PENNY.LST 10-31-83 PAGE 1 OF 33 A PSEUDO THREE … · Up to 18,432 independent (visible) sprites (49,152 virtual . sprites ready for scrolling into the visible screen) which can be

PENNY.LST 10-31-83 PAGE 1 OF 33

A PSEUDO THREE DIMENSIONAL VIDEO GRAPHICS SYSTEM

DESIGNER: M. FILIPAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

PAGE CONTENTS

---- --------

2-6 SYSTEM INTRODUCTION

2-3 . SYSTEM FEATURES

4 . SYSTEM LIMITATIONS

5-6 . SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS

5 . . THE MAIN SYSTEM

6 . . THE VIDEO SUBSYSTEM

7-10 SYSTEM DETAILS

7 . SYSTEM MEMORY MAP

8 . SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

9 . SPRITE POSITIONING SPACE - VIRTUAL MEMORY

10 . SPRITE DEFINED

10 . PERCEPT DEFINED

10 . PENNY CHIP PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION

11-33 PROGRAMMING GUIDE

11 . GRAPHICS MEMORY MAP FOR ONE PERCEPT SHOWING FIRST SPRITE

12-13 . PERCEPT PARAMETERS DEFINED

12 . . XVP (X-ViewPort)

12 . . VWID (ViewPort WIDth)

13 . . S & E (Skip next switch & percept Enable)

14-25 . SPRITE PARAMETERS DEFINED

14 . . LOD (LOaD macro)

15 . . C & I (Color & Intensity sprite identifiers)

16 . . MAP (MAP mode)

16 . . XOFF (X-OFFset)

Document Source: atarimuseum.com

17-20 . . M & FORMAT (Multi-line switch & FORMAT mode)

17 . . . HRMC (High Resolution Multi-Color)

17 . . . HRMI (High Resolution Multi-Intensity)

18 . . . LRMC (Low Resolution Multi-Color)

18 . . . LRMI (Low Resolution Multi-Intensity)

18 . . . HRUC (High Resolution Uni-Color)

18 . . . HRUI (High Resolution Uni-Intensity)

19 . . . LRUC (Low Resolution Uni-Color)

20 . . . . USING THE AUTOMATIC COLOR GENERATION OF COLOR SPRITES

21 . . . LRUI (Low Resolution Uni-Intensity)

22 . . . . USING THE AUTOMATIC INTENSITY ADJUST OF INTENSITY SPRITES

23 . . YOFF (Y-OFFset)

23 . . HGT (HeiGhT)

23 . . ZOFF (Z-OFFset)

24-25 . . I & R (Invert & Reflect switches)

26-27 . DISPLAY PARAMETERS DEFINED

26 . . STENCIL (STENCIL mode)

27 . . XPOS, YPOS & ZPOS (X-POSition, Y-POSition & Z-POSition)

27 . . LAMINATE (LAMINATE mode)

28 . DISPLAY PRIORITIZATION ALGORITHM

29 . PALETTE MEMORY MAP

30-33 . COLOR CHART


PAGE 2 OF 33

SYSTEM FEATURES:

Pseudo three dimensional display, ie, 2D objects in 3D space,

High resolution 764 pixel/line by 246 line screen (NTSC) where one

pixel is equal to 1/4 color clock (0.025" on a 25" television),

256 levels of depth into the screen with automatic display

priority,

Display priority can be changed with a single CPU store (as

opposed to a fixed priority which requires all objects to be

reshuffled),

The 764x244x256 display is within a 2048x1024x512 virtual space to

simplify scrolling along x, y and z,

Two pixel position resolution resulting in 382 positions across the

visible portion of the screen (for a 25" television this trans-

lates to .05" per increment of position),

Two pixel resolution in color resulting in 382 color changes

across the visible portion of the screen,

Single pixel resolution in intensity resulting in 764 intensity

changes across the visible portion of the screen,

Eighty character text on a standard NTSC broadcast television,

2763 color/lum combinations in the palette (an average of 8-1/2

luminance shades of 326 basic colors) and additionally 16

separately controllable intensity levels for each pixel for a

total of 44,208 color/lum/intensity combinations,

Programmable palette gives the graphics designer full control

over all aspects of pixel color (ie, hue, luminance & intensity)


in an easily understood manner,

Fully interlaced repeat field displays for compatability with

videodisc and other electronic media,

The composite video is generated synthetically and in baseband so

that the signal is ready to be injected into the channel 2/3

moduator without color sub-carrier quadrature modulators, ratioing

circuits or color phase delay lines thereby reducing parts count

and cost, component complexity, quality assurance overhead,

frequency alignment overhead, failure rates & color drift between

samples and over time,

A single system clock frequency adjustment at the end of the

assembly line simultaneously aligns the color burst frequency, the

color phase circuity, the color sub-carrier frequency & the scan,

line and field counters (in essence, everything except the channel

2/3 modulator and the audio sub-carrier),


PAGE 3 OF 33

Automatically detects presence of external video input and

synchronizes to its signal (for videodisc, etc.) & displays it

when not displaying objects or, if no external video, displays

background color,

Sprite type graphics objects defined by position (x,y,z) and

height,

Up to 18,432 independent (visible) sprites (49,152 virtual

sprites ready for scrolling into the visible screen) which can be

used as either motion sprites or playfield sprites without

differentiation on the hardware level allowing for maximum

flexability in programming,

Four classes of sprites (color, intensity, mixed & special),

Twenty-three types of sprites with the data densities and

bandwidth required for each optimized for broadcast television

systems (NTSC, PAL & SECAM),

Sprites can be grouped together to form large pseudo 3D objects

which can then be repositioned with only three CPU stores,

Sprites can be laminated one upon another to add detailed sections

to otherwise low detail areas,

Playfield sprites can easily be used to create a 3D playfield

with up to 256 levels of foreground/background objects,

Sprites are generated and regenerated without CPU involvement,

without matrix transforms and without peripheral or internal math

packs,

Anti-aliasing designed into objects by the graphic artist in a

stright forward, easily understood and predictable manner,


Distributed processing system architecture with the graphics

subsystem separate from the main system allowing the CPU to run

at full speed without wait states or halts,

The system is expandable (it allows for the future addition of a

fully 3 dimensional video subsystem) and it is upgradable (a

future fully 3 dimensional video subsystem can be added with

minimal redesign and in minimal time to play old or new games),

Custom chips utilize hardwired logic (not microcoded) allowing

relatively low clock rate permitting larger chip geometry

resulting in increased yield and

Custom graphics chip designed using standard cell technology with

spares on chip which can be used as needed to further increase

yield.


PAGE 4 OF 33

SYSTEM LIMITATIONS/DRAWBACKS:

Extremely high horizontal resolution results in non-square pixels

which are approximately 0.061" high by 0.026" wide (on a 25" tele-

vision) slightly complicating circle drawing routines and the like,

Rotations must be accomplished by the CPU (by rotating the graphics),

Zooming (or shinking) of sprites moving toward (or away from)

the screen must be accomplished by the CPU (by zooming or shrinking

the graphics),

True perspective positioning must be done by the CPU and

The hardwiring of logic in the custom chips (as opposed to micro-

coded logic) will make any modifications to these chips

difficult, time consuming and costly.


PAGE 5 OF 33

THE MAIN SYSTEM:

1, a sixteen bit CPU;

2, 917K words of system memory space consisting of:

16K words of Operating System ROM for system operation,

interrupt processing, input/output management (contoller

routines, sound routines, videodisc handlers, playcable

loaders, etc.), graphics routines & software signiture,

1/2K words of Operating System EEPROM (electrically eraseable

programmable read only memory) for game parameter store which

can remember high scores, skill level, game progress, etc. so

that games can be resumed after power has been turned off for

periods of up to ten years,

16K words of memory mapped I/O,

885K words of mixed media/system RAM (media can be ROM as in

our present products or media subsystem consisting of videodisc

reader, playcable loader, etc.),

64K words of addressing space to allow for a future fully three

dimensional subsystem and

15.7M words of spare addressing space for expansion and

3, VIVIAN, a custom chip to perform the following functions:

dynamic system power-up configuration using CPU micro-code

store to allow one basic architecture to handle a broad mix

of memory and I/O configurations and speeds,

memory map control (gate signals) and


memory timing control (multiplex signals).


