Pharr - Roman Kiss

8/18/2019 Pharr - Roman Kiss

1/6

The Kiss in Roman LawAuthor(s): Mary Brown PharrSource: The Classical Journal, Vol. 42, No. 7 (Apr., 1947), pp. 393-397Published by: The Classical Association of the Middle West and SouthStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3291663 .

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2/6

(3:Mrs. harr

s AssociateEditor

of the Corpus uris

Romani

WhiCh

has ts

headquarterst

Vanderbilt ni

versity.This project or

the compilation,

diting,and

translationf

Roman

Lawwasdescribedn

the Decem

berI946ssue

ofTHE LA88ICAL

OURNAL.

Mrs.Pharrwas born

atLebanon,

ennessee, nd re

ceivedher

secondarychool

raining t WebbSchool,

Bell

Buckle,Tennessee.

hehastaught the

Classics n

public chools;

erved sAssistant

Professorf Classics

at

Converse

College n

Spartanburg,outhCarolina,

and

asResearch

ssistantnRomanLawat

Vanderbilt.

Legal,ocial, nd

economic

onsequencesf

Kissing

A

studyof the

contractualspects f

the Kiss

T h e

i s s

n

o m a n

L a w

MaryBrown

Pharr

IN A

RECENTssueof THE

CLASSICALOUR

NALhere

appearedlearned nd

nterest

ing

article

entitled, "The

Kiss in Roman

Law.''l

The authorwas

concernedwith a

special

nterpretationf the

kiss as a "union

of

soulsof the

betrothedhrough

he kiss,"

Oandis

discussion id not

suggesthe impor

tanceof the generalhemeof thekiss n Ro

man aw,

with its

variousegal

aspectsand

their socialand

economic

mplications nd

consequences.

I SHALL

OTTTEMPT

erea full

analysis f

the

significancef

the kiss, ince uch

a discus

siondoes

not iewithin he

provincef mysubS

ject. Needless o

say,however, he

kiss has

alwayshad

a placen

literature,

speciallyn

poetry.The

ancient

Greeksound

he subject

quiteentertaining,ndtheir iterature ften

interpreted

hekiss n a

spiritual nd

romantic

sensequite

at variancewith

its truepurpose

and

nature.Thus

in the epigram

f Plato,2

quoted n

the above

mentioned rticle, t is

noteworthy

hat thekiss s

givenbya man o

a

lad andnot to a

maid,and

s a pronounced

caseof

homosexuality,s is

frequentlyrueof

the

lovekiss n

Greekiterature.

he follow

is a

freetranslation

f theepigram:

"Mysoulwason

my ipswhen was

kissing

Agathon.

Poor oul Shecame

esiring

o cross ver o

him.l'

A

similarepigram

of Rufinus

concernsa

lady'skiss:3

"Europa'siss ssweet, hought reachut he

lips,

Though t but

brush he mouth.

But she

touchesotthus

ightly;

Withclosely linging

ips

She

drainshesoul

rommy

ingerips."

Philostratus's

amous ines

whichwere imS

mortalitedn the song

of BenJonson

ave he

same

heme

4

"Drinlio

mewith

your yesalone . .

And f youwill,take

he cup o your

ips

And ill twithkisses, nd ive t so tome."

Thistheme s

echoedby

Meleagern his epi

gram

"Thewine up eels

weet oyand ells

mehow

Ittouches

heprattling outh

fZenophila,

The riendf love.

Happy up

Would he

might ether ips

o mine,

Andat onedraught

rink p

mysoul."

A touchof

cynicisms

found nthe

moreprac

tical

epigram f

Marcus

Argentariuso his

ladywhosename,Melissa, s theGreekword

;;

fi * a

mean1ng

zoney ee u

"You

oeverything,

elissa, s

does ournameR

sake,

Theflowel

oving ee.ThisI

know nd ake o

heart.

