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An overview to petroleum composition
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Petroleum Composition & Products
1. Preliminary assay-inspection data.The preliminary assay provides general data on the oil and is based on simple tests such as distillation range, water content, specific gravity, and sulfur content that enable desirable or undesirable features to be noted. This form of assay requires only a small quantity of sample and is therefore particularly useful for the characterization of oil field samples produced from cores, drill stem tests, or seepages. The tests in the preliminary assay are relatively simple and can be completed in a short time and generally on a routine basis. This assay gives a useful general picture of the quality of petroleum, but it does not cover the work necessary to provide adequate data, for example, for the design of refinery equipment, nor does it produce a sufficient quantity of the various products from the crude so that they can be examined for quality.
Types of Assay
2. A full assayInvolves the preparation of a true boiling point curve and the analysis of fractions and product blends throughout the full range of the crude oil.A full assay of petroleum is based on a true boiling point distillation of the crude, and sufficient data are obtained to assess the yields and properties of the straight-run products, covering light hydrocarbons, light, middle, and heavy distillate, lubricants, residual fuel oil, and residuum. Often, the middle ground is reached between the preliminary assay and the full assay, but the requirements may also be feedstock dependent.
Types of Assay
Assay Protocol(s)
• Sampling• Measurement• Accuracy• Precision
SAMPLINGThe value of any product is judged by the characteristics of the sample as determined by laboratory tests. The sample used for the test(s) must be rep-sampling representative of the bulk material, or data will be produced that are not representative of the material and will, to be blunt, be incorrect no matter how accurate or precise the test method is. In addition, the type and cleanliness of sample containers are important: If the container is contaminated or is made of material that either reacts with the product or is a catalyst, the test results may be wrong.
MEASUREMENTThe issues that face petroleum analysts include the need to provide higher quality results. In addition, environmental regulations may influence the method of choice. Nevertheless, the method of choice still depends to a large extent on the boiling range (or carbon number) of the sample to be analyzed. For example, there is a large variation in the carbon number range and boiling points (of normal paraffins) for some of the more common petroleum products and thus a variation in the methods that may be applied to these products (Speight, 2001).The predominant methods of measuring the properties of petroleum products are covered by approximately seven test methods that are used in the determination of bulk quantities of liquid petroleum and its products (ASTM D-96,ASTM D-287,ASTM D-1085,ASTM D-1086,ASTM D-1087, ASTM D-1250, ASTM D-1298).
ACCURACYThe accuracy of a test is a measure of how close the test result will be to the true value of the property being measured. As such, the accuracy can be expressed as the bias between the test result and the true value.However, the absolute accuracy can only be established if the true value is known.
PRECISIONThe precision of a test method is the variability between test results obtained on the same material using the specific test method. The precision of a test is usually unrelated to its accuracy. The results may be precise butnot necessarily accurate. In fact, the precision of an analytical method is the amount of scatter in the results obtained from multiple analyses of a homogeneous sample. To be meaningful, the precision study must be performed using the exact sample and standard preparation procedures that will be used in the final method. Precision is expressed as repeatability andreproducibility. The term reproducibility or reproducibility interval (R) is analogous to the term repeatability, but it is the maximum permissible difference between two results obtained on the same material but now in differentlaboratories. Therefore, differences between two or more laboratories should not exceed the reproducibility interval more than five times in a hundred.
R = 2.77 * standard deviation of test
METHOD VALIDATIONMethod validation is the process of proving that an analytical method is acceptable for its intended purpose. Many organizations, such as the ASTM, provide a framework for performing such validations. In general, methods for product specifications and regulatory submission must include studies on specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, range, detection limit, and quantitationlimit.
Carbon Residue, Asphaltene ContentThe carbon residues of petroleum and petroleum products serve as an indication of the propensity of the sample to form carbonaceous deposits (thermal coke) under the influence of heat.Tests for Conradson carbon residue (ASTM D-189, IP 13), Ramsbottom carbon residue (ASTM D-524, IP 14), the microcarbon carbon residue (ASTM D4530, IP 398), and asphaltene content (ASTM D-893, ASTM D-2006, ASTM D-2007, ASTM D-3279, ASTM D-4124, ASTM D-6560, IP143) are sometimes included in inspection data on petroleum. The data gives an indication of the amount of coke that will be formed during thermal processes as well as an indication of the amount of high-boiling constituentsin petroleum.