PAGE 6 OF 33

THE VIDEO SUBSYSTEM:

1, 48K words of graphics RAM containing sprite graphics and param-

meters from the CPU is overlayed into the CPU address space by

VIVIAN;

2, from one to three PENNYs, a custom chip, each of which performs

the following functions:

simultaneous generation of 32 sprites using the parameters

and data stored in graphics RAM,

reuse of each sprite generator up to 82 times per screen

(assuming all are single line sprites),

programmable grouping of sprites to form larger pseudo 3D

objects in x,y,z,

automatic visual prioritization (in z) for all sprites

within each chip with transparency pixels allowing any

sprites 'behind' to show through,

support of a virtual space over eight times larger than dis-

play space to ease program maintenance of sprite positions,

support of a display space larger than the actual screen to

simplify simultaneous x,y scrolling,

output of a four bit color (index) per pixel on the fly, with

a color index of zero designating transparency, for use by

the palette RAM and

output of a four bit intensity per pixel on the fly, with an

intensity of zero designating full (stored) intensity for

use by the HEATHER chip;


3, 4K words of color palette RAM containing chrominance and luminance

selection data from the CPU to the HEATHER chip with an inter-

mediate pixel by pixel lookup supplied on the address lines

from the PENNY chips color outputs (it is overlayed into

the CPU address space by VIVIAN for initial color stores) and

4, HEATHER, a custom chip, which performs the following functions:

Generates the baseband composite video signal,

Syncronizes to and displays an external video signal (when all

sprites are showing transparent) and

Generates the various system clocks.


PAGE 7 OF 33

SYSTEM MEMORY MAP:

______________

FFFFFF: | UNASSIGNED |

| |

. .

. 15.7M TOTAL .

. .

| |

100000: |______________|

| FUTURE 64K |

| 3D GRAPHICS |

. SUBSYSTEM .

. .

. .

| |

0F0000: |______________|

| UNASSIGNED | \

| RAM | |

|______________| |

0EC000: |_4K_PALETTE___| |

| 16K PENNY 2 | |

| GRAPHICS RAM | |

| | |

0E8000: |______________| \ GRAPHICS

| 16K PENNY 1 | / SUBSYSTEM

| GRAPHICS RAM | |

| | |

0E4000: |______________| |

| 16K PENNY 0 | |

| GRAPHICS RAM | |

| | |

0E0000: |______________| /

| SYSTEM RAM |

| | |


| v |

. .

. 869K TOTAL .

. .

| ^ |

| | |

| SYSTEM MEDIA |

00C000: |______________|

| 16K I/O MAP |

| |

| |

008000: |______________|

| 16K EEPROM |

| |

| |

004000: |______________|

| 16K OS ROM |

| |

| |

000000: |______________|


SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM: PAGE 8 OF 33

+-------+ +--------+

| CPU | | VIVIAN |===>STORE/RECALL (TO EEPROM)

| A/D|<============>H====>| |

| MC|===========>H======>| |==>H MEMORY MAPPED SELECTS

| dtack|<-----------H-H-----| | H

+-------+ H H +--------+ H +-------+

H H MEM MANAGER H==>|C GATE |===> MEDCTRL

+------------+ H H<====================>|A/D |<==> MEDA/D

| DYNAMIC cs|<------H-H------------------H +-------+

| RAM A/D|<=======>H +-------+ H +--------+

| MC|<=====>H H=====>| |======>|A ROM | 16Kx16

| | H=======>| LATCH | H-->|cs | SYSTEM

+------------+ H H +-------+ H | | ROM

SYSTEM RAM H H<=====================|D |

H H H +--------+

H H +-------+ H +------------+

H H=====>| |======>|A EEPROM | 1/2Kx16

H=======>| LATCH | H-->|cs SHADOWED | SYSTEM

H H +-------+ H | RAM | EEPROM

H H<====================>|D _ |

H H------------------H-->|r/w |

+-------+ H H store/recall=======>|C |

| PENNY | H H +-------+ H +------------+

| INTEN|=[B,8]=>H H H<====>| |<--H +----------+

| COLOR|==[11,8]=>H H=======>| MUX/ | H | DYNAMIC | 16Kx16

| A/D|<===================>| GATE |<=====>|A/D RAM | GRAPHIC

| MC|====================>| |======>|MC | RAM

+-------+ H H H H +-------+ H +----------+

+-------+ H H H H H

| PENNY | H H H H +-------+ H

| INTEN|=[7,4]=>H H H H<====>| |<--H +----------+

| COLOR|===[7,4]=>H H=======>| MUX/ | H | DYNAMIC | 16Kx16

| A/D|<===================>| GATE |<=====>|A/D RAM | GRAPHIC

| MC|====================>| |======>|MC | RAM

+-------+ H H H H +-------+ H +----------+

+-------+ H H H H H

| PENNY | H H H H +-------+ H


| INTEN|=[3,0]=>H H H H<====>| |<--V +----------+

| COLOR|===[3,0]=>H H=======>| MUX/ | | | DYNAMIC | 16Kx16

| A/D|<===================>| GATE |<==|==>|A/D RAM | GRAPHIC

| MC|====================>| |===|==>|MC | RAM

+-------+ H H H H +-------+ | +----------+

H H H H +-------+ |

H H H H=====>| |<--+ +----------+

H H H=======>| MUX/ |========>|A STATIC | 4Kx16

H H======12=>| LATCH |<==>H<==>|D _ RAM | PALETTE

H +5V-->| /GATE |----H--->|r/w | RAM

A = ADDRESS H +-------+ H +----------+

C = CONTROL H H +---------+

D = DATA H H=16=>| HEATHER | COMPOSITE

MC = MEM_CTRL H===========================12=>| |--> VIDEO TO

(r/w, cas, ras, & ale) extvideo-------->| | MODULATOR

crystal--------->| |==> SYSTEM

+---------+ CLOCKS


PAGE 9 OF 33

SPRITE POSITIONING SPACE - VIRTUAL MEMORY:

......................................

. ' `.

. ' 511 `.

. ' : `.

. ' : `.

.'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .`.

. : | : .

. : | : .

. : | : .

. : | : .

. : | : .

. : -Y : .

. : | 255_____________ : .

. : | / \ : .

. : | Z \: .

. : |/ \ .

. -1023 -------------- -X --------*-------- X --------+-+-- 1023 .

. : /| | | .

. : / | 763 920 .

. : -Z | visible | | .

. : / | | | .

. : / Y space | | .

. : / | | | .

. : -255 | | | .

. : +--243--------NTSC--+ | .

. : +--290-----------PAL--+ .

. :...............|....................: .

. ' | ` .

. . | . .

. ' | .

. . | ` .

. ' | . .

. . -511 .

. ' ` .


. . . .

. ' .

. . ` .

. ' . .

. . .

. ' . .

. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .`.


PAGE 10 OF 33

SPRITE DEFINED:

A sprite is an object which is generated, and positioned on the

television screen without requiring the cpu to handle its data.

It can consist of mixed transparent/non-transparent pixels.

There is no restriction on pixel transparency.

| height | | | x,y,z +---- width -----+

| width | | | \ | |

| x,y,z | | | \V V

| | | | +----------------+<---+

| ///////////// | |+---------+| | ////////////// | |

| /sprite/data/ |======>>| percept |======>>| ////sprite//// | height

| ///////////// | |+---------+| | ////////////// | |

| | | | +----------------+<---+

graphics memory PENNY chips television screen

PERCEPT DEFINED:

A percept is a hardware sprite generator which can be used to

generate one or more sprite incarnations. There are 32 percepts

per PENNY numbered from 0 to 31. Each percept has an initial

link. The initial link points to the attribute list for the

first sprite incarnation. Each sprite thereafter contains a link

to the next sprite incarnation for that percept in link list

fashion. Sprites cannot be reincarated on the same line and the

link list must proceed in the order of television scanning (top

to bottom) without overlap between sprites from the same percept.


PENNY CHIP PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION:

+-----------------------------------------------+

| +-------------------------------------------+ |

| | INTERFACE | |

| +-------------------------------------------+ |

| +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +---+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| +--+ P--+ +--+ +--+ | C | +--+ P--+ +--+ +--+ |

| +--+ +E-+ +--+ +--+ | O | +--+ +E-+ +--+ +--+ |

| | | | R| | | | | | N | | | | R| | | | | |

| +--+ +--C +--+ +--+ | T | +--+ +--C +--+ +--+ |

| +--+ +--+E+--+ +--+ | R | +--+ +--+E+--+ +--+ |

| | | | | P | | | | O | | | | | P | | | |

| +--+ +--+ +T-+ +--+ | L | +--+ +--+ +T-+ +--+ |

| +--+ +--+ +-S+ +--+ | | +--+ +--+ +-S+ +--+ |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +---+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ |

| +-------------------------------------------+ |

| | INTERFACE | |

| +-------------------------------------------+ |

+-----------------------------------------------+


PAGE 11 OF 33

GRAPHICS MEMORY MAP FOR ONE PERCEPT SHOWING FIRST SPRITE:

<<<<<<<<< PERCEPT PARAMETERS page 12 >>>>>>>>>

<< F D 0 >>

<< +-+-+---------------------------+>>

<< PERC: |S|E| LINK |>>----+ Skip next, percept

<< +-+-+---------------------------+>> | Enable & LINKage to

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | first sprite.