Whenyou

sweetlykiss,from

your ips

drops

honey;

Butyou

sting me

most

urskindly-whenou

ask

ormoney.l'

Since hekisswascommonly sed n salu

tations,7 he

earlyChristians

ho employed

393


3/6

MARr BROWN

PHARR

Troops

Doxnestici)

ndof the

Imperial ody

guardProtectores)

hallharre

he Rightof

Os

culation

Osculandiotestas)

hen

theygive

their

salutations

o the

Vicarsof

YourEmi

nence Culmen).14ora punishmentimilaro

thatfor

sacrilege

hallbe inflicted

upon

any

person

whofails o accord

he

pro3?eronor

o

those

who

havebeen

deemedworthy

o touch

OurPurple.55

lso in the Theodosian

ode

a

constitutton15

ssued

by Gratian,

alentinian,

andTheodosius

n 38S

dealswith

Municipa]

Councilors

r

Decurionswho

performed

er

tain public

services

o theirMunicipalities

and

werethereby

rantedhe

titleof FIonor

ary

Count, he

Right

of Osculation

Potestas

Osculandi),ndthe right to sit in Council

with theGoverrlors.

Therewas

anothernstance

of the cere

monial

kiss n Ro1llan

aw,by which

certain

especially

rivileged

ersonswere

permitted

onceremonial

ccasions

o adorehe

Emperor.

This privilege

onsisted

n beingadmitted

o

theEmperor's

resence

nd

n kneelingt

his

feet.It

also ncluded

he right o kiss

hepur

plehem

of the

Emperor'sobe,

andat times

hisfoot.l6

n the Theodosian

ode,

the

lim

perorConstantiusssued he following on

stitution17

n 3S4: "We

command

hat no

membersf Provincial

Office

StaSsor Mem

bers

of

the OfficeStafEs

f Masters

of the

Horse nd

Footshall

hereafterome

o Us

for

the purpose

of adoring

Our Purple

unless

they

have

bornearms

n theImperial

ervice

and

haveactively

participated

n

all military

expeditions."

is other

constitutions

n the

TheodosianCode

state

the conditions

nd

ranks

which

admittedcandidates

o

this

privilege.l8ourotherconstitutions rovide

penalties

or thosepersons

who attempted

o

obtain he

privilege

y patronage

r by

sur

reptitious

means.t9

TheKiss

of Betrotlxa1

THE

KISShichproduced

he greatest

om

plications,

rom

a legalstandpoint,

was

the

kissbetween

betrothed ersons.

The constio

tution

quotedby the

article

1n THECLASSI

CAL

OURNAL

n regard

o this

matterwas

originallyncludedn the Theodosian ode.

It

was, of course,

also included,

with the

change

of one word,

in the Justinian

Code

394

the

customdid

theirbest to

safeguard

ts

tendencies

ndinsisted

hat

kissesbetween

brothers

ndsisters

of the Church

hould

be

holy

ones.

Paul n his

epistles our

timesad

jurestheChristians,iGreet e one another

withan

holykiss,"while

Peter

speaks f the

;;kiss f

charity."8

Family isses

nd hose

betweenriends

f

thesame

ex werefor

the mostpart

outside

the law

and not

subject o

regulation. he

story

s toldby

Plutarch,9owevers

f a cer

tain

Maniliuswho

was

expelled y

Cato rom

theSerlate

or kissing

his wife

in broaddayz

light

in the presence

f their

growndaugh

ter.l°By

the [us

Osculi lso

any manrelated

withina certaindegreehadthe rightunder

thelaw to

kisshis female

elatives.

This law

seems

o havebeen

derivedrom

hecustom

of prohibition

f

marriage ithin

certain

de

grees of

relationship,

hough

the ancients

rather

musingly

xplainedt

as a deviceused

by

the malerelatives

o determine

whether

the

women

f thehousehold

admisused

heir

custody

of the family

toreof

provisionsnd

had

beendrinking

p the family

wine The

following

passage

ttributed

o Polybius

by

Athenaeuslls worthquoting:

"It is almost

mpossible

or a woman

o drink

wine

withoutbeing

found

out. For in

the first

place the

womandoes

not havecharge

of the

wine;

moreover,he

s boundo

kissa11 f

her male

reIatives

nd thoseof her

husband own

to her

second

cousins

veryday

on seeirlghem

or the

first

time;and as

she cannot ell

whichof them

she

will

meet,shehas to

be orlher guard.

