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Created by Soumi Rai.Copyright material
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Perception
Created by Soumi Rai.Copyright
material
1
What Is Perception, and Why Is It
Important?
Peoples behavior is based
on their perception of what
reality is, not on reality
itself.
The world as it is perceived
is the world that is
behaviorally important.
Perception
A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
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2
The Importance of Perception
Perception helps define reality.
Objective realitywhat truly exists in the physical world to the best abilities of science to
measure it.
Perceived realitywhat individuals experience through one or more of the human senses, and
the meaning they ascribe to those experiences.
Behavioral problems arise when an
individuals perceived reality does not match objective reality.
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3
The Perceptual Process
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Sensation Selection Organization Translation
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The Perceptual Process
1.Sensation
An individuals ability to detect stimuli in the
immediate
environment.
2.Selection
The process a person uses to eliminate some
of the stimuli that have
been sensed and to
retain others for further
processing.
3.Organization
The process of placing selected perceptual
stimuli into a
framework for
storage.
4.Translation
The stage of the perceptual process at
which stimuli are
interpreted and given
meaning.
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The Perceptual Process
Organization
The process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a framework for storage.
Stimuli become associated when they:
Are similar in physical resemblance.
Occur in close physical (space) proximity.
Occur in close time proximity.
Are used for figure-ground differentiation.
Are used together to achieve closurea perception of the whole or to piece together a
message.
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Factors That
Influence Perception
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Figure-Ground Illustration
Field-ground differentiation
The tendency to distinguish
and focus on a
stimulus that
is classified as
figure as
opposed to
background.
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Closure
Closure
The tendency to organize perceptual stimuli so that,
together, they form a
complete message.
Source: Reprinted with permission from Introduction to psychology:
Explorations and applications by Dennis Coon. Copyright 1977
by West Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
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Person Perception: Making
Judgments About Others
Distinctiveness: shows different behaviors in different situations.
Consensus: response is the same as others to same situation.
Consistency: responds in the same way over time.
Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
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10Attribution Theory
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Errors and Biases
in Attributions
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.
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Errors and Biases in Attributions
Self-Serving Bias
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.
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Frequently Used Shortcuts in
Judging Others
Selective Perception
People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience, and attitudes.
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Frequently Used Shortcuts in
Judging Others
Halo Effect
Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
Contrast Effects
Evaluation of a persons characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
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Frequently Used Shortcuts in
Judging Others
Projection
Attributing ones own characteristics to other people.
Stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person belongs.
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Specific Applications in Organizations
Employment Interview
Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of interviewers judgments of applicants.
Performance Expectations
Self-fulfilling prophecy (pygmalion effect): The lower or higher performance of
employees reflects preconceived leader
expectations about employee capabilities.
Ethnic Profiling
A form of stereotyping in which a group of individuals is singled outtypically on the basis of race or ethnicityfor intensive inquiry, scrutinizing, or investigation.
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Specific Applications in Organizations
Performance Evaluations
Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental) perceptions of
appraisers of another employees job performance.
Employee Effort
Assessment of individual effort is a subjective judgment subject to
perceptual distortion and bias.