PeriodVII:1890-1945PartOne:AmericanImperialism

A“New”ManifestDestiny•  Acquiringpossessionsoutsidecon0nentalU.S.•  Islandterritories–notlikelytobecomestates•  Weren’tsuitableforsizeablese@lementbyAmericans•  Reluctantimperialismatfirst

ReasonsForExpansion•  Economic•  Newmarkets–foreigntrade•  Fearsthatnaturalresourceswouldrunout

•  Social•  Distrac0onfromsocialprotests:Populistmovement,laborba@les,free-silver

•  Na0onalism•  Poli0cal•  Expansionasaworldpower•  KeepupwithEuropeanna0ons

•  SocialDarwinism–“upliQ”lessfortunate

•  AlfredMahan–expansionofnavalpower

AlfredMahan:TheIn'luenceofSeaPowerUponHistory(1890)

LatinAmerica•  Pan-AmericanConference(1889)

•  Venezuelanborderdispute•  invokedMonroeDoctrinetojus0fyinterven0on

FlirtationWithImperialism• HawaiiandSamoa•  Americansugarplanta0ons–stagedrevolu0on•  calledonU.S.tosupport•  CompetedwithBritainandGermanyforinfluenceinSamoa

WarWithSpain(1898)Causes:•  ControversyoverCuba•  CubanrevoltagainstSpanishrule•  Tariffdevastatedsugareconomy•  Atroci0esof“ButcherWeyler”sensa0onalizedbyyellowjournalists:JosephPulitzer,WilliamRandolphHearst

WarWithSpain(1898)Causes:•  PresidentClevelandhesitanttointervene•  Twoeventsmadepeaceimpossible:•  DupuydeLomele@er•  Destruc0onofTheMaine–“RememberTheMaine!”

“ASplendidLittleWar”•  McKinleymadeonelasteffortatpeace•  AssistantSecretaryoftheNavy,TheodoreRoosevelt,clamoringforwar

•  Declara0onofwaronApril25,1898•  WarwasoverbyAugust•  Wareffortplaguedbysupplyandmobiliza0onproblems

SeizingthePhilippines•  RooseveltinstructedCommodoreGeorgeDeweytoa@ackSpanishnavalforcesinthePhilippinesintheeventofwar

•  Ba@leofManilaBay-Spanishsurrenderedquickly

TheBattleforCuba• A@ackedSan0ago•  Ba@lesofElCaney,SanJuanHill

• RoughRidersmadeanameforthemselves•  CommandedbyColonelTheodoreRoosevelt

• AmericansoccupiedPuertoRicowithnoresistance

Armistice•  SpainrecognizedindependenceofCuba•  SpaincededPuertoRicoandGuamtotheU.S.•  U.S.con0nuedoccupa0onofManilainthePhilippines

PuertoRico•  GrowingresistancetoSpanishrulebeforethewar•  ForakerActestablishedcolonialgovernmentin1900•  DeclaredaUnitedStatesterritoryandPuertoRicansbecameU.S.ci0zens

•  Sugarindustryflourishedwithouttarifflimita0ons

Philippines•  McKinleydecidestoannexthePhilippines-TreatyofParis(1898)finalizedthedealwithSpain

•  Senateresistedra0fica0onoftreaty•  An0-ImperialistLeague:mo0va0onsvaried•  Treatyra0fiedin1900

“WhenInextrealizedthatthePhilippineshaddroppedintoourlapsIconfessIdidnotknowwhattodowiththem...Andonenightlateitcametomethisway...1)ThatwecouldnotgivethembacktoSpain-thatwouldbecowardlyanddishonorable;2)thatwecouldnotturnthemovertoFranceandGermany-ourcommercialrivalsintheOrient-thatwouldbebadbusinessanddiscreditable;3)thatwenotleavethemtothemselves-theyareunfitforself-government-andtheywouldsoonhaveanarchyandmisruleoverthereworsethanSpain'swars;and4)thattherewasnothingleQforustodobuttotakethemall,andtoeducatetheFilipinos,andupliQandcivilizeandChris0anizethem,andbyGod'sgracedotheverybestwecouldbythem,asourfellow-menforwhomChristalsodied.”

-WilliamMcKinley

ThePhilippineWar(1898-1902)•  FilipinoshadbeenrebellingagainstSpanishrulebeforeSpanish-AmericanWar•  RebelledagainstAmericansaswell

•  LedbyEmilioAguinaldo•  Brutaltac0csprac0cedonbothsides•  POWexecu0ons,concentra0oncamps

•  AguinaldocapturedinMarch,1901

•  MilitarytransferredauthoritytoWilliamHowardTaQ

TheRepublicasanEmpire•  Departurefromisola0onismofthepast•  Pla@Amendment(1901)•  PressuredCubaintoincorpora0ngU.S.termsintoitscons0tu0on•  Cubawasnottoenterintoanyagreementswithforeignpowersthatwouldendangeritsindependence

•  TheU.S.couldinterveneinCubanaffairsifnecessarytomaintainanefficient,independentgovernment

•  CubawouldleasetotheU.S.navalandcoalingsta0ons•  CubabecameanAmericaneconomicappendage

TheOpenDoorPolicy•  IncreasedAmericaninterestinAsia–China•  ImperialpowersdividingChinaamongstthemselves–“spheresofinfluence”

•  Sec.ofStateJohnHayproposedOpenDoorPolicy•  Eachna0onwastorespectrightsandprivilegesofothersinitssphere

•  Chineseofficialsweretocon0nuecollec0ngtariffdu0esinallspheres

•  Na0onswerenottodiscriminateagainstotherna0onsinlevyingportduesandrailroadrates

BoxerRebellion•  OpenDoorPolicy:•  AllowedU.S.totradefreelyinChina

•  RetainedillusionofChinesesovereignty

•  PreventedcolonialdismembermentofChina

•  Boxers:secretChinesemar0alartssociety•  LaunchedrevoltagainstforeignersinChina

•  U.S.par0cipatedinquellingoftherebellionwithaninterna0onalexpedi0onaryforce

AModernMilitarySystem•  Spanish-AmericanWarrevealeddeficiencies•  ElihuRootappointedtooverseeoverhaulofarmedforces•  Enlargedarmyfrom25,000tomax.of100,000•  EstablishedstandardsforNa0onalGuard•  Officertrainingschools•  JointChiefsofStaffestablishedtoadvisesecretaryofwar