For f

shehasbut

tasted

he wille)no

moreneedbe said

by

way of accusation.'7

A passage

romPlinyj2

corroborateshis statement romPolybius.)

Ceremonial

isses

ROMANAW

eals lsowith

the ceremonial

kiss,

which was

strictlyregulated

y law.

Thus,for

example,Roman

Governorsn the

Provinces

were

required

o kiss, on

applica

tiorl r request,

llmen

of certainwell

defined

ranks,

ndthe

refusal f this

rightof oscula

tiorlwas

considered

s sacrilege, unishable

by

death.SimiIarly,

n

the Theodosian

ode,

a constitution13ssuedby Valentinian,heo

dosius,

andArcadius

Augustuses

n 387 at

Milan states:

'iMembers

f the

Household


4/6

THE

KlSSIN

ROMANLAW

39S

when it was

later

ssued.20

quote

my

own

translation f

the law

as it

appears

n

the

Theodosian

Code:2l

"Whena

manhas

made

gifts to

his

be

trothed ndhasbestowed kissassuretyupon

her,

f it

should

appenhat

either

he

manor

the

womandie

before

he

marriage,

We

de

cree

hat

onehalfof

the

property iven

shall

belong

to the

survivor,

and the

other

half

shall

belong o

the

heirsof the

deceased,

f

whatever

degree

uch

heirs

maybe

andby

whatever

ightthey

may

succeed o

the in

heritance,o

that

onehalf

of the

giftshall

e

main

alid

and he

otherhalf

hallbe

annulled.

But

when

therehas

beenno

kissas

surety, f

either fthebetrothed ersonshoulddie,the

whole

gift shall

be

invalidated

nd

sha]l

be

restored o

the

donor

or his

heirs.#I.

But

when a

woman

gives

anything o

her

be

trothed

under

he title

of

betrothal

ifts,

a

thing

which

rarely

occurs,

f it

happens

hat

either he

manor

the

woman

dies

beforehe

marriage,

hether

here

has

beena

kiss as

suretyor

not, the

wholegift

shallbe

trans

ferred o the

betrothed

oman

whogave

t or

to

herheirs.

"Given ntheIdes

ofJuly

t Constantino

ple

(JulyS,

33S)

Relceived n

the four

teenth

day

beforethe

Kalendsof

May

at

Hispalis n

the

year of

the

Consulship f

Nepotianusnd

Facundus.

May 8,

336.)"22

The point

of

controversy

mong

cholars

on

this aw s

the

meaningf

the

term

osculum

interveniens,

or

which

he

Interpretation

ses

the

synonymous

erm,

osculum

ntercedens.

This

use of

osculum

nterveniens

pparently

appearsnly

nthis

constitutionnd

ts

Inter

pretation,nd s not foundagainuntilmuch

later

n

medieval

imes.It is

here

translated,

"Ifthere

houldbe a

kissas

surety," r

"Ifa

kiss

hould

e

bestowed

s

surety."n

Roman

law the

words

intervenio

nd

intercedo

re

commonly

sedwith

the

technical

meaningf

become

urety.23 In

this

case he

kissmay

be n

terpreted

s

an

indication f

surety

given

and

a

pledgehat

the

marriageill

takeplace.

Ac

cording

o some

opinions,

he

osculumnter

veniens

was

merely

lover's

kissand

was

not

necessarilyrovedo havebeengiven n the

presence

f

witnesses.

Thus

the

propernter

pretation f

this

term

would

depend

on the

time

and

circumstances

nder

whichthe

kiss

was

given.

On

this point

there

has been

a

wide

divergencef

opinion

mong

cholars.

The

Contractualiss

THE

NTERPRETATION

enerally

ccepted y

legal

scholars,

owever,

s that

this

kisswas

given

before

witnesses,as

part

of the

be

trothal

ceremony,

and

was

considered

s

sealinghe

betrothal

nd

actually sthe

nitial

step in the

hnal

consummationf

the mar

riage.24

his

latter

view is

supported y

the

general

pproachfthe

Romanso

the

subject

of

marriage.

