Perforating x

8/22/2019 Perforating x

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Perforating

Geir Melhus

Perforatin domain cham ion Indonesia

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

1



Perforating Seminar

Welcome

Perforating safety

Conveyance


Perforating principal and gun selection TCP accessories

API RP 19 B section 1 Gun system performance

Research

2



Wellsite Perforating Safety

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) Must be Followed!


3



Why Care About SOP?

WARNINGIf precautions are not taken, the danger of

premature detonation may occur!


4



Hazards from Potential Differences

(PDs) Involved While Perforating:• Radio Frequency (RF) Radiation

• Impressed Current Cathodic Protection

Perforating Safety - Detonators


• Electric Welding

• High Tension Power Lines

• Inductive Coupling From Large Induction

Motors (Rig Top-Drive Motors)

5



Reservoir

r e d u c e d p e r

M u d f i l t r a t e

2. Run casing

Well

Construction 3. Cement casing and change fluid

4. Establish underbalance and perforate

1. Drill well to total depth


m

e a b i l i t y

i n v a s i o n

6



History of Perforating Techniques

Mechanical, prior to 1932

Bullet Gun, 1932 to present

Hydraulic, 1958 to present


– ras ve e ng Shaped Charge, 1946 to present

– Spin-off from DOD and DOE Technology

– >99% of all perforating

7



Perforated Completion Damage

Drilling Damaged zone,Kd

Non damagedformation, K


Crushed rock debris

Reduced permeability crushed zone, Kc

8



Perforation conveyance

• Wireline - electric activation from surface

• Perforating interval?

• Pressure control?

• Well restrictions?


• Radio silence?

• TCP - Drill pipe, Completion, Coil Tubing, Slickline,

• Pressure or mechanical activation

• Correlation?

• Might have to kill the well again

• No Radio silence needed9



Perforating Gun Components

(Explosives)Detonator – initiates detonation train

Primary High Explosive

(except SECURE)

Primacord – transmits detonation to shaped charges

Secondary High Explosive


Shaped Charge – creates perforation tunnel

Secondary High Explosive

Capsule Gun Carrier 1010Gun



Shaped Charge Magic


11



Perforation Process

High jet tip velocity - 7,000 m/sec

High Impact pressure - millions psi

Short duration – microseconds


Moderate temperature – does not melt Particulated jet does the work

About 25% of liner mass in jet

About 25 – 30% energy efficient

12



Perforating Gun Systems

Carrier guns


13



Classifications of

Perforating Gun Systems

Capsule Guns (WL Only)

Enerjet 1 11/16, 2 1/8” Pivot Gun 1 11/16”

PowerSpirol 1 11/16, 2 1/8, 2 ½”


Carrier Guns (TCP and WL) HSD & PURE 1.56 to 7”

Special Purpose

Tubing punchers, squeeze guns,custom……

14



Enerjet Guns

Big gun performance in a small OD

packageGuns shown are

Zero Degree Enerjet


-

PowerSpiral

– Pendulum phased

– High Shot Density

Historically, they were mostly uni-directional, strip carrier systems.

15



Standard Enerjet Phasings

Zero or +/- 45 deg

i

6 61 0 ps i

i tone

0

0

3

3

6

6

9

9

12


sp or es per ormance

Less than optimal productivity

Lower Shot Density

Limited Phasing

5 20 0 ps i

i

15

20 0 ps i

50 0 ps i

61 0 ps i

i tone

0

0

3

3

6

6

9

9

12

12

15

16



Carrier Gun Make-up

System can be combined in length as required


17



Carrier Guns

Varied Applications

– TCP and Wireline – PURE


tubes and sealed

Robust system

– >10000’ shot at one timeIllustrations of 2”, 4 ½” and 7”

High Shot Density Gun Systems

18



Shaped Charge Perforator

Three principal explosive types

RDX HMX

HNS


All secondary high explosive – Different Temperature Ratings

Case materials can vary

– Steel, zinc, ceramics….

