Person to Person(s) Communication.pptx1

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PERSON-TO-PERSON(S)PERSON-TO-PERSON(S)

COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

Submitted To : Mr Amit Sachdeva

Submitted By : Mandeep & Kuljinder


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AbstractAbstract

As people change from face-to-face communication tomedi-ated communication the form of representationchanges. Dis-tortion of the message in face-to-facecommunication is some-thing we have learned to live

with and control to some extent by the way we representourselves, and our message, to the outside world. Whenthe message is being mediated and rep-resented to therecipient by a communications device, we want the samecontrol. Without sense of such control, people may feelout of control of the message they are transmitting. Theperson-to-person(s) communication model describes thecommunication process and helps designers inidentifying the different elements causing distortion ofthe message.


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Table of contentsTable of contents

Introduction

Approach

Theory

Design Issue

References


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1. Introduction1. Introduction

Face-to-face communication relies heavily on other than primarymessages to transmit meaning, e.g. people use body language andtone of voice to convey meaning. The mediated communicationappliances we use today also try to give us a broader scale of toolsfor expressing ourselves. New tech-nology communication devicesprovide the users with quite a broad means to convey information.In theory, the tools we use for communication can bring us quiteclose to the original, i.e. face-to-face context.

In a sense, even face-to-face communication is mediated. Our bodytakes the role as a medium, which we use to convey our messageCommunication and appearance are our way of ex-pressing to theworld what we really are. In theory, we have total control of themessage we are sending. In reality, most of our communicativemessages get added to: involuntary body movements, the tone ofvoice and physical appearance load the message with extra contentand structure, telling more about us that we initially wanted it to.


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2. Approach2. Approach

The mediated person-to-person(s) communicationmodel de-rives from our study on user interfaces inthe light of commu-nication theory. Our analysis isbased on Halls (1998) theory of encoding and

decoding, and the communication model pre-sentedby Shannon and Weaver (1949). Out of severalmodels applicable to the examination of mediatedcommunication (e.g. Gerbner 1956; Jakobson 1960;Lasswell 1948; Newcomb 1953), these are most

clearly focused on the elements of thecommunication structure important from a userinterface de-sign point of view, which in ouropinion makes them worth further exploration.


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Halls theory concerns the communication situationin mass media. It shows how discourse affects theproduction of a message, as the message has to beformed according to the rules of the medium, for

which it is produced. Thus, a news event is encodedin different ways depending on whether themedium is e.g. television or a daily newspaper.Discourse similarly affects the way the message is

being interpreted as the medium itself dictates thediscourse in the light of which messages are read inthe context of that specific medium.


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The communication model presented by Shannon and Weaver approachesthe transmission of a message from a

rather technical viewpoint. The focus is on the message being transmittedfrom the sending to the receiving device. During this transmission, themessage is affected by noise, which dis-torts the message and limits itscapabilities to fulfil its original purpose. Although Shannon and Weaver

were mainly con-cerned with the technical aspects of the message signal,later later interpretations allow a broader perspective. Thus the notion ofnoise can be seen as anything from raw technical distor-tions of thetransmitted signal to anything affecting how the original message, asintended by the user, is conveyed.

Mediated person-to-person communication makes use of similar structuresto those present in mass media. Messages have to be encoded and decodedin a similar way as the me-dium restricts the way things can becommunicated. Com-pared with the situation in mass communication,however, the important factor in person-to-person communication is howthe technical process of encoding and decoding affects the message. The


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3. Theory3. Theory

The mediated person-to-person(s) communication model fo-cuseson the effect of the technical structures in both the en-coding anddecoding process of the message. In the senders end, a message canbe either a message written by the user or alternatively an actionmade by the user, e.g. that of moving into a mediated space. Thedecoded message on the re-ceivers end is the presentation of thesender as seen by the receiver.The technical structures of the medium used for the com-munication inevitably affect the message the user is convey-ing.These effects can be identified and presented back to the user by theinterface s/he is using to communicate hers/his message with. Therest of the decoding process is dependent on the receiving usersinterface and is therefore out of the designers reach. One can neverbe sure about how an outgo-ing message will be received after ithas left the service. One can know, however, based on the servicethat is being used, what the service does to the message before it isinterpreted by the receivers interface.


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Mediated person-to-person(s)Mediated person-to-person(s)


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In order to correctly read the person-to-person(s) communica-tion model it is importantto realize that every message ever made during

a communication process goes through thewhole model from left to right. This applies toall messages and so both communicators are atonce both senders and recipients. When we talk

about sender and recipient, these are used in asituational, not a static, sense.


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4. Design issues4. Design issues

From a designers point of view it is important to designinter-faces as well as services in such a way that they supportex-isting communication culture. Also, new services dependon users, to become profitable. Designers cannot always besure of the ways usage cultures develop after the technology

is in the hands of the users. Therefore it is important to designin-terfaces as well as services in such a way, that they allowdif-ferent kinds of information to be sent and, on the otherhand, received by the interfaces. This multitude of differentre-quirements of information is one reason why distortions ofmessages occur. In addition to designing how the service and

interfaces handle the technical aspects of varying incomingand outgoing information, interface designers also have toconsider how the unavoidable distortions are handled in sucha way that the user feels comfortable and in control duringthe communication situations s/he engages in.


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ReferencesReferences

Adams, A. & Sasse, M. A. 2001, Privacy in Multimedia Commu-nications: Protecting Users, Not Just Data, in Proceedings of IHM-HCI (Lille, 2001).

Adams, A. 2000, Multimedia Information Changes the WholePrivacy Ballgame. In Proceedings of Computers, Free-dom and

Privacy 2000: Challenging the Assumptions. ACM Press, 2532.Bolter, J. D., Grusin, R. 2000, Remediation: Understanding NewMedia. MIT Press: Cambridge and London.

Bourdieu, P. 1991 (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice.Cambridge University Press.

Cavell, S. 1979, The World Viewed: Reflections on the Ontol-ogy ofFilm (enlarged edition). Harvard University Press: Cambridge andLondon.

Donath, J. S. 1996, Inhabiting the virtual city: The design of socialenvironments for electronic communities. Avail-able at:

http://persona.www.media.mit.edu/ Thesis/Cover.html

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Person to Person(s) Communication.pptx1