DistillationThe distillation tests give an indication of the types ofproducts and the quality of the products that can beobtained from petroleum, and the tests are used tocompare different petroleum types through the yieldand quality of the 300°C (572°F) residuum fraction.For example, the waxiness or viscosity of thisfraction gives an indication of the amount, types, andquality of the residual fuel that can be obtained fromthe petroleum. In this respect, the determination ofthe aniline point (ASTM D-611, IP 2) can be used todetermine the aromatic or aliphatic character ofpetroleum. Although not necessarily the same as thewax content, correlative relationships can be derivedfrom the data.
Usually seven fractions provide the basis for a reasonably thorough evaluation of the distillation properties of the feedstock:1. Gas, boiling range: <15.5°C (60°F)2. Gasoline (light naphtha), boiling range: l5.5–149°C (60–300°F)3. Kerosene (medium naphtha), boiling range: 149–232°C (300–450°F)4. Gas oil, boiling range: 232–343°C (450–650°F)5. Light vacuum gas oil, boiling range: 343–371°C (650–700°F)6. Heavy vacuum gas oil, boiling range: 371–566°C (700–1050°F)7. Residuum, boiling range: >566°C (1050°F)From 5 to 50 liters of crude oil are necessary to complete a full assay, depending on the number of fractions to be taken and the tests to be performed on the fractions.
Light HydrocarbonsThe amount of the individual light hydrocarbons inpetroleum (methane to butane or pentane) is oftenincluded as part of the preliminary assay.Although one of the more conventional distillationprocedures might be used, the determination of lighthydrocarbons in petroleum is best is carried out witha gas chromatographic method (ASTM D-2427).
Metallic ConstituentsPetroleum, as recovered from the reservoir,contains metallic constituents but also picks upmetallic constituents during recovery,transportation, and storage. Even traceamounts of these metals can be deleterious torefining processes, especially processes inwhich catalysts are used. Trace components,such as metallic constituents, can also produceadverse effects in refining either (1) by causingcorrosion or (2) by affecting the quality ofrefined products.
Salt ContentThe salt content of crude oil is highly variable and results principally from production practices used in the field and, to a lesser extent, from its handling aboard the tankers bringing it to terminals. The bulk of the salt present will be dissolved in coexisting water and can be removed indesalters, but small amounts of salt may be dissolved in the crude oil itself. Salt may be derived from reservoir or formation waters or from other waters used in secondary recovery operations. Aboard tankers, ballast water of varying salinity may also be a source of salt contamination.Salt in crude oil may be deleterious in several ways. Even in small concentrations, salts will accumulate in stills, heaters, and exchangers, leading to fouling that requires expensive cleanup. More importantly, during flash vaporization of crude oil certain metallic salts can be hydrolyzed to hydrochloric acid according to the following reactions:2NaCl + H2O 2 HCl + Na2OMgCl2 + H2O 2 HCl + MgO
Sulfur ContentSulfur is present in petroleum as sulfides, thiophenes,benzothiophenes, and dibenzothiophenes. In most cases,the presence of sulfur is detrimental to the processingbecause sulfur can act as catalytic poisons duringprocessing.The sulfur content of petroleum is an important propertyand varieswidely within the rough limits 0.1% w/w to 3.0% w/w, and asulfur content up to 8.0% w/w has been noted for tar sandbitumen. Compounds containing this element are amongthe most undesirable constituents of petroleum becausethey can give rise to plant corrosion and atmosphericpollution. Petroleum can evolve hydrogen sulfide duringdistillation as well as low-boiling sulfur compounds.
