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Polymer And Process
Group
8
Lab Presentation
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Group Members
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Contents
Introduction of PET & PBT
Experimentation of PET-PS Blend
Introduction to FTIR
Interpretation of IR Spectra
Characterization of Blends with FTIR
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Introduction of Polyethylene
terephthalate (PET)
Fahad ul Hassan
2010-PE-19
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Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
Trade Name:
Dacron
Class:Thermoplastic
Structure:
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History
PET was developed as a
textile fiber in 1940s.
Initially it was used forpackaging.
In 1970, it was first introduced
as a bottle which was later
introduced commercially and
got great fame.
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Physical Properties of PET
Some of the physical properties of PET are:
properties
value
Unit
Specific gravity 1.35 -----
Melting Temperature 256 0C
Glass transition temperature 76 oC
Processing temperature 280-300 0C
Properties Behavior
Flammability Self extinguishing
Resistance to ultra-violet
Good
Refractive index
1.58-1.65
Water absorption over 24 hr 0.1 %
Density
1.30-1.34 g/cm3
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Chemical Properties of PET
Some important chemical properties of
PET are:
Hydrolytic corrosion
Thermal and photo degradation
Chemical recycling
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Applications of PET
PET Bottles: PET is used in manufacturing bottles
which can be made crystal clear to display thecontents and they are light weight, reduce transport
cost and are fully recyclable. It is very suitable for
content with both liquids (mineral water or soda
water) and with solid foods such as bakery goods.
PET Containers: PET containers are tough, stiff,
and have excellent barrier properties.
In Portland Cement: PET fibers have also been
proposed for constructional application materialacting as Portland cement reinforcement with
encouraging results. Addition of PET fibers up to 2
weight % can improve the toughness of the cement.
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Applications of PET
In medicines: They are used in pharmaceuticals
due to its physiological inertness .PET is used inthe form of a mesh or replace diseased sectionsof arties. It is also used in artificial heart valves.
Packaging: PET has a considerably lowercrystallization rate and is therefore mainly used in
packaging such as tapes and films.
PET films: They are used in capacitors, slot linersfor motors, magnetic tape, x-ray film,photographic film, graphic art and draftingapplications, and food packaging.
Ovens:PET shows great thermal stability andthus it is used in microwave ovens andconventional ovens.
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Introduction of Polybutylene
terephthalate (PBT)
Azhar Habib
2010-PE-41
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Polybutylene terephthalate(PBT)
Trade Name:
Celanex
Class
Thermoplastic
linear & flexible aromatic polyester
Structure:
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History
PBT is being produced since 1942 and was
commercialized by Celanese corporation in 1969,
under the trade name Celanex.
PBT has been commercially produced as a molding
polymer and as a fiber.
Now a days in engineering plastic market itsannual world production is more than 800,000 tons.
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Physical Properties of PBT
The most important physical properties of PBT are
given in table as below:
Property Value Units
Tg 303-333 K
Tm 495-505 K
Specific Gravity 1.32-1.66 -
Impact strength 53 J/m
Specific Heat 223 kJ/kg.K
Thermal conductivity 1.35 W/m.K
Linear coefficient of thermal
expansion
7*10-5 K-1
Density 1.31 g/cm3
Water absorption over 24 hr
(%)
0.1 -
Volume Resistivity 1015 Ohm.cm
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Chemical Properties OF PBT
Some important chemical properties of PET are:
Thermo oxidative DecompositionDepolymerization of PBT with Alcohols
Reaction with Alkalis
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Applications Of PBT
Industrial Components: industrialpump
housings, impellers etc. as PBT has good
dimensional stability (especially in water), is
resistant to hydrocarbon oils and has high
mechanical strength.
Electrical Components: Electrical parts
(such as connectors, LED displays,
telephone components, circuit breakers andfuse cases) as it show outstanding wear
resistance, it has a relatively low heat
deflection temperature.
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Applications Of PBT
Automobile Components: In automotive
exterior parts (such as bumpers and vertical
panels), and in various automotive under-the-
hood parts as it shows improved tensile
strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength.
Optical Fiber Cables: PBT is used for the
tubing of loose-tube optical fiber cables
because of its relatively high modulus and good
processabilty.
Brush Bristles: BTis used in tooth and paint
brushes as it shows great wear resistance.
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Experimentationfor PET-PS Blend
Javed Ahmad
2010-PE-67
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Polymerization Techniques
Some of most common methods of
Polymerization include the following:
Bulk or Mass Polymerization
Solution or Solvent Polymerization
Emulsion Polymerization
Suspension Polymerization
Solid state Polymerization
Plasma Polymerization
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Experimentation
Experimentation involves the following:
Chemicals
ApparatusProcedure
Observations
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Chemicals
Styrene monomer 20 ml
Benzol Peroxide (BOP) 0.02 gCrushed PET 5 g
PS-PET Blend in ratio 1:4
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Apparatus
Glass veil
Glass rod
Stirrer
Water Bath
Stand
Thermometer
Burette
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Procedure
First of all we took 20 ml Styrene
monomer in a Glass veil with the help of
Burette
Then added 0.02 g of Benzol Peroxideinitiator
Stirred it with glass rod
Then heated the Water Bath up to 1hr to
achieve 80C temperature
Then heated the Glass veil in the water
bath for Polymerization
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Procedure
Then added crushed PET into it to form
blend and heated it for 3 hours
Stirring it after intervals of 20 min for first
hour After that Viscosity of Styrene start
increasing
Then gentle stirring applied after 10 minso that PET does not suspended and to
obtained a homogenous blend
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Block Diagram
Styrene monomer
20 ml
Crushed PET
5 g
Mixed & Heatedfor about 3 hrs
with Periodic
Stirring
PET
Benzol Peroxide
0.02 g
Cooling
Blend
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Introduction to FTIR
Muhammad Bilal
2010-PE-13
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INTRODUCTION
OPERATION
SPECTRA
PRECUTIONS
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Introduction
FTIR is used for the identification of
functional groups in organic
compounds. FTIR is stand for Fourier Transform
infared spectrometer .
