Pesticide (Pesticide (Mis)use and ()use and (Mis ...€¦ · dominated by the pesticide industry; ... Philippines, Laos, China • 2011 – Outbreaks in Indonesia, Thailand and Viet

Pesticide (Mis)use and (Mis)information: A Pesticide andPesticide (Mis)use and (Mis)information: A Pesticide and Pesticide Information Supply Chain Perspective

Dr Larry C.Y. WongSenior Fellow

International Symposium on International Symposium on Ecological Engineering in Rice Past Management, g g g g ,

November November 1111, Yangon, MYANMAR, Yangon, MYANMAR

Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia www.isis.org.my

[The views expressed herein are entirely those of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect the position of the agency he serves]

Outline:

1. INTRODUCTION2. BACKGROUND3. PESTICIDES AND PESTICIDES INFORMATION SUPPLY CHAINS

MAPPINGMAPPING4. FINDINGS AND KEY TAKE HOME MESSAGES5 RECOMMENDATIONS5. RECOMMENDATIONS


Introduction:

• Purpose: Highlight the application of supply chain approach to d t di th th t f ti id i d i i f ti tunderstanding the threat of pesticide misuse and misinformation to

sustainable rice farming and food security in ASEAN in general and Myanmar in particular, towards developing sustainable interventions,Myanmar in particular, towards developing sustainable interventions, structures and policies at the country and regional levels.

• Underlying theme: Crucial to understand and articulate this threat and the need to develop a Framework using the Supply Chain Approach so as to

bl i i htf l l d t ti li t ienable insightful analyses and constructive policy engagement in developing innovative and sustainable interventions, structures and policies in Myanmar. A key challenge is in getting the ‘basics’ andpolicies in Myanmar. A key challenge is in getting the basics and ‘balance’ right.


Key Take Home Messages:The pest control landscape have changed in varying degrees in ASEANThe pest control landscape have changed, in varying degrees, in ASEAN – disturbing trend of increasing insecticide misuse and misinformation leading to recurrent plant hopper outbreaks – food security, sustainability and productivity concerns – demands rethinking and reframing the problem – urgent action!Bli di l l th t t t i f ti i i i lBlindingly clear that pest management information is increasingly dominated by the pesticide industry;The growing and worrisome FMCG phenomena is facilitated by weak g g p yregulations coupled with poor enforcement.Given the various cross-border dimensions, regional countries should work towards developing a common framework to address pesticidework towards developing a common framework to address pesticide misuse at both the national and regional levels, coupled with options like Ecological Engineering.Relatedly, all efforts be taken by those involved in addressing this issue to act in concert to help Myanmar avoid this ‘slippery slope’ – and become the ‘standout nation’ or ‘counter factual’ that have avoided this


become the standout nation or counter factual that have avoided this trap/addiction.

• Sustainable Asian rice farming and food

Background:

• Sustainable Asian rice farming and food security is increasingly threatened by recurrent synchronized planthopper outbreaks

•Arising from 2008 food crisis ADB 13th RETA (Regional Technical Assistance) – ADB-IRRI Rice Planthopper ProjectPlanthopper Project

• In 2009 & much of 2010 – outbreaks in Thailand, Viet Nam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Philippines, Laos, China

• 2011 – Outbreaks in Indonesia, Thailand and Viet NamViet Nam

• Major Finding: Pesticide overuse, unnecessary use, and misuse are important causes of theseuse, and misuse are important causes of these planthopper out breaks

• 2011 to 2012 – Phase II of Project – sustainable


interventions, structures and Policy Engagement

Background (Cont’d):

• Cognizant of the new issue/dimension of the marketing of pesticides as 'fast moving consumer goods' (FMCG) in the region, a proposal on using a supply chain approach was presented at a consultation and g yplanning workshop on 'Rice planthopper problems and insecticide misuse - developing sustainable interventions, structures and policies' in March 2011, Bangkok.March 2011, Bangkok.

•• Then a study covering Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar Thailand and Viet Nam was mounted involving the mapping ofMyanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam was mounted involving the mapping of both the pesticide and pesticide information supply chains, augmented by the tracking and quantifying of farmer's status and practice with respect to pesticide (mis)use and (mis)information via a farm surveyrespect to pesticide (mis)use and (mis)information via a farm survey.