Chemical Industry-The Fact Sheet
70000 products10 Million direct employees50 Million indirect employeesWide range of products/processes/ feed-stocksEnabling better quality of lifeAnnual growth rate 2.4 %
Global enterprise valued at $2.2 Trillion …… and growing
E n v iro n -m e n ta l
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Catalysis in Chemical Industry
Catalysts- Motors of Chemical Industry
Constraints in feedstock with respect to availability, quality & costEco friendly processes & products: stringent emission levels- Preserving the environmentNeed for conserving energy Waste minimization/effective treatment Catalysts with higher efficacy: activity/selectivity/ life / Max.atom efficiencyProcess improvements: milder conditions/fewer steps Ever-increasing demand for niche /specialty products at affordable pricesNew catalysts /processes: Reduction in discovery & process development cycle time
Chemical Industry-The challenges
Catalysis provides innovative solutions
Energy
Environment
Cost of production
Feed stock
New products
New processes
Catalysis
Energy
Environment
Cost of production
Feed stock
New products
New processes
Catalysis
Catalysis- Key to process innovations
Catalysis: The science behind sustainable energy & chemicals
Science takes on the demands from the environment
Production Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel requires ultra high active Hydro De-Sulfurising HDS catalysts
Target ( <10ppm S) achieved through scientific pursuits
How Science responds to the technological challenges ?
Major market segmentsPetroleum RefiningPolymerizationPetrochemicals /
ChemicalsEnvironmental
Global Catalyst Market
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1999 2002 2005 2007
Year
US$
Billi
on
Global Catalyst Market
Global Catalyst market: $ 12.9 Bill(up to 2007).
Market Projections- 2012Growth rate 6.3 %Market value 16.5 Bill.US$
Catalysts for Energy & Environment to grow faster
Chemical Industry- Products pattern
Chemicals- Intricately woven with our day to day life
Petrochemicals-37%
Energy
Chemicals &Fertilizers
Petrochemicals
Transport
Petroleum Refining
Petroleum Refining- The Mother Industry
Product Slates
Petroleum FuelsFeed-stocksHydrogenLubricantsSyngasSulfur
Petrochemical feed-stocksC2-C3 gasLPGC4 streamNaphtha for light olefinsNaphtha for aromaticsKeroseneGas oil for cracking
CRUDE OIL
REFINARY
FEEDSTOCKSGas, Naphtha, Gas Oil, Kerosene
PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY
BASIC CHEMICALSEthylene, Propylene, 1.3-Butadiene & BTX,
PETROCHEMICALSPE,PP,PVC,PS,PBR,MEG,LAB,ACN, AF, PTA, PHA, MA,CPL
Petrochemicals- The Origin
Basic/Building block Chemicals
EthylenePropyleneButadiene (1,3)BenzeneTolueneXylenes
Petrochemicals from Ethylene
Petrochemicals from Propylene
AdiponitrileADN
PolybutadieneRubber
PBR
Styrene-ButadieneRubber SBR
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene
-Styrene ABS
Butadiene
Petrochemicals from ButadienePetrochemicals from B
Specialty Polymers /Chemicals
Petrochemicals from Benzene
Toluene
Specialty/Functionalized