+------------------------------------------------------+

| <<<<<<<<< SPRITE PARAMETERS page 14 >>>>>>>>>>

| << F D 8 0 >>

| << +-------------+-----------------+>>

+--> << LINK: | FORMAT | YOFF |>> FORMAT & Y-OFFset

<< +-+-+---------+-----------------+>> Color priority,

<< |C|M| DISP |>>----+ Multi-data &

<< +-+-+-----------+---------------+>> | DISPlay adrs

<< | HGT | ZOFF |>> | HeiGhT & Z-OFFset

<< +-+-+-----------+---------------+>> |

<< |I|R| DATA |>>---+| Invert, Reflect

<< +-+-+---------+-----------------+>> || & DATA adrs

<< | MAP | XOFF/2 |>> || MAP mode & X-OFFset

<< +-+-+---------+-----------------+>> ||

<< |S|E| LINK |>> || Skip next, percept

<< +-+-+---------------------------+>> || Enable & LINKage to

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> || next sprite, etc.

+-----------------------------------------------------+|

| <<<<<<<<<<<< SPRITE DATA page 14 >>>>>>>>>>>>> |

| << >> |

| << +-------------------------------+>> | always two words

+--> << DATA: | |>> | per scan line in

<< +--------- sprite data ---------+>> | Multi-data

<< | |>> | displayed per

<< +-------------------------------+>> | FORMAT mode

<< | etc. |>> |

<< >> |

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |


+------------------------------------------------------+

| <<<<<<<<< DISPLAY PARAMETERS page 26 >>>>>>>>>

| << F 9 0 >>

| << +-----------+-------------------+>>

+--> << DISP: | STENCIL | YPOS |>> STENCIL mode

<< +-----------+-+-----------------+>> & Y-POSition

<< | LAMINATE |%| ZPOS |>> LAMINATE mode

<< +-----------+-+-----------------+>> & Z-POSition

<< |% % % % % %| XPOS/2 |>> X-POSition

<< +-----------+-------------------+>>

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>


PAGE 12 OF 33

PERCEPT PARAMETERS:

S & E (Skip next switch & percept Enable) DEFINED:

F E

+-+-+---------------------------+

PERC: |S|E| |

+-+-+---------------------------+

The skip next switch causes the next sprite to be skipped and

resumes processing with the succeeding sprite which is linked from

the skipped sprite as though the skipped sprite were processed

normally.

The percept enable allows the next link to be processed. If not

enabled, the percept is terminated and no further sprites will be

generated by it until the next screen.


PAGE 14 OF 33

SPRITE PARAMETERS:

F D 8 0

+-+-+---------+-----------------+

LINK: | FORMAT | YOFF | FORMAT & Y-OFFset

| page 17-20 | page 23 |

+-+-+---------+-----------------+ Color priority sw,

|C|M| DISP | Multi-data switch

|pg 14 | & DISPlay adrs

+-+-+-----------+---------------+

| HGT | ZOFF | HeiGhT & Z-OFFset

| page 23 | page 23 |

+-+-+-----------+---------------+

|I|R| DATA | Invert, Reflect

|pg 24-25 | & DATA adrs

+-+-+---------+-----------------+

| MAP | XOFF/2 | MAP mode & X-OFFset

| page 16 | page 16 |

+-+-+---------+-----------------+

|S|E| LINK | Skip next, percept

|pg 13 | Enable & LINKage to

+-+-+---------------------------+ next sprite, etc.

+-------------------------------+

DATA: | | always two words

| | per scan line in

+--------- sprite data ---------+ Multi-data

| | displayed per

| see FORMAT pages 17-20 | FORMAT mode

+-------------------------------+

| etc. |

M (Multi-data switch) DEFINED:


F

+-+-----------------------------+

LINK: |M| |

+-+-----------------------------+

The multi-data switch identifies this sprite as a multiple line

sprite. As a multi-data sprite there must be two words of data

for the sprite for each of HGT lines to be displayed. As a single

data sprite (M=0) only one line of data (two words) is evaluated

and that line is repeated HGT number of times down the screen.


FUNCTIONAL PRIORITIZATION:

There are 8192 levels of functional prioritization in each PENNY. The

functional priority is divided between software controllable and hard-

ware fixed priority fields. Soft priority has field significence over

hard priority so that the programmer always has control of functional

prioritization of sprites. Only when two sprites are coincident in

space with the same soft priority does hard priority determine which

sprite has functional priority. When portraying a three-dimensional

space, soft priority is merely the z-coordinate of the sprite and so

the terms, 'soft priority', 'z-coordinate' and 'z-level' can be used

interchangeably.

SOFT PRIORITY HARD PRIORITY

(z-level) (percept number)

-------------- ----------------

00000000 00000 Highest PENNY functional priority

00000000 00001

: :

11111111 11111 Lowest PENNY functional priority

.----------------------.

. | PERCEPT 31 |

. | lowest | HARD PRIORITY

. | . | ---------------

.--------------------------. | Within a soft

.---------------------------. | | priority level,

.----------------------------. | | | hard priority is

| PERCEPT 0 | | | | determined by

| highest | | | | percept number

| | | | | (32 levels).

| | | | |

| pixel(x,y,z,percept) | | | |

| / | | |_______|

| o | | |::::::::

| | | | |::::::'


| | | | |::::'

| | | |_|:::

| | |_|::' :

|_|__________________________|::'---:-----------.

::|:::::::::::::::::::::::::::' : Z = 255 |

| : . | : lowest | SOFT PRIORITY

| : . | : . | --------------

| : .----------------------:---. | Soft priority is

| : .-------------------------:-. | | determined by

| :----------------------------: | | | z-coordinate

| | Z = 0 | | | | (256 levels).

| | highest | | | |

| | | | |_______|

| | | | |::::::::

| | | | |::::::'

| | | | |:::::'

| | | | |::::

| | | | |::'

| | | |_|:'

| | | |::

| | |.|'

| |____________________________|:'

| ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

| PALETTE PRIORITY

| color(x,y) PENNY 0 .---------. chrom(x,y) ----------------

+--------------------->| +-----------+ System priority

| color(x,y) PENNY 1 | COLOR | lum(x,y) | is determined by

| -------------------->| +---------+ | color palette

| color(x,y) PENNY 2 | PALETTE | iselect | | mapping.

| -------------------->| +-------+ | |

| `---------' | | |

| +------------+ | |

| | | |

| inten(x,y) PENNY 0 .----V----. | |

+--------------------->| | | |

inten(x,y) PENNY 1 | INTEN | .--V-V--.

-------------------->| +----->| |

inten(x,y) PENNY 2 | MUX | | VIDEO |


-------------------->| | | +----> VIDEO

`---------' | GEN |

EXTERNAL VIDEO SIGNAL ----------------->| |

`-------'


PAGE 15 OF 33

SPRITE PARAMETERS (continued):

MAP (MAP mode) DEFINED:

F 9

+-------------+-----------------+

LINK+1: | MAP | |

+-------------+-----------------+

There are 128 map functions for each view as follows:

XOFF (X-OFFset) DEFINED:

8 0

+-------------+-----------------+

LINK+1: | | XOFF/2 |

+-------------+-----------------+

XOFF is the unsigned binary displacement added to XPOS to determine

the x-coordinate of the sprite. See XPOS for more details (page 26).


PAGE 17 OF 33


FORMAT (FORMAT mode) DEFINED:

F 9

+-------------+-----------------+

LINK+2: | FORMAT | |

+-------------+-----------------+

The FORMAT mode determines the way in which sprite data is interpreted

and displayed on the screen.


