PENN FOSTER EXAM ANSWERS 986007 HIGH SCHOOL STUDY GUIDE: MAIN IDEAS

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Study Unit: Main Ideas 986007

Penn Foster High School Exam Guide with Answers

 

TUTORIAL: Includes high school study guide with answers for sample final exam.

 

Sample exam questions:

This question is based on the following paragraph.

 

Both petroleum and coal are made up of complex carbon-based molecules, and both originated with living creatures of some kind. Both are vital sources of energy for the modern world and both were formed by geologic processes over millions of years. However, petroleum was mainly formed from the remains of ocean-dwelling microorganisms. Coal, on the other hand, originated from decayed vegetation in ancient swamps and bogs. In any case, it took millions of years for both coal and oil to be produced. This is the case because it took that much time for overlying sediments to produce the unimaginable heat and pressure that would one day allow us to harvest these energy resources.

 

1. What is one clue word or phrase in the passage that indicates a contrast?

This question is based on the following passage. The sentences are numbered to help you answer the question.

 

(1) We can’t imagine the ancient civilization of Egypt without the great Nile River. (2) Some would even say that Egypt was the gift of the Nile. (3) The Nile is the world’s longest river. (4) It flows from deep in central Africa to the Nile River Delta on the Mediterranean Sea. (5) It also has the habit of flooding over its banks once a year. (6) When this happens, rich silt is deposited along the riverbanks. (7) As a result, the soil of the Nile Valley is excellent for farming. (8) Without the Nile floods, it’s unlikely that ancient Egypt would have lasted for thousands of years.

 

2. Which one of the following clue words or group of words gives a hint that an effect is coming next?

 

This question is based on the following paragraph.

(1) Earth’s crust is made up of relatively rigid plates that ride atop Earth’s hot, semiliquid mantle. (2) The plates are called tectonic because they’re in constant motion. (3) They can move because Earth’s mantle is a very hot and semiliquid fluid called magma. (4) Volcanoes are a result of magma rising up or erupting through a plate, particularly where plate boundaries are moving against each other. (5) Also, when plates slide against each other, causing friction along adjacent plate boundaries, earthquakes frequently occur. (6)

Therefore, we often find volcanoes and earthquakes along plate boundaries. (7) Plates may also collide. (8) When that happens, mountain ranges are formed. (9) For example, the collision of the plate carrying the Indian subcontinent created the Himalayan Mountains when it collided with the Asian plate.

 

3. What is the topic sentence for this passage?

 

This question is based on the following passage.

Both Greta and Fred were on the bus that arrived in Pittsburgh. Fred was glad to be home. He looked forward to visiting with old friends. Greta, on the other hand, dreaded seeing her old boyfriend. She already missed her days in New York City.

 

4. Which one of the following phrases indicates that a contrast is being made?

 

This question is based on the following passage.

Scientists generally agree that Earth is getting warmer due to what’s called the greenhouse effect. A greenhouse used for plants stays warm because sunlight and heat coming through the glass roof are mostly trapped. The heat doesn’t radiate back into the atmosphere because it’s partly trapped by the glass. Something like that happens on Earth. The atmosphere acts like a blanket that keeps the Sun’s heat from leaking away into space.

 

5. In the first sentence, the phrase what’s called the greenhouse effect presents a/an

 

This question is based on the following paragraph.

(1) Earth’s crust is made up of relatively rigid plates that ride atop Earth’s hot, semiliquid mantle. (2) The plates are called tectonic because they’re in constant motion. (3) They can move because Earth’s mantle is a very hot and semiliquid fluid called magma. (4) Volcanoes are a result of magma rising up or erupting through a plate, particularly where plate boundaries are moving against each other. (5) Also, when plates slide against each other, causing friction along adjacent plate boundaries, earthquakes frequently occur. (6) Therefore, we often find volcanoes and earthquakes along plate boundaries. (7) Plates may also collide. (8) When that happens, mountain ranges are formed. (9) For example, the

collision of the plate carrying the Indian subcontinent created the Himalayan Mountains when it collided with the Asian plate.

 

6. Which sentence in this passage introduces a new topic that might begin a new paragraph?

 

This question is based on the following paragraph. The sentences are numbered to help you answer the question.

 

(1) Making rice pudding can be very easy. (2) First, get a large, heavy saucepan. In the pan, measure 3 cups of whole milk, 1 cup of water, 1/2 stick of margarine or butter, and 1/2 cup of rice. (3) Bring this mixture to a quick boil. (4) Lower heat and slowly simmer for 45 minutes. (5) Remove the saucepan from the heat. (6) Add one beaten egg, 1/2 cup of sugar, and 1/2 teaspoon of vanilla. (7) Stir well. (8) Serve warm or cold. (9) Enjoy your treat.