chemicals
XylenesBenzene
Petrochemicals from Toluene
Xylenes
O-Xylenep-Xylenem-Xylene
Phthalic anhydrideTerephthalic acidPTAIso-phthalic acid
PlasticizersPolyestersPET
Petrochemicals from Xylenes
Table.3. Major petrochemical processes & catalystsProcess Catalysts/Processes
Aromatics
Naphtha reforming- Production of Gasoline & BTX
Pt-Re/Al2O3, Pt-Sn/Al2O3,Semi-regenerative/ CCRUOP/Axens/Criterion/Chevron/IPCL/RIL
Xylene Isomerization- Towards maximization of p-Xylene- EB Conversion/ EB dealkylation prcesses
ZSM-5 CompositeUOP, Axens, Exxon-MobilZeolyst , IPCL/RIL
C7+C9 Aromatics Transalkylation-Upgradation of low value C7& C9 streams, towards maximization of p-Xylene
ZSM-5 CompositeUOP, Axens, Exxon-Mobil,SK Corpn
Toluene Disproportionation- Up gradation of low value C7 stream- Value added products- Benzene & p- Xylene
ZSM-5 CompositeUOP, Axens, Exxon-Mobil,
Alkylation of Toluene/ Ethylbenzne-Value added products- p-Xylene & PDEB
Pore regulated ZSM-5IPCL/RIL, UOP
Dehydrogenation
C3 ,C4 paraffins to Olefins-Monomers- Propylene, Iso-butene
Cr2 O3/Al2O3, Pt-Sn/Al2O3,UOP, CATOFIN, Phillips, Linde
C10-C13 paraffins to Mono olefins- For alkylation with Benzene to Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB)
Pt-Sn/Al2O3,UOP, IFP,IPCL/RIL
Ethyl benzene to StyreneFe-K/Al2O3UOP
Hydrogenation
Acetylenics in C2/C3/C4 hydrocarbon streams- Purification of monomers
Pd/Ni supported on alumina with promotersAxens, Sud-Chemie, BASF
Benzene to Cyclohexane- For caprolactum production
Ni/Alumina, Pt/AluminaAxens, SC,UOP
Hydrogenation of Oils/Fats Ni/Alumina
Purification of PTA- removal of 4-CBA
Pd/CarbonBASF, Sud-Chemie,Chemit
Hydrogenation of unsaturated organic compounds
Supported Ni/Pd with promoters
Oxidation /Epoxidation /Oxychlorination / Ammoxidation
Ethylene to Ethylene oxidePromoted Ag/Alumina, DOW,Shell,Sci.Design
Ethylene to Acetic acid Supported Pd
Ethylene+ HCl to Ethylene dichloride CuCl2- KCl/AluminaBASF, KNF, Oxyvinyl
Propylene to Acrylonitrile Molybdates of Bi,Fe,Ni/SilicaIneos
Propylene to Acrylic acid V-P-O,Ineos
Propylene to Propylene oxide Supported Mo Oxides/Au
O-Xylene to Phthalic anhydride Vanadia/TiO2
P-Xylene to Purified Terephthalic acid(PTA)
Co-Mn fatty acids
Butane to Maleic anhydride V-P-O, Ineos
Syngas conversions
CO+2H2→ CH3OH ZnO-CuO-Chromia
CO+H2→ n-Paraffins (Fischer-Tropsch)
Supported Co/Fe with promoters
CO + CH3OH→ Acetic acid Rh-,Ir-Iodide promoted
Polymer Processes
Ethylene to PolyethyleneLDPE, LLDPE, HDPE
High pressure tubular process (LDPE)Chevron-Phillips slurry processBasell Spherilene process ( LLDPE/HDPE)NOVA- Sclairtech process ( LLDPE/HDPE)
Propylene to PolypropylenePP, PE Copolymers
Basell Spheripol PP processDow UNIPOL PP processBorstar PP process
Vinyl chloride to Polyvinyl chloride PVC
Innovyl Suspension PVCUHDE, Goodrich process
Polymer Processes
Ethylene to PolyethyleneLDPE, LLDPE, HDPE
High pressure tubular process (LDPE)Chevron-Phillips slurry processBasell Spherilene process ( LLDPE/HDPE)NOVA- Sclairtech process ( LLDPE/HDPE)
Propylene to PolypropylenePP, PE Copolymers