SPRITE SELECTION GUIDE

CAN BE SELF-STENCILING

| CAN BE SELF-LAMINATING

| | AUTOMATIC EDGE SMOOTHING

| | | GRAPHICS DETERMINED BY: Data# (# = NUMBER OF BITS PER ELEMENT)

| | | | COLOR DETERMINED BY: Format_code#, Graphics#, Zero#

| | | | | INTENSITY DETERMINED BY: Format_code#, Graphics#, Zero#

| | | | | | GRAPHICS ELEMENT TYPE: Fixed-length, Run-length, Area

| | | | | | | ELEMENT SIZE IN PIXELS

| | | | | | | | NUMBER OF ELEMENTS PER SPRITE

| | | | | | | | | MAX SPRITE SIZE IN PIXELS

| | | | | | | | | | + indicates offset(s), also

| | | | | | | | | | FORMAT CODE

| | | | | | | | | | |

V V V V V V V V V V V NAME & PAGE

- - - -- -- -- - -------- -- --- ------- ----------------------

Color only

X X - D4 G4 -- F 2 8 16 0000010 DAZZLER

X X - D1 F4 -- F 3(av) 32 96 100cccc AIR BRUSH

X X X D8 G4 -- R 2 to 32 4 128 0000100 SMALL CARTOON

X X X D8 G4 -- R 8 to 128 4 512 0000110 LARGE CARTOON

Intensity only

- - - D0 -- -- F 5 2 10+ 0001000 EDGE SMOOTHING

- - - D4 -- G4 F 1 8 8 0001010 DETAIL

- - - D4 -- G4 F 1 8 8 0001011 DETAIL REVERSE

- - - D8 -- G4 R 2 to 32 4 128 0001100 SMALL SHADE

- - - D8 -- G4 R 2 to 32 4 128 0001101 SMALL REVERSE

- - - D8 -- G4 R 8 to 128 4 512 0001110 LARGE SHADE

- - - D8 -- G4 R 8 to 128 4 512 0001111 LARGE REVERSE

- - - D1 -- F4 F 3 32 96 110iiii TEXTURE


Mixed color & intensity

X X X D4 G4 F4 F 2 8 16 001iiii SMALL EVENT

X X X D8 G4 F4 R 2 to 32 4 128 010iiii MEDIUM EVENT

X X X D8 G4 F4 R 8 to 128 4 512 011iiii LARGE EVENT

Non-priority Special Effects

X X X D7 -- F4 A 4 to 512 2 1024+ 111iiii DUAL DISSOLVE

Priority Special Effects

X X X D1 -- -- F 6 32 192 0000011 SCREEN

X X X D8 -- -- R 2 to 32 4 128 0000101 MEDIUM GHOST

X X X D8 -- -- R 8 to 128 4 512 0000111 LARGE GHOST

X X X D8 -- -- A 4 to 512 2 1024+ 0000001 DUAL GHOST VIEWPORT

- - - -- -- -- - -------- -- --- 101____ (future use)

- - - -- -- -- - -------- -- --- 0000000 (future use)

- - - -- -- -- - -------- -- --- 0001001 (future use)


SPRITE FAMILY TREE

DAZZLER AIR BRUSH SMALL CARTOON LARGE CARTOON SURFACE Color only

| | | | |

| | | | |

DETAIL TEXTURE SMALL SHADE LARGE SHADE | Intensity

DETAIL REVERSE | SMALL REVERSE LARGE REVERSE | only

| | | | |

| | | | |

SMALL EVENT | MEDIUM EVENT LARGE EVENT | Mixed color &

| | | | | intensity

| | | | |

| | | | DISSOLVE Priority

| | | | | special

| | | | |

| SCREEN SMALL GHOST LARGE GHOST VIEWPORT Non-priority

| | | | | special

| | | | |

| | | | |

HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW |

RESOLUTION RESOLUTION RESOLUTION RESOLUTION |

\________/ \__________/ |

| | |

FIXED RUN AREA

LENGTH LENGTH SPRITES

SPRITES SPRITES /

\_____________________|________________/

|


DAZZLER SPRITE

Optimized for high resolution poly-chromatic detail, this sprite

has 16 pixels of color graphics with color determined by the

graphics data and with full intensity (no edge smoothing).

<----- Sprite data word 1 ----> <---- Sprite data word 2 ----->

F B 7 3 0 F B 7 3 0

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

| COLOR | COLOR | COLOR | COLOR | COLOR | COLOR | COLOR | COLOR |

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

left --------------- 2 pixels per nibble ---------------> right

FORMAT COLOR color & intensity comment

------- ----- ----- --------- ----------------------------

0000010 0000 0000 0000 pixels transparent, full intensity

" else " pixels displayed

" 0001 0001 " color-1, full intensity


" : : " :


Results of storing a line of 01234567(hex) followed by a line

of 76543210(hex)

datum pt

\

*-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

| |/1/|/2/|/3/|/4/|/5/|/6/|/7/| number = color number,

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ otherwise, transparent

|/7/|/6/|/5/|/4/|/3/|/2/|/1/| |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

---->| |<---- 2 pixels


AIR BRUSH SPRITE

Optimized for high resolution mono-chromatic detail, this sprite

has 96 pixels of color graphics with color determined by either

the FORMAT parameter directly (as a color register) or by priority

(as determined by the compliment of the sum of Z-POS plus Z-OFF)

and with full intensity (no edge smoothing).


F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

left ---------- 2 pixels per & 4 pixels per ----------> right

even numbered bit odd numbered bit

FORMAT Z[7,4] C color & intensity comment

------- ------ --- ----- --------- ----------------------------

100%%%% %%%% 0 0000 0000 pixels transparent

1 " pixels displayed

1000000 " " priority determines color

" " " (15 colors plus transparent)

" 0000 " 0000 " transparent

" 0001 " 0001 " color-1, full intensity

" : " : " :

" 1111 " 1111 " color-15, full intensity

100else " " FORMAT determines color

" " (15 colors)

1000001 %%%% " 0001 " color-1, full intensity

1000010 " " 0010 " color-2, full intensity

: " " : " :

1001111 " " 1111 " color-15, full intensity

Result of storing a line of 010101... followed by a line of 101010...

+------ data word (1 or 2)


| +---- data bit (F through 0) /// = colored,

| | otherwise, transparent

V V

datum pt 1-F 1-E 1-D 1-C 1-B 1-A ... 2-1 2-0

\ | / \ | / \ | / \ | / \

*-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+

| |///////| |///////| |///////| ... | |///////|

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+

|///| |///| |///| | ... |///| |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+

---->| |<---- 2 pixels

Note the similarities and differences between this sprite

and its kin, the TEXTURE & SCREEN sprites.


SMALL CARTOON SPRITE


F B 7 3 0 F B 7 3 0

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

|L1/2-1*: C1 |L2/2-1*: C2 |L3/2-1*: C3 |L4/2-1*: C4 |

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

left ---------------- L pixels per byte ----------------> right

FORMAT Cn color & intensity comment

------- ---- ----- --------- ----------------------------





" : : " :


datum pt Two typical elements out of four total elements.

/

*-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+

|////////...//////|\\\\\\\\...\\\\\\| ... For L = Store

+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+ ------- -----

|<----- L1 ------>|<----- L2 ------>| 2 0

2 to 32 pixels 2 to 32 pixels 4 1

all color C1 all color C2 6 2

etc.

This sprite automatically generates left & right edge smoothing

for each element, see EDGE SMOOTHING SPRITE (page ) for details.

LARGE CARTOON SPRITE



F B 7 3 0 F B 7 3 0

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

|L1/8-1*: C1 |L2/8-1*: C2 |L3/8-1*: C3 |L4/8-1*: C4 |

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+


FORMAT COLOR color & intensity comment

------- ----- ----- --------- ----------------------------





" : : " :



/

*-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+

|////////...//////|\\\\\\\\...\\\\\\| ... For L = Store

+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+ ------- -----

|<----- L1 ------>|<----- L2 ------>| 8 0



etc.




SURFACE SPRITE


F E A 9 1 0 F 8 0

+-+-------+-+---------------+---+-------------+-----------------+

|S: XSLO |S: YSLO* | OFFSET/2-1* : WIDTH/2-1* |

+-+-------+-+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+


EDGE SMOOTHING SPRITE


F 6 0 F D 4 0

+-----------------+-------------+---+-----------------+---------+

| LEFTOFFSET/2* | WIDTH/2* | RIGHTOFFSET/2* ||

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+

Typical two lines of edge smoothing:

Left edge Right edge

(laminated by (laminated by

STENCIL sprite) LAMINATE sprite)

datum pt ________ __________

/ / \ / \

* --+--- ---+--

<------- LEFTOFFSET ------->|<------ WIDTH ------>|<- RIGHTOFFSET ->

--+-==+--- ---+-----+--

<----- LEFTOFFSET ----->|<----- WIDTH ----->|<---- RIGHTOFFSET ---->

--+--- ---+--

/ \

Detail of edges / \

+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+

| | | | | | | | | | | |

+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+

LEFTOFFSET ----->|<------- WIDTH ------->|<----- RIGHTOFFSET

2 to 1024 pixels | 2 to 1024 pixels | 2 to 1024 pixels

| |

0 ______ | _______________ | ______

Intensity 4 ______\ | /_______________\ | /______

8 ______ \| / _______________ \ |/ ______

Level C ______\ \_/ /_______________\ \_/ /______

F _______\_X_/_________________\_X_/_______

Intensity is interpolated RIGHTOFFSET is only needed if


for each pixel from the int- sprite is to be reflectable in

ensities of the sprites on which case LEFTOFFSET plus

either side of the edge. If WIDTH plus RIGHTOFFSET must be

either stenciling sprite does a constant for all lines.

not have priority up to its

edge, then the edge will not

be visible & will not inter-

fere with the priority sprite

(which is generating its own

edges).