•• Drawing from the results of this study and subsequent follow up work, i i li i di i l h fwe revisit policy issues surrounding rice planthopper management from

a pesticide and pesticide information supply chain perspective


Cambodia Rice Pesticide Supply Chain - 2010

OVERSEAS SUPPIERS

RAW MATERIAL /

OVERSEAS SUPPIERSOVERSEAS

DOMESTIC

unofficial import

(including banned

CAPITALFORMULATED PRODUCTS

[100%]

RAW MATERIAL / ACTIVE INGREDIENT

[0%]

pesticides)

[60-70% of those amounts are di t d DR 0 36 illi h

DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS

directed imported by farmers at the borders]

DR: 0.36 million ha]

DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS [33 registered companied]

SELECTED MAJOR DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS [2-3 Companies/Province]SELECTED MAJOR DRY SEASON RICE

PRODUCTION AREA

[Takeo Prey Veng RETAILERSDOA Oth[Takeo, Prey Veng, Svay Rieng (75%):

0.27 Million ha]FARMERS’ ASSOCIATION

RETAILERS[150-200/Province]

DOA – OtherGovt. Agency

Subsidies, credit, free

distribution(0%) (<1%) (>99%)


Dry Season Rice FARMERS [Approximately: 150,000 HH]

distribution

Cambodia Rice Pesticide Information Supply Chain - 2010

CAPITALGOVERNMENT AGENCIES [Crop Prot.

BAMS, Rice Crop Depar: About 150 Staff]

DOA CARDI OTHERS

PRIVATE SECTOR

7 BIG BOYS

DEALER: 33 Registered Comp.

SELECTED RICEPRODUCTION

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES [DOA (Agro): 15-20 Staff/Province]

DEALER: 2-3 comp.

PRODUCTION AREA

[DOA (Agro): 15 20 Staff/Province]

DOA CARDI OTHERSRETAILER

[150-200 shops]

5%

ensi

on=5

%

ng/F

FS=

15

dia

= 1o

%

65%m

o or

On

-

m tr

ial =

5%

FARMERS [Approximately: 150,000 HH]

Ext

e

Trai

nin

Med

Dem

farm


[ pp y ]

GROUP INDIVIDUALS

Indonesia Rice Pesticide Supply Chain - 2010

FORMULATED PRODUCTS RAW MATERIAL /

OVERSEAS SUPPLIERSOVERSEAS

DOMESTIC

unofficial

import

CAPITAL70 Companies –

20% market share

ACTIVE INGREDIENT

8 Comp. –

80% market share

[4-6%]

IMPORTERS/DEALERS: 78 Comp.

[insecticides-58; fungicide-28; herbi-27]

EXPORTERS:

Unofficial

export - ?

Ricefield 7.7 M Ha

EXPORTERS:

[insecticides-18; fungicide-10; herbi-8]

SELECTED MAJOR DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS [3-4 Companies/Province]SELECTED MAJOR

RICE

PRODUCTION

AREA

HOT SPOT of BPH

Klaten District,C Java prov ]

FARMERS’ COOPERATIVE RETAILERS[150/District: specialists-60%; generalists – 40%]

MOA, Prov Govt,

District Govt.

free distribution(0-1%) (10-30%)

Cash and credit samples


C. Java prov.]33,354 Ha

Rice FARMERS [93,629 HH]

free distribution (70-90%)Cash and credit, samples

Indonesia Rice Pesticide Information Supply Chain - 2010

CAPITALGOVERNMENT AGENCIES/ MOA [> 2000 Staff]

CROP PROTRESEARCH AND PESTICIDE

PRIVATE SECTOR

BIG BOYS[8 comp]

LOCAL[376 comp]CROP PROT.

UNIVERSITIES COMMITTEE[8 comp] [376 comp]

DEALER: 52 Comp.


GOVERNMENT AGENCIES [Agri Services of District Govt : 350 Staff]

DEALER: 3-4 comp.

s prom

otio

ns

AREAKlaten district

[Agri. Services of District Govt.: 350 Staff]

CROP. PROT.

RESEARCH AND UNIVERSITIES (IPB,UGM)

AGRI.SERVICES

RETAILER [150 shops]Specialists/Generalists

ns cam

paig

ns

aini

ng/F

FS

sing

/sal

es p

xten

sion

aini

ng/F

FS

ia c

ampa

ign

Med

ia

Saf

e us

e Tr

a

Adv

ertis

Credit,

Free (30%) (70%)d

stud

y &

trial

s

FARMERS [93,629 HH]E

x

Tra

Med

i S Advice,

samples

(30%) (70%)

Fiel

d t


[ , ]

GROUP INDIVIDUALS

Thailand-Rice Pesticide Supply Chain - 2010

FORMULATED PRODUCTS RAW MATERIAL /

OVERSEAS SUPPIERS OVERSEAS

DOMESTIC

un official import/ex

CAPITAL[70%] ACTIVE INGREDIENT

[30%]

port at the border

_no data


[230 i t d i ]-official

[Total Rice area:

10 million ha]

[230 registered companies]

Bank +Co op

export is 4% per yr

Dealer

SELECTED

AREA (Chainat Prv.)