Liner does the work

– Powdered metal preferred

19



Shaped Charge Materials


20



Shaped Charge Liners

Solid copper (1946)

– Adapted from military – Used today in some “big hole” charges

– Leaves large copper slug


me a c s ee me a – Hard to fabricate & Poor performance

Powder metal (1960’s) – Slug disintegrates

– Better debris control

– Preferred liner for most charges today

21



Detonators for Perforating Guns

Detonator Required to

initiate detonation trainthrough guns

Primary High Explosive27 ohms Safety Resistors

Conventional DetonatorConventional DetonatorConventional DetonatorConventional Detonator


SECURE DetonatorSECURE DetonatorSECURE DetonatorSECURE Detonator

Radio Safe SystemRadio Safe SystemRadio Safe SystemRadio Safe System

PercussionPercussionPercussionPercussionDetonatorDetonatorDetonatorDetonator

for TCPfor TCPfor TCPfor TCP

22



Temperature

Selection of explosives:

T (within rating) --> no performance loss

Effect is cumulative


Ratings per type of explosive

Temperature: RDX < HMX < HNS

Performance: HNS < RDX < HMX

23



Time vs Temperature Curves for Carrier Guns


24



Shaped Charge Penetration Evolution

4 ½ in. 4-5 spf Schlumberger Guns

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

PowerJet Omega

Mid '90's

API 1 Penetration - inches

API RP 19BAPI RP 19BAPI RP 19BAPI RP 19B


PowerJet 4505

1990 51J Ultrajet

1980's 50B Hyperjet

Old System

API RP 43API RP 43API RP 43API RP 43

API RP 43API RP 43API RP 43API RP 43

25



Guns Review

Carrier Guns

– Big guns, high shot density, multi phased, extreme conditions – All Conveyance options


– Small OD guns for through tubing applications

• Best performance for small OD guns

– Consider Debris, running lengths and conveyance options

26



What is Tubing Conveyed Perforating ?

TCP has evolved from “running guns on tubing” to:

A variety of optimized Perforation Delivery systems designed toenhance the completion process.Including but not limited to-


–

– Deployment on Coiled Tubing – Deployment on E-Line or Slickline

– Deployment before, with or after the completion

– Deployment in Sections and for Selective Zones Best Available Charge Performance Where and When needed

API Performance is not the whole picture….

27



TCP System

Packer & completion/testing accessories

Nipples, sleeves, gauges etc.

TCP Accessories


Debris & drop off subs, valvesTCP Firing Head

Drop bar, pressure, electric, mechanical, timer

TCP Gun with safety spacer

Various lengths & combinations

gauges 28



Why TCP??

Productivity and Convenience

Shoot big guns, high shot densities underbalanced Shoot large intervals underbalanced

Shoot deviated & horizontal wells


Oriented perforating

Disassociate perforating from wireline

– Drill Stem Testing

– Completions

Hostile environment….H2S etc.

29



OrientXact Perforating System


30



7-in. Casing - 5 deg/100ft Dogleg


31



0

10350

• Orientation Confirmation Device (OCD)

with 1° accuracy

Confirmation of Gun Orientation


OrientXact

32



Completion Insertion and Retrieval

(of Gun Strings) under Pressure

• CIRP allows the insertion and

CIRP


pressure

• After insertion into the well the

guns are run on Wireline, CoiledTubing or a Snubbing Unit

33



CIRP Connector


34



Completion Disassembly and Assembly (of GunStrings) Downhole

• Underbalanced perforating of long intervals forincreased production with no rathole requirement

GunStack


• Rigless deployment of long gun strings to reduceoperating cost

• Anchored guns withstand high underbalance for

optimum perforation clean up

• Guns can be removed from well without killing

35

D th C t l



Depth Control

Correlated usually by Gamma Ray in pipe to reference logs

Gamma Ray pips can help

Tag plug or packer


re ne se pac er gun com na ons

36

Fi i H d D b



Firing Head – Drop bar

Run in Hole Actuate Head Fire Guns


37

D B Fi i H d BHF



Drop Bar Firing Head BHF

Wells with Deviation < 50 degrees

Ideal for shallow straight wells Can be used with Dry Hole pin where limited hydrostatic pressure is

available


Bar deployed via slick line after guns are on depth Compatible with all other firing systems for redundancy