DETAIL SPRITE

Optimized for high resolution multi-intensity detail, this sprite

has 8 pixels with intensity determined by the graphics data. It

is very useful for creating font characters for up to 95 columns

of text (using 95 percepts). It must be laminated to a color

sprite to be apparent.


F B 7 3 0 F B 7 3 0

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

| INTEN | INTEN | INTEN | INTEN | INTEN | INTEN | INTEN | INTEN |

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

left --------------- 1 pixel per nibble ----------------> right

datum pt

\

*-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ INTEN = 0000 ==> full intensity

| | | | | | | | | 0001 ==> 15/16 intensity

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : :

| | | | | | | | | 1111 ==> 1/16 intensity

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

---->| |<---- 1 pixel

DETAIL REVERSE SPRITE

This sprite is functionally identical to the DETAIL sprite except

that the values of INTEN stored are internally complimented before

be written on the screen resulting in an inverse video (but not

complimentary color) display. It is very useful for creation of

a cursor. Any font character can be transformed into that same

character displayed over the cursor with a single bit set in its

FORMAT field (ie, change 0001010 to 0001011).



F B 7 3 0 F B 7 3 0

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

| INTEN | INTEN | INTEN | INTEN | INTEN | INTEN | INTEN | INTEN |

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

left --------------- 1 pixel per nibble ----------------> right

datum pt

\

*-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ INTEN = 0000 ==> 1/16 intensity

| | | | | | | | | 0001 ==> 2/16 intensity

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : :

| | | | | | | | | 1111 ==> full intensity

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

---->| |<---- 1 pixel


SMALL SHADE SPRITE


F B 7 3 0 F B 7 3 0

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

|L1/2-1*: I1 |L2/2-1*: I2 |L3/2-1*: I3 |L4/2-1*: I4 |

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+



/

*-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+

|////////...//////|\\\\\\\\...\\\\\\| ... For L = Store

+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+ ------- -----

|<----- L1 ------>|<----- L2 ------>| 2 0


all intensity I1 all intensity I2 6 2

etc.

In = 0000 ==> full intensity

0001 ==> 15/16 intensity

:

1111 ==> 1/16 intensity

SMALL REVERSE SPRITE


F B 7 3 0 F B 7 3 0

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

|L1/2-1*: I1 |L2/2-1*: I2 |L3/2-1*: I3 |L4/2-1*: I4 |

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+




/

*-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+

|////////...//////|\\\\\\\\...\\\\\\| ... For L = Store

+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+ ------- -----

|<----- L1 ------>|<----- L2 ------>| 2 0



etc.

In = 0000 ==> 1/16 intensity

0001 ==> 2/16 intensity

:

1111 ==> full intensity


LARGE SHADE SPRITE


F B 7 3 0 F B 7 3 0

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

|L1/8-1*: I1 |L2/8-1*: I2 |L3/8-1*: I3 |L4/8-1*: I4 |

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+



/

*-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+

|////////...//////|\\\\\\\\...\\\\\\| ... For L = Store

+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+ ------- -----

|<----- L1 ------>|<----- L2 ------>| 8 0



etc.

In = 0000 ==> full intensity

0001 ==> 15/16 intensity

:

1111 ==> 1/16 intensity

LARGE REVERSE SPRITE


F B 7 3 0 F B 7 3 0

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

|L1/8-1*: I1 |L2/8-1*: I2 |L3/8-1*: I3 |L4/8-1*: I4 |

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+




/

*-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+

|////////...//////|\\\\\\\\...\\\\\\| ... For L = Store

+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+ ------- -----

|<----- L1 ------>|<----- L2 ------>| 8 0



etc.

In = 0000 ==> 1/16 intensity

0001 ==> 2/16 intensity

:

1111 ==> full intensity


TEXTURE SPRITE

Optimized for high resolution mono-intensity detail, this sprite

has 96 pixels of intensity graphics with intensity determined by

either the FORMAT parameter directly (as an intensity register)

or by priority (as determined by the compliment of the sum of Z-

POS plus Z-OFF) and with transparent color. It must be laminated

to a color sprite to be apparent.


F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|I|

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

left ---------------- 3 pixels per bit -----------------> right

FORMAT Z[7,4] I color & intensity comment

------- ------ --- ----- --------- ----------------------------

110%%%% %%%% 0 none 0000 unmodified (full) intensity

1 " pixel intensity modified

1100000 " " priority determines intensity

" " " (16 intensities)

" 0000 " " 0000 full intensity

" 0001 " " 0001 15/16 intensity

" : " " : :

" 1111 " " 1111 1/16 intensity

110else " " FORMAT determines intensity

" " (15 intensities)

1100001 %%%% " " 0001 15/16 intensity

1100010 " " " 0010 14/16 intensity

: " " " : :

1101111 " " " 1111 1/16 intensity



+------ data word (1 or 2)

| +---- data bit (F through 0) /// = intensity modified

| | otherwise, full inten.

V V

datum pt 1-F 1-E 1-D 1-C 1-B 1-A ... 2-1 2-0

\ | | | | | | | |

*-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+

| |/////| |/////| |/////| ... | |/////|

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+

|/////| |/////| |/////| | ... |/////| |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+

---->| |<---- 3 pixels


and its kin, the AIR BRUSH & SCREEN sprites.


SMALL EVENT SPRITE


F B 7 3 0 F B 7 3 0

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

| C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C |

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

left --------------- 2 pixels per nibble ---------------> right

FORMAT Z[7,4] C color & intensity comment

------- ------ ---- ----- --------- ----------------------------

001%%%% %%%% 0000 0000 0000 pixels transparent, full intensity

0001 0001 pixels displayed in color-1




" 0001 " " 0001 15/16 intensity

" : " " : :

" 1110 " " 1111 1/16 intensity



0010001 %%%% " " 0001 15/16 intensity

0010010 " " " 0010 14/16 intensity

: " " " : :

0011111 " " " 1111 1/16 intensity


: : intensity determined as above

: : :


intensity determined as above

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

| | | | | | | | |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

| | | | | | | | |


+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


MEDIUM EVENT SPRITE


F B 7 3 0 F B 7 3 0

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

|L1/2-1*: C1 |L2/2-1*: C2 |L3/2-1*: C3 |L4/2-1*: C4 |

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+


FORMAT Z[7,4] Cn color & intensity comment

------- ------ ---- ----- --------- ----------------------------






" 0001 " " 0001 15/16 intensity

" : " " : :

" 1111 " " 1111 1/16 intensity



0100001 %%%% " " 0001 15/16 intensity

0100010 " " " 0010 14/16 intensity

: " " " : :

0101111 " " " 1111 1/16 intensity



: : :




/

*-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+

|////////...//////|\\\\\\\\...\\\\\\| ... For L = Store


+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+ ------- -----

|<----- L1 ------>|<----- L2 ------>| 2 0



etc.




LARGE EVENT SPRITE


F C B 8 7 4 3 0 F C B 8 7 4 3 0

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

|L1/8-1*: C1 |L2/8-1*: C2 |L3/8-1*: C3 |L4/8-1*: C4 |

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+


FORMAT Z[7,4] Cn color & intensity comment

------- ------ ---- ----- --------- ----------------------------






" 0001 " " 0001 15/16 intensity

" : " " : :

" 1111 " " 1111 1/16 intensity



0110001 %%%% " " 0001 15/16 intensity

0110010 " " " 0010 14/16 intensity

: " " " : :

0111111 " " " 1111 1/16 intensity



: : :




/

*-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+

|////////...//////|\\\\\\\\...\\\\\\| ... For L = Store


+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+ ------- -----

|<----- L1 ------>|<----- L2 ------>| 8 0



etc.




DISSOLVE SPRITE


F 9 2 0 F C 5 0

+-----------+-------------+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+

| LEFTOFF* | LEFTAREA* | CENTOFF* | RIGHTAREA* | RIGHTOFF* |

+-----------+-------------+-----------+-------------+-----------+

left --------------

SCREEN SPRITE

This sprite does not have any color or intensity associated with

it's graphics. It functions as a programmable switch to make the

sprites 'behind' it within the same PENNY, invisible. Sprites

'in front' of it or from other PENNYs are not affected.


F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|S|

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

left ---------------- 6 pixels per bit -----------------> right

S = 0 ==> screen off, pixels generated by this PENNY behave

normally.