Basell Spheripol PP processDow UNIPOL PP processBorstar PP process
Vinyl chloride to Polyvinyl chloride PVC
Innovyl Suspension PVCUHDE, Goodrich process
A partial list of products made from Petroleum (144 of 6000 items)
One 42-gallon barrel of oil creates 19.4 gallons of gasoline. The rest (over half) is used to make things like:
• Solvents, Diesel fuel, Motor Oil, Bearing Grease Ink, • Floor Wax, Ballpoint Pens, Football Cleats, Upholstery, Sweaters,• Boats, Insecticides, Bicycle Tires, Sports Car Bodies, Nail Polish,• Fishing lures, Dresses, Tires, Golf Bags, Perfumes• Cassettes, Dish-W parts, Tool Boxes, Shoe Polish, MC Helmet• Caulking, Petroleum Jelly, Scotch Tape, CD Player, Faucet
Washers, Antiseptics, Clothesline, Curtains, Basketballs,• Preservatives, Soap, Vitamin Caps, Antihistamines, Purses,• Shoes, Dashboards, Cortisone, Deodorant, Footballs• Putty, Dyes, Panty Hose, Refrigerant, Percolators• Life Jackets, Rubbing Alcohol, Linings, Skis, TV Cabinets,• Shag Rugs, Insul. Tape, Tool Racks, Battery Cases, Epoxy• Paint, Mops, Slacks, Insect Repellent, Oil Filters• Umbrellas, Yarn, Fertilizers, Hair Coloring, Roofing
• Toilet Seats, Fishing Rods, Lipstick, Denture Adhesive, Linoleum• Ice Trays, Syn. Rubber, Speakers, Plastic Wood, Electric Blankets• Glycerin, Tennis Rackets, Rubber Cement, Fishing Boots• Dice, Nylon Rope, Candles,Trash Bags, House Paint• Water Pipes, Hand Lotion, Roller Skates, Surf Boards,• Shampoo, Wheels, Paint Rollers, Shower Curtains, Guitar Strings• Luggage, Aspirin, Safety Glasses, Antifreeze, Football Helmets• Awnings, Eyeglasses, Clothes, Toothbrushes, Ice Chests,• Footballs, Combs, CD's & DVD's, Paint Brushes, Detergents,• Vaporizers, Balloons, Sun Glasses, Tents, Heart Valves,• Crayons, Parachutes, Telephones, Enamel, Pillows• Dishes, Cameras, Anesthetics, Artificial Turf,• Artificial limbs,Bandages, Dentures, Model Cars,• Folding Doors, Hair Curlers, Cold cream, Movie film,• Soft Contact lenses, Drinking Cups, Fan Belts, Car Enamel,• Shaving Cream, Ammonia, Refrigerators, Golf Balls,
Toothpaste• Gasoline…….• Americans consume petroleum products at a rate of three-and-a-half gallons of
oil and more than 250 cubic feet of natural gas per day each! But, as shown here petroleum is not just used for fuel.
Azeri BTC 36.1° 0.14% BP Azerbaijan Ceyhan, Turkey
Azeri Light 34.8° 0.15% BP Azerbaijan Supsa Terminal, Georgia
BCF-17 16.5° 2.53% Venezuela La Salina
Bạch Hổ 33.8° 0.08% Vietnam
Bachaquero 17 17° Venezuela
Bachaquero 24 24° Venezuela
Balder 30.1° 0.48% Norway Balder FPSO
Baobab 23° 0.39-0.46% Ivory Coast Baobab FPSO
Basrah Blend
Basrah Light 30.5° 2.90% Iraq
Basrah Light/Mesa 30 Blend (35/65) 30.5° 1.63% Iraq/USAIraq/USA
Bayou Choctaw Sour 32.2° 1.43% United States
Bayou Choctaw Sweet 36.0° 0.36% United States
Bayu Undan 55.9° 0.07% Australia/East Timor Liberdade FSO
Belanak 47.8° 0.02% Indonesia Belanak FPSO
Belayim Blend 27.5 2.40% Egypt Wadi Feiran
Belida
Benchamas
Beryl 37.5 0.42% United Kingdom Beryl
Bintulu Condensate 69.3 0.03% Malaysia Bintulu
Bonga 29.1 0.26% Nigeria Bonga FPSO
