Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
penugasan makalah
Citation preview
UNIT I
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
DEFINITION
Used to show an action or activity that are going on at the time
Used to show an action or activity that going in the future or next.
EXAMPLE
1. I am reading a book now.
2. Is she talking to the manager today ?
3. Look ! The train is is coming.
4. We are studying biology now.
5. She is cooking the rice in the kitchen now.
6. We are going to visit our family in Medan tomorrow.
7. I am going to visit my uncle in Surabaya next week
8. They are coming to Ali’s house tomorrow morning.
9. I am going to buy a new book next week.
10. Budi is going to make a cake next week.
PATTERN
Positive patterns
Subjects To be
Verb ing or present participle
I Am
You, We, You,
They
Are
He, She, It, Adi is
1
Negative patterns
Subjects To be Negative
form
Verb ing or present participleI Am
notYou, We, You, They Are
He, She, It, Adi is
Interrogative patternsTo be Subjects
Verb ing or present participle
Am I
Are You, We, You, They
is He, She, It, Adi
ADVERB OF TIME
Now
Nowadays
At the present moment
Today
Right now
At present
Tomorrow
This morning
This afternoon
This year
Soon
In a few days
To night
2
EXERCISE
Correct the word in the brackets according to the tense then into negative.
1. The shopkeeper is serving the buyers now.
2. They are weaving the thread in the factory.
3. I am buying a fashion magazine today.
4. Andi is trying on a dress in the fitting room.
5. My uncle is sewing a skirt for me now.
6. The students are putting on their school uniform today.
7. I am writing a letter now.
8. He is teaching now.
9. Siti is visiting her mother in the hospital.
10. We are working hard for this time.
3
BAB II
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
DEFINITON
o To indicate an action, event or activity that becomes habitual, likeable, repeated,
or daily.
o To indicate an action, event or activity used with such adverbs of frequency as
always, usually, often, generally, sometimes, occasionally, almost, never, hardly,
seldom, rarely.
o To indicate and action , event or activity that is not relating to the time at all
(general truth).
PATTERNS
EXAMPLE
1. I always go to school everyday.
2. You usually read a magazine every morning.
3. He often call his best friend every morning.
4. She sometime drinks ice cream every afternoon.
5. It seldom eats meat.
6. They never drive car fastly.
7. I do not watch TV every night
8. You do not listen to the BBC news every morning.
9. He does not come to his girlfriens’s birthday.
4
(+) S + V-1 (+ s / es) + O(- ) S + Do / Does + Not + V-1 + O(?) Do / Does + S + V-1 + O
10. Do you listen the radio every night ?
ADVERB OF TIME
o Always
o Often
o Seldom
o Ever
o Usually
o Everyday
o Every night
o Every year
o Every morning
o Every week
o Every march
o Sometime
o Rarely
o Never
o Once a week
EXERCISE
Change the following sentence into right form.
1. Mr. Andi (teach) sociology lesson to the students.
2. My friend (ask) me to accompany him to the post office.
3. My friend (enjoy) hamburgers very much.
4. Mr. Rafael (work) for fourteen hours in a day.
5. It (rain) very much in the United States.
6. Mr. Budi (pay) his bills once a year.
7. Olivia (watch) a badminton game every night.
8. Petrus (know) all of the new English words very well.
9. The sun (get) very hot during the afternoon.
10. My sister (need) a lot of money.
5
BAB III
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
DEFINITON
o To indicate an action, event or activity that was began and finished in the past
but there is a connection with the present time that is still continuing.
o To indicate an action, event or activity that began and finished in the past but the
result of the completion of doing something for the present time is very
important.
PATTERNS
EXAMPLE
1. I have already read that novel
2. You have waited for her for two hours.
3. He has studied English in Sandlewood International since 1999.
4. She has just combed her hair.
5. I have not listened to this song yet.
6. You have not called your parents up to now.
7. He has not returned my English dictionary yet.
8. The school bell has not rung yet.
6
(+) S + HAVE / HAS + V-3 + O( -) S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + V-3 + O(?) HAVE / HAS + S + V-3 + O
9. Have you prepared your final examination ?
10. Has she lived in Jakarta for a long time ?
ADVERB OF TIME
o Already
o Up till now
o Never
o Ever
o So far
o Up to now
o Not yet
o For
o Since
o Recently
o Just.
o Still
o Finaly
o twice
EXERCISE
Change the following sentences from the affirmative to the negative form of Present
Perfect Tense.