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Operation
LIGHTSOURCE
INTERFEROMETER
SAMPLESECTION
DETECTOR AMPLIFIERA/D
CONVERTER
FOURIERTRANSFORM
UNITSPECTRA
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Transmittance & Absorbtion
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Wavelength and Wavenumber
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Precautions
CO2 + H2O effects Noising
Correction through software
Desiccant (Silica Gel)
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Interpretation of IR Spectra
Muhammad Sohail Qureshi
2010-PE-54
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Group frequencies and fingerprint
frequenciesMotions in polymer molecule occur when IR passed through it and
shows certain frequencies which are of two types as under:
GroupFrequencies
They are given by thevibrational motion of
functional groups
They are specific for specificgroups and hence help toidentify the sample
They generally lie above1500 cm-1 (high frequencies
)
Fingerprint
Frequencies
They are given by the motionof the molecule or polymer
segment as a whole
They are random for every
sample since molecularmotion is controlled by otherfactors including chain
hindress ,crystalanity etc.
They generally lie bellow1500 cm-1 (lower
frequencies)
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Summary of IR Absorptions
Lighter atoms will allow the oscillation to be fasterhigher energy.This
is especially true of bonds to hydrogenC-H, N-H and O-H.
Stronger bonds will have higher energy oscillations
Triple bonds > double bonds > single bonds in energy
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Carbon-Carbon Bond Stretching
Stronger bonds absorb at higher frequencies.
C-C 1200 cm-1
C=C 1660 cm-1
CC 2200 cm-1
Conjugation lowers the frequency.
isolated C=C 1640-1680 cm-1
conjugated C=C 1620-1640 cm-1
aromatic C=C approx. 1600 cm-1
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Aromatics
aromatic C=C approx. 1600 cm-1
the region between 1667-2000 cm-1 is the determination of
the substitution pattern on the aromatic ring.
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Mono substituted
1,2 disubstituted (orthoor o-
)
1,2 disubstituted (metaor
m-)
1,4 disubstituted (paraorp-
)
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2000-1650 e
bandscm1
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Carbon-Hydrogen Stretching
Bonds with more scharacter absorb at a higher
frequency.
1) sp3C-H, just below 3000 cm-1(to the right).
2) sp2C-H, just above 3000 cm-1(to the left).
3) spC-H, at 3300 cm-1
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IR Spectra: Functional Groups
41
Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
-C-H C-C
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O-H and N-H Stretching
Both of these occur around 3300 cm-1,
but they look different
Alcohol O-H, broad with rounded tip
Secondary amine (R2NH), broad with one
sharp spike
Primary amine (RNH2), broad with two
sharp spikes
No signal for a tertiary amine (R3N).
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An Alcohol IR Spectrum
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An Amine IR Spectrum
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Carbonyl Stretching
The C=O bond of simple ketones, aldehydes, andcarboxylic acids absorb around 1710 cm-1.
Carboxylic acids will have O-H also. This O-H
absorbs broadly, 2500-3500 cm-1, due to strong
hydrogen bonding.
Aldehydes have two C-H signals around 2700 and
2800 cm-1
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An Aldehyde IR Spectrum
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An Carboxylic Acid IR Spectra
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Carbon - Nitrogen Stretching
C - N absorbs around 1200 cm-1
C = N absorbs around 1660 cm-1and is much
stronger than the C = C absorption in the same
region
C N absorbs strongly just above2200 cm-1.
The alkyne C C signal is much weaker and is
just below2200 cm-1
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A Nitrile IR Spectrum
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Characterization of Blends
with FTIR
Asmat Ullah
2010-PE-10
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Important Aspects of Blends
Polymer blends are used for a variety of reasons.
The principal motivation is to enhance the
properties of the individual homopolymers in the
blend. The polymers must be compatible, which means
that they must form stable mixtures at the
molecular level otherwise phase separation occurs.
The behavior of polymer blends depends, ingeneral, on the degree of mixing of the
components and their mutual interaction, as well as
on the individual properties of the components.
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Analysis of a blend
Thermoanalysis:For incompatible blends the Tg of one component will
be displaced in the direction of the Tg of the second
component. For compatible polymer blends, only a
single Tg is observed.
FTIR analysis:
will tell about the following:
Presence of Interaction
Level of Interaction shown by individual polymers
Effect of Aging and heat treatment
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Compatibility Analysis
From an IR point of view, compatibility
of a blend is defined in terms of thepresence of a detectable 'interaction'
spectrum that arises when the spectrum
of the blend is compared to the spectra
of the two homopolymers.
If the homopolymers are incompatible,
the spectrum of the blend is simply the
spectral sum, of the spectra of the two
homopolymers and hence interaction
spectrum will be a straight line.
If the homopolymers are compatible, an
interaction spectrum with frequencyshifts and intensity modifications that
are intrinsic to the system will be
observed.
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Changes w.r.t. Compostion
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Level of Interaction
Level/Degree of Interaction is expressed as the %
of either of the two homopolymers that has
contributed in the interaction spectrum
Different values of Interaction values are exhibitedby either of the homopolymer in different
compositions of the blend
Also different Interaction % are shown by same
compositions if obtained the sample after heattreatment of the blend at different temperatures
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Changes w.r.t Temperature
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Changes w.r.t Time
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References