Marriagewas

a

family

arrange

ment

and

a

business

contract,

with

the

amount f dowrystrictlystipulatedndthe

business

arrangements

onsidered f

funda

mental

mportance.

Most

betrothed

ersons

among

he

higher

lasses

hadno

opportunity

for

association

r

acquaintanceship

ntil

after

marriage,

ince

betrothals

were

arranged

y

the

parents f

the

contracting

arties,

sually

while

both

partieswere

still

children,

nd

he

marriageften

occurred

hen

the

girlwas

as

young

as

thirteen.The

reputationf a

girl

or

chastity

was

closely

guarded,

nd if

doubt

shouldbecastupont, shebecameessdesira

ble

as a

wifeand

could

not

ordinarily

btain

a

husbands

easily

as a girl

whose

reputation

was

not open

to

doubt.

Valerius

Maximus25

tells

of one

P.

Maenius,who

punished ery

severelyhis

freedman ho

kissed

Maenius's

daughter f

marriageable

ge,"even

hough,"

he

says,"it

was

clear

hat he

reedman

lipped

not

because

f lust

but by

mistake

non

ibi

dine

sed

errore)."

alerius

Maximus

urther

explains

hatthe

purpose

f

Maenius

wasto

inculcate n his

daughter he

discipline

of

chastity

and to

show

her

by this

bitter

ex

amplehat

she

shouldake

o

her

husbandot

onlyher

virginity

utalso

herkisses

nviolate.

Thus it

is clear

hat if

a

betrothed

irl

had

beenkissed

by her

fiance,

nd

f the

marriage

should

not be

consummated

ecause f

his

death,the

girlwas

entitled

to half

his be

trothal

iftsas

damages

o her

reputation

nd

to her

prospectsor

a

suitable

marriage.

hus

in

AngloAmericanaw, a girlmaysue for

breach

f

promise

y a

similaregal

principle.

The

man,

on the

other

hand,

uffieredo

loss

of

reputation

r of

desirabilitys

a

husband


5/6

MARY BROWN

PHARR

96

by

having estowed kisson

his betrothed.

Thus n the

eventof herdeathhe was re

quiredorestore

llhergifts oherheirs.fno

kiss

hadbeenbestowed, ll

giftsby either

partywerensralidatedn case f thedeath f

the

other.

Kissing nd

Giving

THE

NTERPRETATIONf theosculum intero

veniens as a term

f legal uretynvolvinghe

transferf property y

marriages further

supported y the use which

he termaco

quiredn later

medievalaw.Thus n Old

Frenchnd

ProvenSalhe term scle ignified

a

gift.26n Medieval atin he

termosculo

pactum c conventionem

asequivalento a

promiseranagreement.he

osculumidei t

securitatisnd

the osculumidelitatisdealt

with

businessransactions,

specially ith

the

transferf property. he

osculumosz

clum,

oscle,

osclage)was regularlydonatio

propter

uptias.27

A fragmentf

a ninth eno

turymanuscript

ontaininglegal ortnulary

for

the property

rrangementsf a betrothal

ceremonyses hephrase, per

zancitulum

osculum

ntercedentis."28 tenth century

manuscriptontaining similar ocument

uses

thisformulary:Haec

mnia uperius

conscripta,ponsamea am

dicta,perhunc

osculum die

presenteibitrado, ransfero,

atque

transfundo."29

twelfth century

manuscriptivesa third ega]

ormularyor

betrothalrrangementsnd

thuscloses: Et

derebusmeis

ecundumitum ntecessorum

nostrorumibiosculum

onstituo, ans ibi

istaet ista."30

Thesignificancef this aw s

attested y

itswidespreadseand tssurvivaln the egal

codes

f the aterMiddleAges.