1. She has returned my English note book.
2. Nuraini has felt well recently.
3. They have collected their homework.
4. Igansia has finished her dinner.
5. I have worked as a mechanic.
6. My parents have had their dinner.
7. All the guys have left.
8. Ronaldo has been absent from class all week.
9. Celine Dion and Shinta have visited Bali more than three times.
7
10. You have spoken to her about it.
BAB IV
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
DEFINITON
Indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the
past.
This sentence can be made by using the second form of both regular and
irregular verbs.
To be (was, were) using adjectives, noun phrases and adverbs of place and could
(was, were able to), (was were) allowed to and had to.
PATTERNS
EXAMPLE
1. I went to the dentist yesterday.
2. He sent me a letter last week.
8
(+) S + V-2 + O( -) S + DID + NOT + V-1 + O(?) DID + S + V-1 + O
3. She drank ice cream last night.
4. We work over time two days ago.
5. I did not awake him last night.
6. You did not break the window yesterday.
7. He did not burn the rubbish last night.
8. The students did not do their exercises well last Monday.
9. Did you give her a special present on her birthday last week ?
10. Did he go to Bali last Wednesday ?
ADVERB OF TIME
Yesterday
Yesterday morning
The day before yesterday.
Last night
Last week
Last month
Last year
Last Wednesday
An hour ago
A few weeks ago
This morning
Just now
A moment ago
EXERCISE
Change the following sentences into negative form simple past tense.
1. My grandmother (buy) him a new English dictionary.
2. Sinchan (creep) under the table.
3. I (dream) a ghost.
4. His classmates (drink) a lot of wine at the party.
5. The monkey (eat) bananas.
6. The steward (give) the passangers coffee.
9
7. They (drive) the car very fast.
8. The children (study) English in Sandlewood International.
9. The island (fall) into the hands of the enemy.
10. She (feel) very hot in the classroom.
BAB V
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
DEFINITON
Exspresses an activitiy that will be done at a time in the future.
This tense has two forms using will or shall and to be (is, am, are) going to.
An action, event or activity done is a plan used with shall and will in the future.
An action, event or activity done becomes certainty because something
promised.
PATTERNS
EXAMPLE
1. I will (shall) go to Mega Mall tomorrow.
10
(+) S + SHALL / WILL + V – 1 + O( -) S + SHALL / WILL + NOT + V-1 + O(?) SHALL / WILL + S + V-1 + O
TO BE + GOING TO + V-1 + O
2. You will meet me at Gajah Mada Plaza tomorrow.
3. He will advice you not to smoke anymore.
4. She will lead a new political party for the next General Election.
5. I shall not watch TV tonight.
6. He will not forgive us anymore.
7. She will not choose this bad choice next time.
8. Will it rain hard tomorrow ?
9. Shall we keep the money in the bank next week ?
10. Will they visit Carita beach next month ?
ADVERB OF TIME
Tomorrow
The day after tomorrow
Next week
Next month
Next year
Next Tuesday
Next February
Later
Then
This afternoon
Tonight
EXERCISE
Change the following sentences into the positive form of future tense
1. I (help) you in this matter.
2. They (be punished) if they fail to catch the thief.
3. The farmers (grow) crops next month.
4. We (lend) you this car if you can drive well.
5. We (achieve) our goal in the long run.
6. They believe that Robby (overcome) all the problem in this company.
7. The students (swear) not to be noisy anymore in the classroom.
11
8. Our team (win) the final match tomorrow.
9. He (quit) from his job next week.
10. I (send) a letter to my parents tomorrow morning.
BAB VI
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SENTENCES
DEFINITION
Positive sentences are used to indicate statements that are positive like : I work, He
works, She works, It walks, We work; While the negative sentences are used to
indicate statements that are negative like : I don’t work, You don’t work, He doesn’t
work, She doesn’t work.