1 ==> screen on, all pixels generated by this PENNY

which have a lower priority dissappear.


+------ data word (1 or 2) /// = screen on

| +---- data bit (F through 0) else, screen off


| |

V V

datum pt 1-F 1-E 1-D ... 2-0

\ | | | |

*-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+

| |///////////| | ... |///////////|

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+

|///////////| |///////////| ... | |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+


and its kin, the AIR BRUSH & TEXTURE sprites.

DUAL GHOST VIEWPORT SPRITE


F 9 2 0 F C 5 0

+-----------+-------------+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+

| LEFTOFF* | LEFTAREA* | CENTOFF* | RGTAREA* |

+-----------+-------------+-----------+-------------+-----------+


PAGE 20 OF 33

USING THE AUTOMATIC COLOR GENERATION OF COLOR SPRITES:

COLOR __ range of z __

\ \

.________________________________

|\ 1111 \ 224,255

| \_______________________________\

| |\ 1110 \ 192,223

| | \_______________________________\

| | |\ 1101 \ 160,191

| | | \_______________________________\

| | | |\ 1100 \ 128,159

| | | | \_______________________________\

| | | | |\ 1011 \ 96,127

| | | | | \_______________________________\

| | | | | |\ 1010 \ 64,95

| | | | | | \_______________________________\

| | | | | | |\ 1001 \ 32,63

| | | | | | | \_______________________________\

\ | | | | | | |\ 1000 \ 0,31

\| | | | | | | \_______________________________\

\ | | | | | | | |

\| | | | | | | |

\ | | | | | | |

\| | | | | | |

\ | | | | | |

\| | | | | |

\ | | | | television screen |

\| | | | |

\ | | | |

\| | | |

\ | | |

\| | |

\ | |

\|_______________________________|


Color is generated automatically, as a function of the on-the-fly

z-coordinate, but will affect ONLY this sprite's color and NOT the

color of laminated sprites. The color is processed by the palette

RAM in the normal way so that the final result is dependent upon

the colors selected by the programmer for COLOR = '1xxx'. Note

that this scheme gives 8 color-levels with each color-level

encompassing 32 depth-levels in z.


PAGE 22 OF 33

USING THE AUTOMATIC INTENSITY ADJUST OF INTENSITY SPRITES:

value resulting range

of INTEN __ intensity __ of z __

\ \ \

.________________________________

|\_____________1111______________\ 1/16 240,255

||\_____________1110______________\ 2/16 224,239

|||\_____________1101______________\ 3/16 208,223

||||\_____________1100______________\ 4/16 192,207

|||||\_____________1011______________\ 5/16 176,191

||||||\_____________1010______________\ 6/16 160,175

|||||||\_____________1001______________\ 7/16 144,159

||||||||\_____________1000______________\ 8/16 128,143

|||||||||\_____________0111______________\ 9/16 112,127

||||||||||\_____________0110______________\ 10/16 96,111

|||||||||||\_____________0101______________\ 11/16 80,95

||||||||||||\_____________0100______________\ 12/16 64,79

|||||||||||||\_____________0011______________\ 13/16 48,63

||||||||||||||\_____________0010______________\ 14/16 32,47

\||||||||||||||\_____________0001______________\ 15/16 16,31

\||||||||||||||\_____________0000______________\ 16/16 0,15

\|||||||||||||| | (full)

\||||||||||||| |

\|||||||||||| |

\||||||||||| |

\|||||||||| |

\||||||||| |

\|||||||| television screen |

\||||||| |

\|||||| |

\||||| |

\|||| |

\||| |

\|| |


\|_______________________________|

INTENsity factor is generated automatically, as a function of the

on-the-fly z-coordinate, for use in adjusting the intensity of ALL

sprites which use this sprite for laminating. Note that this scheme

gives 16 intensity-levels with each intensity-level encompassing 16

depth-levels in z.


PAGE 23 OF 33

YOFF (Y-OFFset) DEFINED:

8 0

+-------------+-----------------+

LINK+2: | | YOFF |

+-------------+-----------------+

YOFF is the unsigned binary displacement added to YPOS to determine

the y-coordinate of the sprite. See YPOS for more details (page 26).

HGT (HeiGhT) DEFINED:

F 8

+---------------+---------------+

LINK+3: | HGT | |

+---------------+---------------+

Height is a number which defines the vertical height in scan lines

for the sprite. If the Multiline switch is true then each of HGT

number of lines in the sprite will be distinct as determined by each

of HGT number of lines of sprite data. If the Multiline switch is

false then each of HGT number of lines in the sprite will be

identically the first (and only) line of sprite data. Remember

that a line of sprite data is always two words long.

ZOFF (Z-OFFset) DEFINED:

7 0

+---------------+---------------+

LINK+3: | | ZOFF |

+---------------+---------------+

ZOFF is the unsigned binary displacement added to ZPOS to determine

the z-coordinate of the sprite. See ZPOS for more details (page 26).



PAGE 24 OF 33


I & R (Invert & Reflect switches) DEFINED:

F E

+-+-+---------------------------+

LINK+4: |I|R| |

+-+-+---------------------------+

Invert and reflect work on sprite data and do just as the names

imply. Care and thought must be exercised in determining the X,Y,Z-

POSitions/OFFsets for inverted and/or reflected data especially when

topiaries are involved. The following rules apply for topiaries:

I R operation comment

- - -------------- -------

0 0 datum view signs of YAW, XINC & ZINC used as

stored, T/FWIDL used & DATA points

to the first line of sprite data.

0 1 reflected view signs of YAW & XINC automatically

reversed, T/FWIDR used, DATA points

to the first line of sprite data &

X,Y,ZOFF must be adjusted.

1 0 inverted view signs of XINC & ZINC automatically

reversed, T/FWIDL used, DATA points

to the last line of sprite data &


1 1 inverted and signs of YAW & ZINC automatically

reflected view reversed, T/FWIDR used, DATA points

to the last line of sprite data &


As an aid for remembering the rules above, visualize the top view

of the pyramid below and understand the two alternative methods of

constucting and using the basic surface which are found on the next


page.

X,Y,ZPOS = X_PYRAMID,Y_PYRAMID,Z_PYRAMID_APEX

| |

v v

* o --- * + ---

/|\ | /|\ |

/-|-\ | //|\\ |

/--|--\ 600ft ///|\\\ |

/---|---\ | ////|\\\\ |

/----|----\ | /////|\\\\\ |

ground -- +-----+-----+ --- +-----o-----+ 600ft

level \\\\\|///// |

\\\\|//// |

FRONT VIEW \\\|/// | TOP VIEW

\\|// |

\|/ |

+ ---

let incremental of x,y,z = 100ft |__ 600ft __|

| |


PAGE 25 OF 33


I & R (Invert & Reflect switches) DEFINED (continued):

---- TWO ALTERNATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE BASIC SURFACE ----

BASIC SURFACE WITH BASIC SURFACE WITH

YAW = -45, XINC = 0 & ZINC = -1 YAW = -45, XINC = -1 & ZINC = 0

==================================== ====================================

S:YAW S:XINC S:ZINC TWIDL CWID TWIDR S:YAW S:XINC S:ZINC TWIDL CWID TWIDR

- --- - ---- - ---- ----- ---- ----- - --- - ---- - ---- ----- ---- -----

1 8 0 P3,0 1 P3,1 P6,6 P8,1 P6,0 1 8 1 P3,1 0 P3,0 P6,0 P8,1 P6,6

1 8 0 P3,0 1 P3,1 P6,5 P8,2 P6,0 1 8 1 P3,1 0 P3,0 P6,0 P8,2 P6,5

1 8 0 P3,0 1 P3,1 P6,4 P8,3 P6,0 1 8 1 P3,1 0 P3,0 P6,0 P8,3 P6,4

1 8 0 P3,0 1 P3,1 P6,3 P8,4 P6,0 1 8 1 P3,1 0 P3,0 P6,0 P8,4 P6,3

1 8 0 P3,0 1 P3,1 P6,2 P8,5 P6,0 1 8 1 P3,1 0 P3,0 P6,0 P8,5 P6,2

1 8 0 P3,0 1 P3,1 P6,1 P8,6 P6,0 1 8 1 P3,1 0 P3,0 P6,0 P8,6 P6,1

1 8 0 P3,0 1 P3,1 P6,0 P8,7 P6,0 1 8 1 P3,1 0 P3,0 P6,0 P8,7 P6,0

NOTE: Pm,n is an assembler instruction to assemble a polycode number

of width 'm' and of value 'n'. For example, P8,6 assembles to

01111111 (binary) which is the eight bit polycode represent-

ation of six.