The awapo

pears

nsubstantiallyts original

ormn the

Basilica.3tt was

found n

areas s widely

separateds Syria

ndSpain.Mitteis ays,32

"The

SyrooRotnanawbook33

entionsuch

a

local ase n Law I, a passage

hich llows

thevariationso

comeoutprominently,o

which

he Romanaw is

subjecteds over

againstocal

ustoms.n theaforementioned

law

references made o the

Constantinian

regulation,ccordingo which alf hebridal

presentsall o the

bride,

sculo

interveniente.

Inthis aw(from

he

SyrooRomanawbook),

the

osculumntervenienssthusgiven:

When

for the

maiden bridalchambers

prepared

andher

husband as eenandkissed

er. *. 5'5

PostRomanLaw

THE

FUEROUZGO34ives a

fairly close

translation

f the constitution s it

appears

in the Theodosian

Code.35n LasSiete Par

tidas,36helaw appears

ubstantiallys in the

Fuero

JU;gO,

ith the

addition f the

follow

ing philosophic

bservations:37

And if it

shouldhappen hat

the betrothedwoman

should

make gift to

herbetrotheds hich s

a thing

hatrarelyhappens,ince

womenare

naturallyovetous nd

avaricious,nd f she

should die beforethe marriages consum

mated, hen in sucha

caseas that,whether

theyhave

kissed r not,allthe

property iven

must

returnto the heirs of the

betrothed

woman.

The reason

which nduced he wise

menof theancientso

decidediffere1ltlythat

is, in thecaseof men

andwomen) bout uch

gifts is as follows:

lXecausehe betrothed

womangivesthe kiss to

the

betrothedman,

and s not

understoodo

havereceivedt from

him.

Moreover,whenthe man

receives he

kiss, he derivespleasureherefrom,ut the

womansput to shame

ordisgraced).ln the

Fuerosde Castiella,38

e find the following

TitlewhichI quote n

full, as an

application

of, anda

fitting ommentaryn, the

awunder

discussion39

"This s an aphorism

ith respecto Lady

Elvyra,nieceof the

Archdeacon,

on Mate

of Burgos,

nicknamedhe

Stammerer,nd

daughterf Ferrant

Gomes modern

panish,

Fernando

omez) f Vi]laArmento.

hewas

betrothedo a knight.And theKnightgave

her on

betrothal omeclothes

pannos,tglad

rags'),a

set of furs(abtesas,40

ewe]ry? rnao

ments.?),

nda mulewith

a ladyls addle.And

the

marriageidnot

come o passbecausehey

did not

live togetheras manand

wife (non

casaronn

uno).And

the Knightdemanded

of the

Lady hat shegive himback

he furs40

andall that

he hadgivenheron the

betrothal,

sinceshedid not live

with him as

his wife.

And the

Lady aid hatshewas not

obligated

to return o him whathe had givenher on

betrothal. nd they

camebeforeDiagoLopes

d'Alfaro,

who wasGovernorf

Castile,both


6/6

THEKISS1N ROMANLAW

397

the Knightand the Archdeacon on Mate,

who was the advocate f the Lady,andthey

pleaded heircases(dixieronusrasonesnte

el).And DonDiago endered is decisionhat

if the Lady affirmedhat the Knighthad

kissedandembraceder on betrothal, ll the

propertywhichthe Knighthadgivenheron

betrothal houldbe the Lady's,and if the

Ladydidnot affirmhatthe Knight adkissed

her andembraceder on betrothal,he must

give backall that he hadgisren er And the

Ladywas not willing to affirmhat he had

kissedher;andshe gavebackall that he had

g1venner.

NOTES

1 THECLASSICALOURNALI OctoberI945)4.

2 I cite the Greek ext of this and the following pi

grams rom the AnthologiaGraeca,Loeb ClassicalLi

braryEdition, New York,I920)ut the translations

aremy own. Elol.I. 5.78

3 Op. Cit., I. 5. 4.

4 Letter 4.

5

Anthologia raeca,LoebClassicalLibrary dition,

(New York,Tgzo)I 5 I7

6 Op, Cit., I. 5.32.

7

Cf. TFhe atholtc ncyclopedia,New York,I9IO)

... ..

S.V. K1SS.