Wells where partial fluid column is used to achieve underbalance

Expendable System

38

eFire General Specifications



eFire - General Specifications

1.707-in. tool OD

320 °F temperature rating 15 kpsi pressure rating

Pressure

Transducer

Battery


Battery life up to 1000 hrs

Includes memory pressure gauge

– Job record

– High speed at time of shot

ControllerCircuits

InitiatorCircuits

EFIDetonator

39

eFire with Liquid Cushion



eFire with Liquid Cushion

Unique Timed Sequence of Pressure Pulses

RIH arming command Safe Insensitive to pressure testing


Programmable delay underbalance

Ability to abort at any time

No moving parts

40



eFire SL Pulse Command

• Example Pulse generated by

pulling up 2 - 3 ft at 7,500 ft

3.183103

.

.092"LINE-TOOL AT 7500'

3 seconds/division

PressureTransducer

Battery

StrainSensor


To Pressure

Sensor3.06910

3.

bbotcork 1,

796.173795.29 bbotcork 0,

60.

7 95 .3 7 95 .3 5 7 95 .4 7 95 .4 5 7 95 .5 7 95 .5 5 7 95 .6 7 95 .6 5 7 95 .7 7 95 .7 5 7 95 .8 7 95 .8 5 7 95 .9 7 95 .9 5 7 96 7 96 .0 5 7 96 .1 7 96 .1 5

3070

3080

3090

3100

3110

3120

3130

3140

3150

3160

3170

3180

Time (min)

P r e s s u r e

( p s i g )

10psi/

divisionControllerModule

InitiatorModule

EFIDetonator

41

Fi SL C d S



eFire SL Command Sequence

eFire SL turned on by preset hydrostatic pressure

1 min 2 min1.5 min Programmed delayArmed

1.

2.


3

740640 b j 0,

60.

640 645 650 655 660 665 670 675 680 685 690 695 700 705 710 715 720 725 730 735 7400

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1min 1.5 min1min 1min 1.5 min

et on ept

5 min 2 min3.

42

Hydraulic Delay Firing Head HDF



Hydraulic Delay Firing Head - HDF

Used as a means to perforate multiple zones

Insensitive to debris

Not limited by well deviations Can be deployed via slick line/CT after guns

are on depth


Compatible with all other firing systemsproviding redundancy

Delay time can be set from minutes to hours(N2 applications)

Timer Application

– Remove shear pins for no time delay

43

Coiled Tubing Firing Head - CBF



Coiled Tubing Firing Head - CBF

Pump down ball to activate

Work over and rigless completions inconjunction with CT


Perforate while well is flowing

One trip abandonment

1 11/16” and 2 1/8” OD sizes

44

TCP Accessories



TCP Accessories

Accessories designed and manufactured by Schlumberger

– Production Valves – Drop off Subs

– Debris barriers


Other systems available – Cost

– reliability

45

Debris Circulating Sub



Debris Circulating Sub

Application

Debris protection of firing head – Run with drop bar, trigger charge, firing system

Circulation or production port


Operation Positioned between packer and guns

– Typically 30 ft above guns

Cone broken by drop bar, gamma ray duringcorrelation etc

46

Drop Bar Tubing and Rathole Production Valve



Drop Bar Tubing and Rathole Production Valve

(DTRV)

Application

Used with TCP to isolate rathole from tubinguntil needed

– Establish underbalance with open perforations


– rotect cas ng rom extreme over a ance

pressure

Operation

Drop bar ruptures break plug releasing oil

Tubing pressure or rathole pressure, whichever

is greater, shifts sleeve

47

Pressure-Operated Production Valve (POUV)



