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Pesticides: Uses and Types Benefits. Chapter 12 APES January 2007. General Facts about Pesticides. Went from zero sales in the 1950’s to 33 billion for 2.6 million metric tons 1999. 90% of all pesticides worldwide are used in agriculture or food storage and shipping. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Pesticides: Uses and TypesBenefits
Chapter 12
APES January 2007
General Facts about Pesticides
Went from zero sales in the 1950’s to 33 billion for 2.6 million metric tons 1999.
90% of all pesticides worldwide are used in agriculture or food storage and shipping.
General Facts about Pesticides
Wealthy countries consume ¾ of the pesticides.
Developing countries 7-9% growth a year
Developed countries 2-4% growth a year
Pesticide Types
Inorganic pesticides Natural organic pesticides Fumigants Chlorinated hydrocarbons Organophosphates Carbamates Microbial Agents and Biological
Controls
Inorganic pesticides
•Contains arsenic, copper, lead, or mercury.
•Highly toxic
•They may be leached out of the system by water, wind and erosion...
•Essentially indestructible
•neurotoxins
Natural organic pesticides
Have a narrow target range and a very specific mode of action;
Are slow acting; Have relatively critical application times; Suppress, rather than eliminate, a pest
population; Have limited field persistence and a short
shelf life; Are safer to humans and the environment
than conventional pesticides; Present no residue problems
Natural organic pesticides
Extracted from plants Nicotine from tobacco Turpentine Phenols Rotenone from the roots of deris and
cube plants Aromatic oils from conifers
Fumigants
Small molecules Gasify easily Penetrate rapidly Used to sterilize soil Prevent decay Stop rodent or insect infestation of grain
supplies Extremely dangerous for workers who apply
them.
Fumigants
Dibromochloropropane
Fumigants
Carbon tetrachloride
Fumigants
Carbon disulfide
Fumigants
Ethylene dichloride
Fumigants
Ethylene dibromide
Fumigants
Methylene bromide
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Organochloride is another name for them
Synthetic organic insecticides Inhibit nerve membrane ion transport Block nerve signal transmission
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Fast acting Highly toxic Persist in the soil for decades Bioaccumulate in the food chain Stored in the fatty tissues of some
organisms
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
DDT Chlorodane Aldrin Dieldrin Toxaphene Pradichlorobenzene lindane
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
DDT
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Chlorodane
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Aldrin
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Dieldrin
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Toxaphene
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Pardichlorobenzene
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
lindane
Organophosphates
Outgrowth of nerve gas used in WWII. They inhibit an enzyme called
cholinesterase, essential for removing excess neurotransmitter from synapses in the peripheral nervous system.
Extremely toxic to birds, mammals, and fish…single drop is lethal.
Only last hours or days in the environs. Dangerous for workers to apply them
Organophosphates
Parathion Malathion Dichlorvos Dimethyldichlorovinlyphosphate tetraethylpyrophosphate
Organophosphates
Parathion
Organophosphates
Malathion
Organophosphates
Dichlorvos
Organophosphates
Dimethyldichlorovinylphosphate
Organophosphates
tetraethylpyrophosphate
Carbamates
Share organiphosphate properties of: mode of action Toxicity lack of environmental persistence low bioaccumulation
Extremely toxic to bees
Carbamates
Sevin
Carbamates
Aldicarb
Carbamates
Amniocarb
Carbamates
Carbofuran
Carbamates
mirex
Microbial Agents and Biological Controls
Living organisms used in the place of pesticides.
Link to cornell
Pesticide Use and Types
EPA Data
World Data EPA
10 years of data EPA
Look up use of each pesticide