Bonito Sour 35.5° 0.99% United States
Bonny Light 33.4° 0.16% Nigeria
Bontang Condensate
Boscan 10.1° 5.70% Venezuela Bajo Grande
Bouri 26.3° 1.91% Libya Bouri
Bow River 24.7 2.10% Canada
Brass River 0.14% Nigeria
Brega 39.8° 0.20% Libya Brega
Brent Blend 38.3° 0.37% United Kingdom
Brunei Light
CPC Blend
Cabinda 32.4° 0.13% Angola
Canadian Par 40° Canada
Canadon Seco
Cano Limon 29.2° 0.50% Colombia Covenas
Captain 19.2° 0.70% United Kingdom Captain FPSO
Ceiba 29.9° 0.57% Equatorial Guinea Sendje Ceiba FPSO
Cepu 32° 0.15% Indonesia Cepu FSO
Cerro Negro 16° 3.34% Venezuela Puerto José
Champion 28.7° 0.13% Brunei Seria
Chinguetti 28.3° 0.49% Mauritania Berge Helene FPSO
Cinta 31.1° 0.09% Indonesia Cinta
Clair 23.7° 0.44% United Kingdom Sullom Voe
Cold Lake 21.2° 3.70% Canada Westridge Terminal
Cossack 47.7° 0.05% Australia Cossack Pioneer FPSO
Cusiana 43.1° 0.14% Colombia
DUC 33.6° 0.26% Denmark Fredericia
Dalia 23.6° 0.51% Total S.A. Angola offshore
Daqing 32.2° 0.11% China Dairen (Dalian)
Dar Blend 26.42° 0.12% Sudan Al-Khayr
Djeno 27.0° 0.47% Congo Djeno
Doba 21.1° 0.10% Chad Kome Kribi 1 FSO
Doroud 34° 2.5% Iran Kharg Island
Draugen 39.9° 0.15% Shell Oil Company Norway offshore
Dubai 31° 2.0%
Dukhan 41.1° 1.22% Qatar Umm Said
Dulang 37.6° 0.05% Malaysia Dulang FSO
Duri 20.8° 0.20% Indonesia Dumai
EA Crude 35.1° 0.08% Nigeria
East MS Mix 30.9 2.10% United States
Ekofisk Blend (Norway) 37.2° 0.23% Norway
Ekofisk Blend 37.5° 0.23% ConocoPhillips United Kingdom Teesside
El Sharara 43.1° 0.07% Libya Zawiya terminal
Enfield 21.7° 0.13% Australia Nganhurra FPSO
Erha 31.8° 0.21% Nigeria Erha FPSO
Sidra 37° Waha Oil Company Libya Sidra
Escalante 24.1° 0.19% Argentina Comodoro Rivadavia
Escravos 34.2° 0.17% Nigeria
ESPO blend 34.8° 0.62% Russia Kozmino
Eugene Island 34.3° 1.18% United States
Fateh 30.4° 2.13% Dubai Fateh
Fife United States
Flotta 35.4° 1.22% United Kingdom Flotta
Foinaven 26.6° 0.40% United Kingdom
Forcados (to Europe) 30.8° 0.16% Nigeria
Foroozan Blend 29.7° 2.34% Iran Kharg Island
Forties Blend 40.3° 0.56% BP United Kingdom Hound Point
Fulmar Shell United Kingdom[2]
Furrial 30.0° 1.06% Venezuela
Galeota Mix 37.8° 0.19% Trinidad
Gippsland 42° Australia
Girassol 29.9° 0.32% Total S.A. Angola offshore
Glitne 32.9° 0.50% Statoil Norway offshore
Grane 18.7° 0.83% Statoil Norway Sture terminal
Gryphon
Gullfaks Blend 37.5° 0.22% Statoil Norway offshore
Handil Mix 43.9° 0.05% Indonesia Senipah
Hanze Veba Oil Netherlands[3]
Harding 20.7° 0.59% United Kingdom Cromarty Firth
Heavy Hardisty 22° Canada
Heavy Louisiana Sweet 32.9° 0.35% United States
Heidrun 25.0° 0.52% Statoil Norway Mongstad terminal
Hibernia 34.4° 0.41% Canada
Hungo Blend 29.1° 0.61% ExxonMobil Angola Kizomba A FPSO offshore
Iran Heavy 30.2° 1.77% Iran Kharg Island
Iran Light 33.1° 1.50% Iran Kharg Island
Isthmus 33.4° 1.25% Mexico Dos Bocas, Salina Cruz
Jasmine
Jotun
Karachaganak Condensate 44.7° 0.81% Kazakhstan Novorossiysk, Odessa
Kashagan 42-48° 0.80% Kazakhstan Ceyhan
Khafji 28.5° 2.85% Saudi Arabian Neutral Zone Ras al-Khafji