Pressure Operated Production Valve (POUV)

Application

Allows pressuring tubing to set packers, liner hangers, test tubing etc

– Run between packer and guns


Allows tubing to be run with desired

underbalance

Operation

Valve remains closed during run in

Pressure applied at surface shears pins and

valve opens. Valve is locked in open position

48

E j t D b i



Enerjet Debris

Shaped Charge:

Charge case breaks up into smallpieces


r p:

Retrievable strip remains intact

1 11/16” 2 1/8” 2 ½”

49

Shaped Charge Case Debris



Shaped Charge Case Debris

Two strategies:

Zinc case

Reduces size of debris

Different debris type


* Mark of Schlumberger

Steel case

Change steel spec

Pack charges in such a way that thecase breaks into large pieces

– Case debris stays in gun – Debris is too big to exit gun

* Mark of Schlumberger

50

Controlling the Debris with a Zinc Case



Co t o g t e eb s t a c Case

Change charge case from steel to zinc

Zinc case charges produces fine zinc powder – MORE debris exits gun


–

This is a system in use industry wide to “control” perforating

debris

51

Issues With Zinc



Zinc cases break up into very fine particles which are ejected from the

gun during the detonation process

– Reports of up to 6 kg/m of Zinc ejected

Zinc is only partially acid soluble


– e r s rema ns n t e we ormat on a ter ac z ng

Remaining Zinc deposits on hardware

– Downhole & Surface

Zinc debris is fine enough to pass through filters

Zinc debris will plug pore throats (SPE 58758)

– Do not use for injector wells

52

More Zinc Issues



Zinc reacts with brines

Precipitation can form hard cement in wellbore & formation

– Gas wells

Possibility that precipitation causes formation damage


Adding inhibitors can reduce chance of precipitation

Charge performance reduced by ~15%

Guns suffer more shock—Zinc reacts during detonation

Possible EAC (Environmentally Assisted Cracking) issues for guns and

hardware under high tension loads - In Hydrogen rich environments

53

TCP Depth Control



p

Measure reference point in string to Top Shot

– Usually a radioactive marker sub Correlated usually by Gamma Ray in pipe to reference logs


–

Tag plug or packer

Wireline set packer/gun combinations

– Gun Anchor (MAXR)

54

Factors Affecting Productivity



Factors Affecting Productivity


55

Downhole Parameters That Affect Performance



Major effects

Gun clearance

Formation strength


Effective formation stress Casing Properties

Wellbore Fluid

Temperature (selection of explosive)

56

19B 1st Edition—Section 1 - Principal Reference



System test into a concrete target

Gun position important SPF & Phasing important


57

19B 1st Edition—Section 3



Temperature test

Gun system (minimum 6 shots) Steel targets


Referenced to ambient

temperature

Penetration & EH

Separate test for gunpressure/temperature/time rating

58

19B 1st Edition—Section 1




59

Gun ready to shoot in target




60

Gun Shot in target




61

Cutting target for measurements




62

API-19B Section 1 - Test Target




63

Productivity Index



Productivity Index is a measure of the well's ability to produce

fluids under an imposed reservoir pressure drop.( )sc t q

J =


J Productivity Index, STB/d/psi

Average pressure in drainage area, psia

Bottomhole flowing pressure, psia

Production rate, STB/day

wf p p −

( )t p

( )t pwf

( )t q

64

Perforations




65

Perforation ObjectivesClean Conduit from Well to Reservoir



Bypassing Near Wellbore Damage


66

Well conditions



Overbalance, Wellbore hydrostatic higher than reservoir

pressure Underbalance, Wellbore hydrostatic lower than Pr


,

to create a rapid large underbalance just after perforationtunnel is created.

67

OB vs UB vs DUB




68

Overbalance



DUB

Pore fluid: GAS (Dry N2)

Overbalance

DUB

Pore fluid: LIQUID (brine)

Documents

Perforating x