------- VIEW OF BASIC SURFACE GENERATED BY EACH METHOD --------

. - - + + - - -

/: /| /| '

600ft : //| //| '

below : ///| ///| '

gnd : ////| ////| '

://///| /////| '

+-----o +-----o'

/ / / /

ground level 600ft above gnd ground level 600ft above gnd

--- SURFACES GENERATED FROM BASIC SURFACE BY INVERSION & REFLECTION ---


+-- X,Y,ZOFF +-- X,Y,ZOFF +-- X,Y,ZOFF +-- X,Y,ZOFF

| = 0,0,12 | = 6,0,6 | = 6,0,6 | = 0,0,0

v v v v

. - - + + - - . + - - - - - - +

: /| |\ : /| ' ` |\

: //| |\\ : //| ' ` |\\

: ///| |\\\ : ///| ' ` |\\\

: ////| |\\\\ : ////| ' ` |\\\\

://///| |\R\\\: /////| ' ` |\R\\\

+-----o o-----+ +-----o `o-----+

+-- X,Y,ZOFF +-- X,Y,ZOFF +-- X,Y,ZOFF +-- X,Y,ZOFF

| = 0,6,6 | = 6,6,0 | = 0,6,6 | = 6,6,0

v v v v

+-----o o-----+ +-----o o-----+

:\\\I\| |/IR//: \\\I\|` '|/IR//

: \\\\| |//// : \\\\| ` ' |////

: \\\| |/// : \\\| ` ' |///

: \\| |// : \\| ` ' |//

: \| |/ : \| ` ' |/

` - - + + - - ' + - - ` ' - - +


PAGE 26 OF 33

DISPLAY PARAMETERS:

F 9 0

+-----------+-------------------+

DISP: | STENCIL | YPOS | STENCIL mode

| page 26 | page 27 | & Y-POSition

+-----------+-+-----------------+

| LAMINATE |%| ZPOS | LAMINATE mode

| page 27 | | page 27 | & Z-POSition

+-----------+-+-----------------+

|% % % % % %| XPOS/2 | X-POSition

| | page 27 |

+-----------+-------------------+

STENCIL (STENCIL mode) DEFINED:

F A

+-----------+-------------------+

DISP: | STENCIL | |

+-----------+-------------------+

There are 33 stencil modes for each DISPlay as follows:

0%%%%% - all sprites referencing this DISPlay are self-stenciling

(ie, their own stencils determine their display).

1nnnnn - all sprites referencing this DISPlay are stenciled

according to the stencil of the sprite currently being

generated by percept 'nnnnn'.

With stenciling on, the resultant display will be the topological

intersection of the stenciled sprite and the stenciling sprite, thus:

STENCILED +++

SPRITE +++++


+++****ooooooo ++++ooooooo RESULTING

++++*****oooooo +++++oooooo SCREEN DISPLAY

+++++****++ oooo =====> ++++ oooo

++++++****+++oooo =====> ++++ oooo

+++++++****+++*ooo ++++ +ooo

++++++++****+++**oo ++++ ++oo

oooo oooo oooo oooo

ooooooooooo STENCILING ooooooooooo

ooooooooooo SPRITE ooooooooooo

Stenciling is performed irrespective of z-position. Stenciling

is performed in x & y only.

Stenciling is different from masking. A mask defines the area

where a sprite IS NOT to appear, however, a stencil defines the

area where a sprite IS to appear. Masks are data intensive and

they are useless except as masks. Stencils are data conservative

since only the area of interest is reproduced in the data and a

stencil can also be used as a graphic sprite for display purposes.


PAGE 27 OF 33

DISPLAY PARAMETERS (continued):

XPOS, YPOS & ZPOS (X-POSition, Y-POSition & Z-POSition) DEFINED:

9 0

+-----------+-------------------+

DISP: | | YPOS |

+-----------+-+-----------------+

| | ZPOS |

+-----------+-+-----------------+

| | XPOS/2 |

+-----------+-------------------+

These signed binaries are the x,y & z values of course or group

positioning to which XOFF, YOFF & ZOFF are added to arrive at the

sprite's true x, y & z positions on the screen. Both these par-

ameters and their associated offsets are full resolution and full

screen so that they can be individually used to perform complete

positioning. The presence of the offsetting ability, though, makes

group motion and/or screen scrolling much easier.

For example, suppose that there are a number of playfield objects in

static relationship with each other. If they are all offset from a

single position contained in this parameter group, and they all point

to this parameter group with their DISPlay pointers, then they can be

simultaneousy scrolled in X and/or Y and/or Z with one to three

stores to these locations. Further, suppose that a moving object

consists of a number of other sprites layered and/or arranged

together. With appropriate offsets from a group position stored

here, that moving object can be repositioned with from one to three

stores. A combination of moving objects and scrolling playfield

objects can be managed with two or more DISPlay parameter groups.

LAMINATE (LAMINATE mode) DEFINED:


F A

+-----------+-------------------+

DISP+1: | LAMINATE | |

+-----------+-------------------+

There are 33 laminate modes for each DISPlay as follows:

0%%%%% - all sprites referencing this DISPlay are self-laminating

(ie, their own laminates determine their display).

1nnnnn - all sprites referencing this DISPlay are laminated

according to the laminate of the sprite currently being

generated by percept 'nnnnn'.

Laminating provides a surface upon which graphic sprites must

project their data. The laminating sprite can either be a planer

or a surface. Laminating sprites are the only participants in

automatic z-prioritization. A graphic sprite must be laminated

to appear on the screen. A sprite can laminate itself either by

setting the LAMINATE mode to its own percept number or by setting

the LAMINATE mode to zero (so that all sprites referencing the

display parameters laminate themselves).


PAGE 28 OF 33

DISPLAY PRIORITIZATION HARDWARE ALGORITHM:

+---------------------------+

| wait for next color clock <--------------------------------------+

+---------------------------+ |

| clear flags | |

| set INTEN = COLOR = 0000 | |

+-------------v-------------+ |

| |

------------V-------------- no |

< non-zero data to output ? >------------------------------------>+

------------v-------------- |

| yes |

------------V------------- yes +------------+ |

< self-laminating sprite ? >--------------> update X,Z | |

------------v------------- +-----v------+ |

| no | |

----------V---------- no | |

< master's flag set ? >-----------------------|---------------->+

----------v---------- ----------V----------- |

| yes +----------+ yes < lowest Z of all > no |

+<----+ set flag <------< laminates in block ? >---->+

| +----------+ ---------------------- |

-----------V----------- no |

< self-stencil sprite ? >-------------------+ |

-----------v----------- | |

| yes ----------V---------- no |

+-----V----+ < master's flag set ? >-------->+

| set flag | ----------v---------- |

+-----v----+ | yes |

| | |

+<------------------------------+ |

| |

----------------V---------------- yes +------------------+ |

< is sprite an intensity sprite ? >------> set INTEN = data | |

----------------v---------------- +--------v---------+ |

| no | |


+<-------------------------------+ |

| |

-------------V-------------- no |

< is sprite a color sprite ? >------------------------------------>+

-------------v-------------- |

| yes |

-----------V------------- |

< lowest numbered color > yes +------------------+ |

< percept in this block ? >---------> set COLOR = data +-------->+

-----------v------------- +------------------+ |

| no |

+--------------------------------------------------->+


PAGE 29 OF 33

PALETTE MEMORY MAP:

+--------------------------- COLOR[11,8] ; from PENNY2

|+-------------------------- COLOR[7,4] ; from PENNY1

||+------------------------- COLOR[3,0] ; from PENNY0

|||

||| F A 5 1 0 <--- bit

VVV +---------+---------+-------+---+

0EC000: | LUM | P1 | P0 |ISS| This is the background color

+---------+---------+-------+---+ or external video switch.

+---------+---------+-------+---+

0EC00k: | LUM | P1 | P0 |ISS| This is PENNY0 color-k.

+---------+---------+-------+---+

+---------+---------+-------+---+

0EC0j0: | LUM | P1 | P0 |ISS| This is PENNY1 color-j.

+---------+---------+-------+---+

+---------+---------+-------+---+

0ECi00: | LUM | P1 | P0 |ISS| This is PENNY2 color-i.