PATTERNS
TENSES PATTERNS
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE S + DO / DOES + NOT + V-1 + O
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE S + TOBE (AM, IS, ARE) + NOT + V-ING + O
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + V-3 + O
SIMPLE PAST TENSE S + DID + NOT + V-1 + O
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE S + SHALL / WILL NOT + V-1 + O
12
EXAMPLE
1. I always go to school from Monday to Saturday.
2. I don’t go to school on Sunday.
3. They will not help me.
4. I shall not go to Surabaya tomorrow.
5. You will not give us a book.
6. We have not met her twice.
7. He has eaten your bread.
8. She is very happy.
9. They are here
10. Susi and merry read a magazine.
EXERCISE
Change the following sentences into negative form.
1. I am going to school now.
2. We are singing a beautiful song in classroom now.
3. You are driving a car slowly now.
4. They are taking a nap right now.
5. I have already read that novel.
6. You have waited for her for two hours.
7. She has just combed her hair.
8. It has broken since last Sunday.
9. I went to the dentist last night.
10. She drank ice cream yesterday.
13
BAB VII
MUST AND HAVE TO
DEFINITION
Must and have to has a different meaning in the form of present. Must indicates
obligation or compulsion from the speaker’s point of view, while have to denotes
external obligation. For example : I am sorry you Must go now because I want to go to
bed. He has to stay the night. He can’t get back tonight.
PATTERNS
14
(+) S + MUST / HAVE TO/ HAS TO + V-1 + O( -) S + MUST / HAVE TO / HAS TO + NOT + V-1 + O
EXAMPLE
1. You must sleep.
2. She has to play.
3. I must read a book.
4. We must go.
5. He hasn’t to give the cheque back.
6. You have to show your passport to the custom officers.
7. She must study her lesson from now on.
8. You mustn’t smoke in class.
9. We have to change our shoes because they are out of date.
10. They must begin to work early in the morning every day.
EXERCISE
Make the following sentences in the negative form.
1. We must change our clothes for dinner.
2. You must ring him up before tomorrow.
3. They must brush their own shoes.
4. You must give it back to me before you go.
5. She has to drink it without sugar.
6. You must listen to this talk on potato-planting.
7. You must put all the eggs in one basket.
8. We must answer in English.
9. They have to brush their own shoes everyday.
10. You must cut it in three equal pieces.
15
BAB VIII
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
DEFINITION
One of the sentences beside active voice is Passive voice. It it the most important in the
English language. In writing an essay or article, it is always used. The simple
construction of passive voice is to be + past participle for its predicate.
An additional information, passive voice is used when it is difficult for us to make an
active voice. We mean not to use it when the doer (agent) is unknown.
PATTERNS
16
TENSES PASSIVE VOICE
SIMPLE PRESENT S + To Be + V-III + By + O
PRESENT CONTINUOUS S + To Be + Being + V-III + By + O
SIMPLE PAST S + Was / Were + V-III + By + O
PRESENT PERFECT S + Have/Has + Been + V-III + By + O
SIMPLE FUTURE S + Shall / Will + be + V-III + By + O
EXAMPLE
TENSES ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
SIMPLE PRESENT She writes some letters Some letters are written by
her
PRESENT CONTINUOUS She is writing some letters Some letters are being
written by her
SIMPLE PAST Did she write any letters ? Some letters were written
by her
PRESENT PERFECT What has she written ? What has been written by
her ?
SIMPLE FUTURE She will write some letters Some letters will be written
by her.
EXERCISE
Make the following sentences in the passive voice.
17
1. Somebody can not do it.
2. Nobody heard a sound.
3. Someone has split some ink on the carpet.
4. They held a reception in his honour.
5. They make a book of paper.
6. He wrote the book beautifully.
7. Somebody has already shut the door.
8. Somebody left the dog in the garden.
9. They make progress everyday in the world of science.
10. We shall discuss the matter tomorrow.
ANSWERS
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. The shopkeeper isn’t serving the buyers now.