 

7. The topic sentence of this paragraph is

 

This question is based on the following passage.

I was in the National Forest with my camera. The day was crisp, and the leaves were turning gold and red. When I spotted the white-tailed buck, I froze. He wasn’t more than 15 yards from where I was standing. The wind must have been right, because he kept on browsing the mossy ground. I lifted my camera very slowly. Carefully, holding my breath, I lifted the camera to my eye. Turning the focus ring, I framed the deer’s head. Just as I was ready to press the shutter release, the buck raised his head. He was looking my way with wide eyes. Click. I took the picture. An instant later, the deer bounded away into the forest. He took off, but I had the shot. Today, the framed photo of that buck hangs above our fireplace.

 

8. What season of the year is implied by the words you read in the paragraph?

 

9. “Regular aerobic exercise gives an individual more endurance” is a sentence that shows cause and effect.

Which word indicates the cause?

 

10. What type of organization is used in a paragraph that lists similarities between two objects?

 

11. Which one of the following clue words indicates chronological order?

 

This question is based on the following paragraph.

In American society, romantic love is considered the main reason for people to marry. On the other hand, in some societies, romantic love is considered a form of obsession or madness. In fact, even in many societies where “true love” is not considered a form of insanity, arranged marriages are still the norm. For example, in many cultures it’s believed that marriage is basically an economic arrangement. Thus, a farmer needs a wife both to bear children and to share the farm work while raising new “hands” as additional farm labor. In other societies, marriage is mainly about cementing connections between families. Indeed, most marriages between members of European royal or aristocratic lineages were primarily aimed at creating trust, loyalty, and mutual obligations between privileged and powerful families.

 

12. What is the main idea in this paragraph?

 

13. Which one of the following words or phrases may be a clue that a sentence is inferring cause and effect?

 

This question is based on the following passage.

Both Seagulls and wild geese are large birds. They’re also similar in that both kinds of birds can fly over great distances. On the other hand, seagulls are scavengers, while wild geese aren’t. Seagulls, for example, are often found around garbage dumps. Geese, however, feed on things like seeds and insects. Another important difference between the two kinds of birds is that geese fly on long annual migrations of well over 1,000 miles. Seagulls will migrate far inland to search for food. However, they don’t follow seasonal patterns of migration like wild geese.

 

14. Two important contrasts between seagulls and wild geese are

 

15. Which one of the following pieces of writing would you be most likely to believe as true?

 

This question is based on the following passage.

Both Seagulls and wild geese are large birds. They’re also similar in that both kinds of birds can fly over great distances. On the other hand, seagulls are scavengers, while wild geese aren’t. Seagulls, for example, are often found around garbage dumps. Geese, however, feed on things like seeds and insects. Another important difference between the two kinds of birds is that geese fly on long annual migrations of well over 1,000 miles. Seagulls will migrate far inland to search for food. However, they don’t follow seasonal patterns of migration like wild geese.

 

16. Clue words showing that contrasts are being made in this paragraph include

 

This question is based on the following sentence.

Because the desert air was very dry, the bread became stale very rapidly.

 

17. In this sentence, what clue word best tells you that a cause is producing an effect?

 

This question is based on the following passage. The sentences are numbered to help you answer the question.

 

(1) Do you enjoy being out in the fresh air? (2) Does nature restore your spirits? (3) You might want to consider hiking as a hobby. (4) It’s a hobby you can begin with very little expense. (5) All you need to start is a good pair of hiking shoes.

 

18. The topic sentence in this paragraph is sentence number

 

This question is based on the following paragraph. The sentences are numbered to help you answer the question.

(1) My family has a quaint cottage at a small, private lake. (2) The cottage is about 75 years old, but we try to keep it in good condition. (3) The outside is white with green trim on the windows and shutters. (4) In front of the cottage is a flagstone walk that leads down to a stone patio. (5) The patio itself is right next to the water. (6) Out from the patio stretches a dock where we keep a small rowboat tied. (7) Every summer, my family sets aside a week when we all get together at the lake for a family vacation/reunion.

 

19. What purpose do sentences 3–6 serve in this paragraph?

 

This question is based on the following passage.

I was in the National Forest with my camera. The day was crisp, and the leaves were turning gold and red. When I spotted the white-tailed buck, I froze. He wasn’t more than 15 yards from where I was standing. The wind must have been right, because he kept on browsing the mossy ground. I lifted my camera very slowly. Carefully, holding my breath, I lifted the camera to my eye. Turning the focus ring, I framed the deer’s head. Just as I was ready to press the shutter release, the buck raised his head. He was looking my way with wide eyes. Click. I took the picture. An instant later, the deer bounded away into the forest. He took off, but I had the shot. Today, the framed photo of that buck hangs above our fireplace.

 

20. What, specifically, does the writer imply by saying “the wind must have been right”?