100 000 h

Bank +Co op

(16)

Dealer

(5-10)

GeneralistsSpecialists100,000 ha Generalists

(100)

Specialists

( 60)

20% 30% 40% 10%


Dry Season Rice FARMERS [Approximately: 32,000 HH]

Thailand Rice Pesticide Information Supply Chain - 2010

National LavelGOVERNMENT AGENCIES

RD DOA DOAE OTHERS

PRIVATE sector

Big Boy Distributers ( )

Specialist &Generalist

NGO

5-10 (600-700) Generalist6,000-7,000

SELECTED AREA

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

ns

Bank/Coop

n/M

obile

Uni

t

Dealer

AREA(Chainat) Ext.agent Generalists

(100)

DOA/RD/Other.agent Specialists

( 60)

sale

s pr

omot

ion

dvic

e

Extension progr

CRC/Smart Farmer Training/meetingdia

/Cam

paig

n

Credit

Advice, Adv

ertis

ing/

s

cred

it/adCRC/Smart Farmer

Training/FFS

Media campaigns

Mobile Unit

L l M M di

/mobile unit

Media campaigns

Advertising/sales

promotions

Mas

s M

ed

FARMERS 32 000 HH

samplesLocal Mass Media promotions

10% 30%

5% 10%

15% 10% 15% 3% 2%


FARMERS 32,000 HH10% 30% 15% 10% 15% 3%

Remark: % of information /K on pesticide use to Farmers

2%

Rice Pesticide Supply Chain (Myanmar) - 2010

OVERSEAS SUPPLIERS

OVERSEAS

DOMESTIC

Unofficial import

(including banned

CAPITALMyanmar Rice Area

8.0 Mil–Ha

FORMULATED PRODUCTS

(70)

RAW MATERIAL / ACTIVE INGREDIENT

(6)

DOMESTIC pesticides)

[About 10% of those amounts (estimate) are directed imported


through borders]

[98%][2%]

DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS [36 registered companies]

DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS [15-20 Companies)SELECTED MAJOR DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS [15 20 Companies)SELECTED MAJOR RICE

PRODUCTION AREA

[Phar Pone District200 000– Ha] FARMERS’ ASSOCIATION

RETAILERSDOA – Other200,000– Ha]

FARMERS [Approx;50 000 HH]

FARMERS ASSOCIATION [45-50/district]Govt. Agency

Subsidies, credit, free

distribution(0%) (1%) (99%)


FARMERS [Approx;50,000 HH]

Myanmar Rice Pesticide Information Supply Chain - 2010

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES [Plant ProtectionPRIVATE SECTOR

CAPITAL & Rice research centre: About 200 staffs]MAS (PP) DAR

BIG BOYS [30 comp]

DEALER [36 ]

BIG BOYS [20 comp] Others


DEALER [36 comp]

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES [PPD only:about 10 -15 staffs]

DEALER [15-20comp]

ons

PRODUCTION AREA

Phar Pone district

about 10 -15 staffs]

MAS DAR RETAILER[45-50 shops]

FS ter

/sal

es p

rom

otio

on

Exte

nsio

n

Trai

ning

/FF

Agri

News

lett

Adve

rtisin

g/

Dem

onst

ratio

(60%) (10%) (30%)

FARMERS (approx; 50,000 HH)

A

INDIVIDUALS


Findings:

Cross-border dimension involving both plant hopper and pesticides; Significant cross-border trade - both formal and informal – with the latter involving banned insecticides;Layering in the pesticides supply chain and the increase in ‘generalists’ retail outlets;g ;Dominance and ‘innovation’ of private sector in pesticide information supply chain;pesticide information supply chain;Sales & marketing – ala ‘Fast Moving Consumer Goods’ (FMCG)(FMCG)


Findings (Cont’d):

High number of sprays; Many spray against leaf-folder;Presence of illegal pesticides and fakes – list of pesticides used;p ;Many farmers used pyrethroids and organophosphates;organophosphates;Response to question regarding where farmers obtain pesticides and where they obtain pesticidespesticides and where they obtain pesticides information in all countries indicates dominance of private sector in both supply chainsprivate sector in both supply chains.


Advertisments – like Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCGs)

“Why are pesticides, which are poisons,allowed to be sold

“How did things ever come to

this?”as FMCGs?”

this?


