Personality, Values, & Perception

8/12/2019 Personality, Values, & Perception

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Perception, Values, & Personality

Compiledby

Prof. Rajiv KumarIIM Calcutta


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Channel Richness

Channels in order of most to least channelrich

1. Face to face dialogue

2. Videoconference3. Telephone conversation

4. E-mail

5. Inter Office Memos6. Letters

7. Notice Board


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Communication (1)


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What is Perception?

Data from sensory organs

A process

Receive data

Organize and giving meaning to the data


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Closure Principle


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Impact of Context: Titchener Illusion


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Figure Ground: Rubins Vase


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Perceptual Distortions in Organizations During selection interview

During work: Dearborn & Simon (1958)

During performance appraisal

Schermerhorn et al., 2008


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Some Problems in Perception

About me

People notice my actions and appearance (Spotlight effect)

I am above average (Lake Wobegon effect)

Confirmation bias

About others

Followers of some religion are terrorists (Stereotypes)

A punctual person must be responsible too (Halo effect)

What is good for me must be good for others (Projection)

Self-fulfilling prophecy


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Attribution Theory

Three factors

Consistency

Distinctiveness

Consensus

Self-serving bias

Fundamental attribution error

Less in some cultures


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Once upon a time there was a woman named Abigail who was in love with a man

named Gregory. Gregory lived on the shore of a river. Abigail lived on the opposite

shore of the river. The river that separated the two lovers was teeming with man

eating alligators. Abigail wanted to cross the river to be with Gregory. Unfortunately,

the bridge had been washed away by a heavy storm the previous evening.

So she went to ask Sinbad, a riverboat captain, to take her across. He said he would be

glad to if she would consent to go to bed with him before he takes her across. She

promptly refused and went to a friend named Ivan to explain her plight. Ivan did notwant to be involved at all in the situation. Abigail felt her only alternative was to

accept Sinbad's terms. Sinbad fulfilled his promise to Abigail and delivered her into the

arms of Gregory.

When she told Gregory about her amorous escapade in order to cross the river,

Gregory cast her aside with disdain. Heartsick and dejected, Abigail turned to Slug with

her tale of woe. Slug, feeling compassion for Abigail, sought out Gregory and beat him

brutally. Abigail was overjoyed to see Gregory getting his due. As the sun set on the

horizon, people heard Abigail laughing at Gregory.


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Please rank the five characters in the storybeginning with who you consider to be the most

offensive and end with the one you consider to be

the least objectionable. That is, the character thatseems to be the most reprehensible to you, should

be ranked, then the second most reprehensible and

so on, with the least reprehensible or objectionable

character ranked the fifth.


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Individual Differences

Characteristics of people:

Reflexes: Involuntary and almost instantaneous responseto a stimulus

Instincts: Behaviors that are not learnt

Learnt behaviors

Beliefs

Attitudes

Traits

Values

Behavior = P*E

Personal determinants

Environment: Physical and social environments


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Traits

Internal dispositions that render behaviors

Coherent

Consistent across situations

Stable across time, and

Predictable

Revisiting the earlier equation: All kinds ofreciprocal impacts are possible

But strength varies

Assessment through self-report or objectivemeasures


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Big Five Traits

About 18,000 different words to describe differenttraits in English dictionary

Reduced to big-five traits Conscientiousness: Works as per a plan, is not easily

distracted, perseverant, thorough, reliable Extraversion: Talkative, energetic, outgoing, meets people

Agreeableness: Helpful, trusting, forgiving, notquarrelsome

Neuroticism: Depressed, tense, worries a lot, gets nervous

and upset easily Openness: Curious, inventive, values artistic things, has

wide interests, plays with ideas


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Some More Points

Generally these traits are normally distributed

Personality a better predictor in weak situation

Factors leading to personality

Heredity Environment

50:50 split between heredity and environment

Some important personality attributes: Big-5

Locus of control

Machiavellianism

Type A & Type B


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Neutral Object Satisfaction QuestionnaireIndicate whether you are on average satisfied, neutral, or dissatisfied with each

Of the following:

1. The city in which you live

2. The neighbors you have

3. The high school you attended

4. The climate where you live

5. Movies being produced today6. The quality of food you buy

7. Todays cars

8. Local newspapers

9. Your first name

10. The people you know

11. Telephone service

12. A4 size paper

13. Restaurant food

14. Modern art

Judge & Hulin (1993)


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Emotions

Nature of emotions

Emotional Intelligence: The ability tounderstand individuals to act wisely in human

relations: Awareness of self

Managing ones emotions

Motivating oneself Empathy

Handling relationships


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Emotional Labor

Emerged from service jobs

Difference between felt emotions anddisplayed emotions

Norms of displaying emotions in organizations Surface acting

Deep acting

Implications of these variables:

PO Fit

PJ fit

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Personality, Values, & Perception