+---------+---------+-------+---+

+---------+---------+-------+---+

0ECijk: | LUM | P1 | P0 |ISS| Combinations of colors can

+---------+---------+-------+---+ be used to determine visual

^ ^ ^ ^ priority between PENNY's or

| | | | for color mixing, shading,

LUMinance Phaser1 Phaser0 | special effects, etc.

|

Intensity Source Select --------------+

00 ==> intensity determined by intensity sprite from PENNY0



11 ==> full intensity commensurate with stored luminance & phasers

TWO METHODS OF GENERATING COLORS:

1, Select values for LUM, P1 & P0 from the color charts on the next

four pages or


2, Calculate values for LUM, P1 & P0 as follows:

;; given desired amount of intensity of primary colors

off = 0 =< R,G,B =< 23.9 = brightest

;; store LUMinance

LUM = INTEGER[.30*R+.59*G+.11*B+.49]

;; store Phaser1

TEMP = .877*(.70*R-.59*G-.11*B)

P1 = INTEGER[TEMP-.49] ; if TEMP < 0

P1 = INTEGER[TEMP+.49] ; if TEMP >= 0

;; & store Phaser0

TEMP = .493*(.89*B-.30*R-.59*G)

P0 = INTEGER[TEMP-.49]MOD16 ; if TEMP < 0

P0 = INTEGER[TEMP/2+.49]MOD16 ; if TEMP >= 0


PAGE 30 OF 33

legal NTSC ----> *m <--- minimum allowable LUM for this color point

color point n <--- maximum allowable LUM for this color point

NTSC COLOR CHART (FIRST QUADRANT)

V A L U E S O F P 0

---------------------------------------------------

0 1 2 3 4 5

+ + + + + + 16 |

| |

| |

+ + + + + + 15 |

| |

| |

*9 + + + + + 14 |

|9 |

| |

*8 *9 *10 + + + 13 |

|9 9 10 |

| |

*7 *8 *9 *10 + 12 |

|10 10 10 11 PURE |

| +---+ MAGENTA |

*7 *8 *8 |*9 | + 11 | V

|12 12 11 | 11| | A

| +---+ | L

*6 *7 *8 *9 + + 10 | U

|12 13 13 12 | E

| | S

*6 *6 *7 *8 + + 9 |

|14 13 14 12 | O

| | F

*5 *6 *7 *7 *8 + 8 |

|15 15 15 12 8 | P

| | 1


*5 *5 *6 *7 *8 + 7 |

|16 16 16 12 8 |

| |

*4 *5 *5 *6 *7 + 6 |

|17 17 15 12 8 |

| |

*3 *4 *5 *6 *6 + 5 |

|18 18 16 12 7 |

| |

*3 *4 *4 *5 *6 + 4 |

|20 20 16 12 8 |

| |

*2 *3 *4 *5 *5 + 3 |

|20 20 16 12 8 |

| |

*2 *2 *3 *4 *5 + 2 |

|22 20 16 12 8 |

| |

*1 *2 *3 *3 *4 + 1 |

|23 20 16 11 8 |

| |

*0 -------*1 -------*2 -------*3 -------*4 -------+ 0 |

24 20 16 12 8


PAGE 31 OF 33

CROSS POINTS (+) ARE ILLEGAL NTSC COLORS...BUT THEY

CAN BE USED FOR MONITORS. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM

LUM VALUES DO NOT APPLY TO MONITORS EITHER.

NTSC COLOR CHART (SECOND QUADRANT)

V A L U E S O F P 0

---------------------------------------------------

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0

| 16 + + + + + + + + + + +

| |

| |

| 15 + + + + + + + + + + +

| |

| |

| 14 + + + + + + PURE *9 *9 *9 *9

| RED 9 9 9 |9

| |

| 13 + + + + + + *9 *8 *8 *8 *8

| 10 10 8 9 |9

| +---+ |

| 12 + + + + + *11 *9 |*7 | *7 *7 *7

| 11 11 | 11| 9 9 |10

| +---+ |

V | 11 + + + + + *11 *9 *7 *6 *6 *7

A | 12 12 12 10 10 |12

L | |

U | 10 + + + + *13 *11 *9 *7 *6 *6 *6

E | 13 13 13 13 12 12 |12

S | |

| 9 + + + + *13 *11 *9 *7 *5 *5 *6

O | 14 14 14 14 14 13 |14

F | |

| 8 + + + *15 *13 *11 *9 *7 *5 *5 *5

P | 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 |15

1 | |


| 7 + + + *15 *13 *11 *9 *7 *5 *4 *5

| 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 |16

| |

| 6 + + *17 *15 *13 *11 *9 *7 *5 *4 *4

| 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 |17

| |

| 5 + + *17 *15 *13 *11 *9 *7 *5 *3 *3

| 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 18 |18

| |

| 4 + *19 *17 *15 *13 *11 *9 *7 *5 *3 *3

| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |20

| |

| 3 + *19 *17 *15 *13 *11 *9 *7 *5 *3 *2

| 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 |20

| +---+ |

| 2 |*19| *17 *15 *13 *11 *9 *7 *5 *3 *2

| PURE | 22| 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 |22

| YELLOW +---+ |

| 1 *19 *17 *15 *13 *11 *9 *7 *5 *3 *1

| 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 |23

| |

| 0 +----*19 -*17 -*15 -*13 -*11 -*9 --*7 --*5 --*3 --*0

21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 24


PAGE 32 OF 33

| 0 +----*19 -*17 -*15 -*13 -*11 -*9 --*7 --*5 --*3 --*0

| 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 |24

| |

| 31 + *19 *17 *15 *13 *11 *9 *7 *5 *3 *2

| 20 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 |23

| |

| 30 + *19 *17 *15 *13 *11 *9 *7 *5 *3 *3

| 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 |23

| |

| 29 + *19 *17 *15 *13 *11 *9 *7 *5 *4 *4

| 19 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 |22

| |

V | 28 + + *17 *15 *13 *11 *9 *7 *5 *5 *5

A | 19 19 20 20 21 21 21 21 |22

L | |

U | 27 + + *17 *15 *13 *11 *9 *7 *6 *6 *6

E | 18 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 |21

S | |

| 26 + + *17 *15 *13 *11 *9 *7 *7 *7 *7

O | 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 20 |20

F | |

| 25 + + *17 *15 *13 *11 *8 *8 *8 *8 *8

P | 17 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 |19

1 | |

| 24 + + *17 *15 *13 *11 *10 *10 *10 *10 *10

| 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 |19

| |

| 23 + + + *15 *13 *11 *11 *11 *11 *11 *11

| 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 |19

| |

| 22 + + + *15 *13 *12 *12 *12 *12 *12 *12

| 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 |18

| +---+ |


| 21 + + + *15 |*13| *13 *13 *13 *13 *13 *13

| 15 | 15| 16 16 16 17 17 |18

| +---+ |

| 20 + + + *15 *14 *14 *14 *14 *14 *14 *14

| 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 |17

| PURE |

| 19 + + GREEN + + *15 *15 *15 *15 *15

| 15 15 15 16 |16

| |

| 18 + + + + + + + + + + +

| |

| |

| 17 + + + + + + + + + + +

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0

---------------------------------------------------

V A L U E S O F P 0

NTSC COLOR CHART (THIRD QUADRANT)


PAGE 33 OF 33

*0 -------*1 -------*2 -------*3 -------*4 -------+ 0 |

|24 20 16 12 8 |

| |

*2 *2 *2 *2 *3 *5 31 |

|23 20 16 12 8 5 |

| +---+ |

*3 *3 *3 *3 |*3 | *5 30 |

|23 20 16 12 | 8 | PURE 5 |

| +---+ BLUE |

*4 *4 *4 *4 *4 *5 29 |

|22 20 16 12 8 5 |

| |

*5 *5 *5 *5 *5 + 28 | V

|22 20 16 12 8 | A

| | L

*6 *6 *6 *6 *6 + 27 | U

|21 20 16 12 8 | E

| | S

*7 *7 *7 *7 *7 + 26 |

|20 20 16 11 7 | O

| | F

*8 *8 *8 *8 + + 25 |

|19 19 15 11 | P

| +---+ | 1

*10 |*10| *10 *10 + + 24 |

|19 | 20| 16 12 |

| +---+ PURE |

*11 *11 CYAN *11 *11 + + 23 |

|19 20 16 12 |

| |

*12 *12 *12 *12 + + 22 |

|18 19 16 12 |

| |


*13 *13 *13 + + + 21 |

|18 18 16 |

| |

*14 *14 *14 + + + 20 |

|17 18 16 |

| |

*15 *15 *15 + + + 19 |

|16 17 16 |

| |

+ + + + + + 18 |

| |

| |

+ + + + + + 17 |

0 1 2 3 4 5

---------------------------------------------------

V A L U E S O F P 0 +---------+

| IF THIS |

NTSC COLOR CHART (FOURTH QUADRANT) |IS SQUARE|

| DRAWING |

PREPARED BY MARK FILIPAK | CAN BE |

| SCALED |

+---------+






Documents

PENNY.LST 10-31-83 PAGE 1 OF 33 A PSEUDO THREE … · Up to 18,432 independent (visible) sprites (49,152 virtual . sprites ready for scrolling into the visible screen) which can be