Kikeh 34.9° 0.11% Malaysia Kikeh FPSO
Kirkuk (Netback Price at U.S. Gulf) 33.9° 2.26% Iraq
Kissanje Blend 29.8° 0.38% ExxonMobil Angola Kizomba B FPSO offshore
Kitina 36.4° 0.11% Congo
Kittiwake
Kole 32.1° 0.33% Cameroon Kole
Kuito 19.0° 0.68% Angola Kuito FPSO
Kumkol 41.2° 0.11% Kazakhstan Yuzhnaya Ozereevka, Batumi
Kutubu Blend 46.6° 0.04% Papua New Guinea Kumul
Kuwait Blend 30.2° 2.72% Kuwait
Labuan 32.0° 0.09% Malaysia Labuan
Laguna 10.9° 5.4% Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. Venezuela Puerto Miranda[2]
Laminaria
LA Mississippi Sweet 40.7° 0.34% United States
Lavan Blend 34.2 1.93% Iran Lavan Island
Light Louisiana Sweet 35.6° 0.37% United States
Lion Crude 39.6° 0.18% Ivory Coast
Liuhua
Liverpool Bay° 45 0.21% United Kingdom Liverpool Bay Platform
Lloyd Blend 22° Canada
Lower Zakum 39.8 1.02% BP Abu Dhabi Das Island
Lufeng 33.3° 0.06% Statoil China offshore
MacCulloch
Mandji 30° Gabon
Marib Light (Alif) 48.9° 0.07% BP Yemen[4]
Marlim 19.6 0.67% PETROBRAS.SA Brazil Campos Basin - Offshore
Mars Blend 30.3° 1.91% United States
Mars/Mesa Blend (40/60) 30.1° 1.65% Loop
Mars/Urals Blend (50/50) 31.1° 1.57% United States
Masila 31.4° 0.54% Yemen Ash Shihr
Maureen
Maya 21.8° 3.33% Mexico Cayo Arcas, Salina Cruz
Medanito 34.9° 0.48% Argentina Puerto Rosales
Mediterranean Sidi Kerir (Heavy) 30° Iran
Mediterranean Sidi Kerir (Light) 34° Iran
Mesa 30 29.4° 1.12% Venezuela
Minas 35.3° 0.09% Indonesia Dumai
Miri 32.3° 0.08% Malaysia Miri
Mixed Blend Sweet
Mondo 28.8° 0.44% ExxonMobil Angola Mondo FPSO offshore
Murban 40.2° 0.79% BP Abu Dhabi Jebel Dhanna
Naptha Koch 57.8° 0.11% United States
N'kossa 41.0° 0.04% Congo N'Kossa
NFC II 57.95° 0.23% Qatar Ras Laffan
Northwest Shelf Condensate 61.2° 0.01% Australia Withnell Bay
Nang Nuang
Nanhai Light 40.1° 0.06% China Nan Hai Fa Xian FPSO
Napo 19° 2% Ecuador Esmeraldas
Nemba 40.9° 0.18% Angola
New Zafiro Blend 29.5° 0.26% Equatorial Guinea Serpentina FPSO
Nile Blend 33.9° 0.06% Sudan Port Sudan
Njord 46.6° 0.05% Statoil Norway offshore
Norne 30.8° 0.22% Statoil Norway offshore
Nowruz/Soroush 18-19° 3.4-3.5% Iran Kharg Island
Odudu 30.5° 0.15% Nigeria
Oguendjo 27.3 1.50% Gabon
Okono 41.9° 0.06% Nigeria
Olmeca 37.3° 0.84% Mexico
Oman Blend 34° 2.00% Oman
Oriente 24.1° 1.51% Ecuador
Ormen Lange condensate 52.3° 0.007% Statoil Norway Nyhamna
Oseberg Blend 37.8° 0.27% Statoil Norway Sture terminal
Ösgard Blend
Oso Condensate 45.7° 0.06% Nigeria
Palanca/Soyo Blend 37.8° 0.16% Angola
Panyu 28-32° <0.25% China Panyu FPSO
Peng Lai 21.8° 0.29% China Peng Lai FPSO
Pennington 35° 0.08% Nigeria Pennington Terminal
Petrozuata Heavy 19.5° 2.69%[3] PDVSA, Conoco[4] Venezuela
Pierce
Plutonio 32.6º 0.39%[5] BP Angola
Port Hudson 45.0° 0.05% United States
Poseidon Streams 29.6° 1.97% BP United States Houma[6]
Premium Albian 35.5° 0.04% Canada
Qatar Marine 35.8° 1.47% Qatar Halul Island
Qua Iboe 36.3° 0.14% Nigeria
Rabi Light 37.7° 0.15% Gabon
Rang Dong 37.7° 0.05% Vietnam Rang Dong FPSO
Rincon 35.8° 0.39% Argentina San Vincente, Chile
Rio Grande do Norte 29.5° 0.33% PETROBRAS S.A. Brazil