8RomansI6 I6; Cor. I6.20; I Cor. I3.I%;

Thess.5.26;Peter5. 4.

9 MarcusCato,I7.

10AmmianusMarcellinusz8.

4.9)

ells the incident

withoutmentioningames.

11DeiPnOSOPhiStAeO. 40

f

12 . H. I4. 4.

13C.Th. 6.24.

14hat s, Eusignius, raetorianrefect, o whom he

constitutions addressed.

15 Th.I%..IO9.

16 f. Darembergaglio, . v. "adoratio."

17C.

h.8-

7 4

18C.Th. 6.8. I;6.I3. ;6.23. ;8- 7- 8, 8-7 I6;

IO.%z.

19C. Th.

6.24. ;7.I.7;

.

7.9; %..70.

C J 5 3 I6

21C.Th.3.5.6.

22 To this law as it appearsn the Theodosian ode

there s appendednInterpretation,restatementf the

law. Such nterpretationsre commonlyound n the

Theodosian odeandseem o beextractsrom ommenS

tarieson these aws by earlymedievalurists.

23

Cf. Vocabulanumurssprudentiaeomanae,Ber

lin, I903 ff.), andHeumann eckel,Handlexikonu den

Suellendesromischen echts9,Jena,

9I4) S. VV.

"inter

venso"nd"intercedo."

24 Cf. ErnestCrawley,T^heMysticRose, New Edi

tion, Revised and Greatly Enlargedby Theodore

BestermanNew York,Boni and Liveright,927), I,

p. 349

26 ValeriusMaximus, acta t Dicta Memcabtlia,.

I, De Pudscitsa.

26 Cf. FriedrichDiea,Etymologischesorterbucher

Romansschenprachen,Bonn, 869), and Godefroy,

F. E., Dictionnatree l'anczenneangueranSasse,. vv.

"oscle," osclage."

27Cf. Du Cange, . v. "osculum,"ndGozefroy,oc.

cit.

28 Cf. Karolus eumer, ormulaeMerowtngit Karo

IsngtAest, (M. G. H., I,egum ectso

),

Hanover,

88t,

pp. I62-I64. ObservehatMedieval atin f thisperiod

has argely ost its feeling or caseendings.

29

op. cst.,

38-5399

30 Op.cst., 42-543.

3128. 3. The Basilicawas a Greekcodification f

Justinian's ork,whichwas ssuedby Leo he Wiseat

Constantinoplen the latterpartof the ninthcentury.

32 LudwigMitteis,ReschsrechtndVolasrecht,Leip

aig,Teubner,

89I) tt5.

33

A revision ndadaptationf Romanaw, ranslated

intoSyriann the fifthor sixthcentury .D.

34 A seventh entury ersion f the VisigothicCode

whichwas originallyssued n Spainby Alaric I, and

later ranslatednto Spanish,n the thirteenth entury.

35 FueroJuago,Libro3, Titulo , 5.

36 The of cialSpanishode ormany enturies,ssued

by AlfonsoX in It65. Thiscodewasdividednto seven

parts n honor f Alfonso, nepart oreach etterof his

nameand eachpartbeginningwith the corresponding

letterof his name.

37 LasSietePartidas, . II. 3.

38

Before he codificationnd unificationf Spanish

law by Alfonso, here existed n various ocalities n

Spain ueros,or local municipalaws. Such were the

Fueros e Castiella, r local aws of Castile.

39 Librode los Fueros e Castiella,4I.

40 The meaning f this word fi obscure.

CLASSICALW.UMBEROF "EDUCA7@ION"

A

CLASSICAL

number f theperiodicalEducation"ill appear n Juneunder he

editorshipf B. L. Ullman.Among hecontributorsreLenore eweke, enryMontR

gomery,GoodwinB. Beach,W. C. Korfmacher,Marian C. Butler,E. J. Burrus,

HaroldB. Dunkel.Copiesmaybeobtainedor $.so by writingo thepublishers, @he

PalmerCompany, 70 AtlanticAve., BostonO, Mass., and asaing or theJune

number f "Education." Seachershouldwrite early,as the number f copies s

limited.

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