2. They aren’t weaving the thread in the factory.
3. I am not buying a fashion magazine today.
4. Andi is not trying on a dress in the fitting room.
5. My uncle is not sewing a skirt for me now.
6. The students aren’t putting on their school uniform today.
7. I am not writing a letter now.
8. He isn’t teaching now.
9. Siti isn’t visiting her mother in the hospital.
10. We aren’t working hard for this time.
18
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
1. Mr. Andi teachs sociology lesson to the students.
2. My friend asks me to accompany him to the post office.
3. My friend enjoys hamburgers very much.
4. Mr. Rafael works for fourteen hours in a day.
5. It rains very much in the United States.
6. Mr. Budi pays his bills once a year.
7. Olivia swatchs a badminton game every night.
8. Petrus knows all of the new English words very well.
9. The sun gets very hot during the afternoon.
10. My sister needs a lot of money.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
1. She hasn’t returned my English note book.
2. Nuraini hasn’t felt well recently.
3. They haven’t collected their homework.
4. Igansia hasn’t finished her dinner.
5. I haven’t worked as a mechanic.
6. My parents haven’t had their dinner.
7. All the guys haven’t left.
8. Ronaldo hasn’t been absent from class all week.
9. Celine Dion and Shinta haven’t visited Bali more than three times.
10. You haven’t spoken to her about it.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
19
1. My grandmother didn’t buy him a new English dictionary.
2. Sinchan didn’t creep under the table.
3. I didn’t dream a ghost.
4. His classmates didn’t drink a lot of wine at the party.
5. The monkey didn’t eat bananas.
6. The steward didn’t give the passangers coffee.
7. They didn’t drive the car very fast.
8. The children didn’t study English in Sandlewood International.
9. The island didn’t fall into the hands of the enemy.
10. She didn’t feel very hot in the classroom.
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
1. I will help you in this matter.
2. They will be punished if they fail to catch the thief.
3. The farmers will grow crops next month.
4. We shall lend you this car if you can drive well.
5. We shall achieve our goal in the long run.
6. They believe that Robby will overcome all the problem in this company.
7. The students will swear not to be noisy anymore in the classroom.
8. Our team will win the final match tomorrow.
9. He will quit from his job next week.
10. I shall send a letter to my parents tomorrow morning.
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SENTENCE
20
1. I am not going to school now.
2. We aren’t singing a beautiful song in classroom now.
3. You aren’t driving a car slowly now.
4. They aren’t taking a nap right now.
5. I haven’t already read that novel.
6. You haven’t waited for her for two hours.
7. She hasn’t just combed her hair.
8. It hasn’t broken since last Sunday.
9. I did not go to the dentist last night.
10. She didn’t drink ice cream yesterday.
MUST AND HAVE TO
1. We mustn’t change our clothes for dinner.
2. You mustn’t ring him up before tomorrow.
3. They mustn’t brush their own shoes.
4. You mustn’t give it back to me before you go.
5. She hasn’t to drink it without sugar.
6. You mustn’t listen to this talk on potato-planting.
7. You mustn’t put all the eggs in one basket.
8. We mustn’t answer in English.
9. They haven’t to brush their own shoes everyday.
10. You mustn’t cut it in three equal pieces.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
21
1. It can not be done by somebody.
2. A sound was heard.
3. Some ink has been split on the carpet.
4. A reception was held by them in his honour.
5. A book of paper is made by them.
6. The book was written beautifully.
7. The door has already been shut by somebody.
8. The dog was left by somebody in the garden.
9. Progress is made everyday in the world of science.
10. The matter will be discussed by us tomorrow.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Kaka Saverinus, S.Pd, 2003, Developing English Grammar Mastery, Book One,
Yayasan Pustaka Nusatama, Yokyakarta.
2. Kehelay Williem & Santoso Indra, Kamus Lengkap 100 Juta, Penerbit Fajar
Mulya, Surabaya.
3. Tim Struktur Nasional Bahasa Inggris, 2001, Window on The World, A new
approach to learning English for SMU year I, 2nd Edition, Penerbit Erlangga.
4. Warib, S. Sam, Tenses 16 Bentuk Waktu , Penerbit Apollo, Surabaya.
5. Sitompul, M. Jonggi, 2003, English Grammar for Beginners, PT Grasindo, Jakarta.
22
6. Practical English Grammar, Book One, 2004, Tangerang, Multi Media
Metropolitan.
7. Seidl, Jennifer, 1993, Grammar, London : Oxford University Press.
23
24