Other Marketing/Sales Strategies

A: Spray calendars are distributed toare distributed to farmers to promote prophylactic applications.

B: Sales promotion lottery ticket for alottery ticket for a chance to win a motor cycle as an incentive to buy.

Thailand has 16 strategies, including the above and freethe above and free

gifts, dinners, lucky draws, and redemption

h


vouchers.

Pesticide Retail Outlets:


Planthopper outbreaks in Asia in 2009/11

In Yunnan province WBPH destroyed

crops at young stages

Predominantly WBPH on hybrid

rice

400,000 ha seriously affected in 56

counties

New virus disease spreading in

Northern Vietnam, and southern

provinces of China

Started in July 2009, outbreaks still persist in June, 2010. Damaged

p

300,000 ha estimated badly

infected

area > 1 million ha.

Govt revised production forecast by 1.1 m tons 16%Govt paid US$60

m in compensation to farmers. Govt spent US$20 m in pesticide

Sukoharja‐Solo‐Klaten Wereng Triangle

BPH b i i t b blm in compensation to farmers. Govt spent US$20 m in pesticide

distribution, campaigns

Virus diseases spread and become endemic and very wide spread

BPH beginning to become problems

More than 10,000ha said to damaged

Reported loss US$ 1.4 million


Outbreaks continue – June 2011 11% damaged. Loss 600 million

baht.

Government and pesticide companies

launched “Operasi Mandi Pestisida”

Can this be what we are up against?

Also ‘FUD’ –“Fear,

UncertaintyUncertainty, Doubt”

And ‘3Es’ –‘Embrace‘Embrace,

Extend, Extinguish’


We are dealing with… ‘Wicked Problem’

If ll h i h th thi l k lik

Synoptic View

If all you have is a hammer, then everything looks like a nail!

Synoptic View

Stakeholders have different perspectives of the best solution to the


p pproblem & will continue to adhere strongly to them

“Th i ifi t“The significant problems we face today cannot be y

solved at the same level of thinking we

were at when wewere at when we created them”

Albert Einstein


Key Take Home Messages:The pest control landscape have changed in varying degrees in ASEANThe pest control landscape have changed, in varying degrees, in ASEAN – disturbing trend of increasing insecticide misuse and misinformation leading to recurrent plant hopper outbreaks – food security, sustainability and productivity concerns – demands rethinking and reframing the problem – urgent action!Bli di l l th t t t i f ti i i i lBlindingly clear that pest management information is increasingly dominated by the pesticide industry;The growing and worrisome FMCG phenomena is facilitated by weak g g p yregulations coupled with poor enforcement.Given the various cross-border dimensions, regional countries should work towards developing a common framework to address pesticidework towards developing a common framework to address pesticide misuse at both the national and regional levels, coupled with options like Ecological Engineering.Relatedly, all efforts be taken by those involved in addressing this issue to act in concert to help Myanmar avoid this ‘slippery slope’ – and become the ‘standout nation’ or ‘counter factual’ that have avoided this


become the standout nation or counter factual that have avoided this trap/addiction.

Recommendations:

Individual countries as well as region as a whole, should work towards the banning of pyrethroids and organophosphates, their mixtures and other insecticides that are conclusively found bymixtures and other insecticides that are conclusively found by focused research to be linked to plant hopper outbreaks, for use in rice production.

Individual countries and pesticide industries should work towards being compliant with the FAO Code of Conductbeing compliant with the FAO Code of Conduct.

Work towards harmonizing pesticide regulations, especially those g p g , p yrelating to advertising, transport and marketing, in ASEAN and further afield.


M i t th th t f i ti id i d i i f ti

Recommendations (Cont’d):

Mainstream the threats of insecticide misuse and misinformation on food security as well as how to maintain or restore ecological resilience – highlighting ecosystem services as a public good. Relatedly, coordinate public and private sector’s as well as civil society’s efforts in disseminating related information at both the National and Regional levels. g

Recognizing the extent of insecticide misuse and misinformation, prioritise the strengthening of regulation and enforcement.

Regulate pesticide information through certification programs ofRegulate pesticide information through certification programs of retailers and information providers.

Do what is needed, collectively, to prevent Myanmar from becoming the next victim – realize potential to serve as a ‘counter factual’ or ‘standout nation’


standout nation .

l @i [email protected]


Documents

Pesticide (Pesticide (Mis)use and ()use and (Mis ...€¦ · dominated by the pesticide industry; ... Philippines, Laos, China • 2011 – Outbreaks in Indonesia, Thailand and Viet