing the dispersal of glochidia by host fish.)
Wetlands Program provided by LSU AgCenter
Pearlshell Problemshabitat suitability index model-KEY
(continued)
Name ____________________________________ Date_______
Look at the three graphs below. They are Habitat Suitability Index models for beaver. On the X axis is a habitat variable. On the Y axis is a rating of how good or “suitable” the habitat is, with a rating of 1.0 being best. Use the graphs to answer the following questions about beaver habitat. Keep in mind that beaver and Louisiana pearl-shell mussels are competing for the same streams!
8. What is the best percent tree canopy cover closure for beaver habitat? (40%-60%)
9. True or false: A lower percentage of trees in the range of 2.5 to 15.2 cm dbh (diameter at breast height) is better for beaver habitat. (False)
10. Fill in the blanks: As the average height of shrubs increases, the habitat is (more suitable) until the shrubs reach an average height of (6.6 ft.).
Wetlands Program provided by LSU AgCenter
Pearlshell Problemshabitat suitability index model -KEY
(continued)
Name ____________________________________ Date_______
Use the HSI models for beaver above and the Pearlshell Sampling Locations and Data handout to develop a series of graphical HSI models for Louisiana pearlshells. To determine the suitability index of a given variable, divide the density of pearlshells in that area by 150m2. The suitability index range is established by the following: 150m2/150m2 = 1, and 0m2/150m2 = 0. (Remember: sampling areas with a higher population density (animals per unit area) are better habi-tat, and therefore have a higher suitability index.)
11. Average Turbidity
12. Average Flow
Low Medium High
Low Medium High
Soft Medium Hard
Shallow Medium Deep
Logging Grazing Forest
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0H
abita
t Sui
tabi
lity
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
Low Medium High
Low Medium High
Soft Medium Hard
Shallow Medium Deep
Logging Grazing Forest
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
Wetlands Program provided by LSU AgCenter
Pearlshell Problemshabitat suitability index model -KEY
(continued)
Name ____________________________________ Date_______
13. Stream bottom
14. Average Depth
15. Land Use
Low Medium High
Low Medium High
Soft Medium Hard
Shallow Medium Deep
Logging Grazing Forest
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
yLow Medium High
Low Medium High
Soft Medium Hard
Shallow Medium Deep
Logging Grazing Forest
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y
Logging Grazing Forest
1.0
.5
0.0
Hab
itat S
uita
bilit
y