Ross
Saharan Blend 45° 0.09% Algeria
Santa Barbara 39.5° 0.49% Venezuela
Sarir 37.6° 0.16% Libya Marsa El Hariga
Saudi Arabia Heavy 27° Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia Light 34° Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia Medium 31° Saudi Arabia
Saxi Batuque Blend 32.8° 0.32% ExxonMobil Angola Saxi Batuque FPSOoffshore
Schiehallion Blend 25.5° 0.47% BP United Kingdom Sullom Voe
Senipah 51.9° 0.03% Indonesia Senipah
Seria Light 36.2° 0.08% Brunei
Seria Light Export
Shah Deniz Condensate 47° 0.03% Azerbaijan Ceyhan
Shengli 24.2° 0.84% China Qingdao
Siberian Light 35.1° 0.57% Russia Tuapse
Sincor 30-32° 0.13% Venezuela Puerto José
Siri 38.1° 0.22% Denmark Siri[disambiguation needed ]
Sirri 33.4° 1.81% Iran Sirri Island
Sirtica 42.2° 0.40% Libya Brega
Sleipner Condensate 62.0° 0.02% Statoil Norway Kårstø
Snorre
Snøhvit Condensate 60.1° 0.019% Statoil Norway Melkøya
Sokol (Sakhalin I) 37.9° 0.23% Russia DeKastri
Souedieh 24.1° 3.90% Syria Banias, Tartous
South Arne 37.71° 0.21% Denmark
Southern Green Canyon 30.4° 2.24% United States Port Arthur, Texas and Texas City, Texas
South Louisiana Sweet 35.9° 0.33% United States
Statfjord 39.1° 0.22% Statoil Norway offshore
Su Tu Den (Black Lion) 36° 0.04% ConocoPhillips[7] Vietnam Su Tu Den Terminal
Suez Blend 30.8° 1.49% Egypt Ras Shukheir
Syncrude Sweet Blend 30.5-33.6° 0.07-0.13% Canada
Syrian Light 37.7° 0.74% Syria Banias, Tartous
Tapis Blend 45.2° 0.03% Malaysia Tapis
Tempa Rossa
Tengiz
Terra Nova 33.2 0.48% Canada Whiffen Head
Thamama Condensate 58.4° 0.11% Abu Dhabi Jebel Dhanna
Tia Juana Heavy 11° 2.66% Venezuela Punta Cardon
Tia Juana Light 31.9° 1.18% Venezuela La Salina
Triton 37.5° 0.32% United Kingdom Triton FPSO
Troll Blend 31.1° 0.21% Statoil Norway Mongstad terminal
Turkmen Blend 33.0° 0.15-0.29% Turkmenistan Aladzha, Okarem
Ukpokiti 41.7° 0.08% Nigeria
Umm Shaif 36.5° 1.39 Abu Dhabi Das Island
Upper Zakum 32.9° 1.78% Abu Dhabi Das Island
Urals (to Mediterannean) 31.7° 1.35% Russia / C.I.S.
Urucu 42.1° 0,09% PETROBRAS S.A. Brazil Urucu
Varg 37.9° 0.23% Talisman Norway offshore
Vasconia 24.5° 1.01% Colombia
Vityaz (Sakhalin II) 34.6° 0.22% Russia Molikpaq-Prigorodnoye
Volve 27.9° 1.8% Statoil Norway offshore
Wafra 24.5° 3.80% Saudi Arabian Neutral Zone Mina Saud
West Seno 38° 0.12% Indonesia Santan[disambiguation needed ]
West Texas Intermediate 39.6° 0.24% United States Cushing, Oklahoma
West Texas Sour 31.7° 1.28% United States Midland, Texas
Western Canada Select 20.3° 3.43% Canada Hardisty
White Rose 29.8° 0.32% Canada SeaRose FPSO
Widuri 33.2° 0.07% Indonesia Widuri
Williams Sugarland Blend 40.9° 0.20% United States
Wytch Farm Perenco United Kingdom Hamble
Xikomba 34.7° 0.39% ExxonMobil Angola offshore
Yoho Crude 39.3° 0.08% Nigeria
Zakum 40.2° 1.01% Abu Dhabi[5] Das Island
Zarzaitine 42.8° 0.06% Algeria[6] La Skhirra, Tunisia
Puerto José 32° 0.13% Total S.A. Venezuela[7] Jose terminal
Zuwetina 41.5° 0.31% Libya[8][9] Zuwetina, Libya
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Petroleum Products