Philosophy of Marxism by Yebaw-San-Thu.pdf

8/20/2019 Philosophy of Marxism by Yebaw-San-Thu.pdf

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tkyfpdk;wJh vlwef;pm;bufuvnf; olwd kŒtm%mwnf+rJa&;twGufpdwf0g'ud kaxmufcH+yD; pdwf0g'tjrifawG wae@wjcm; us,fjyef @a&;twGufvnf;}uKd;pm;=uygw,f?

qd k&S,fvpf vl @tzG J @tpnf;rSm qd k&ifawmh aoG;pkyfwJ h vlwef;pm;vnf;r&S dawmhvk d @ pdwf0g'v$rf;rk d;a&;twGuf vlrla&;tajccH r&S dawmhyg? ody` Henf;us

tjrifrsm;uom (±kyf0g'uom) v$rf;rd k;wJh t&mjzpfygw,f?'ga=umif h u|efawmfwd k @[m tbd"rRmq&mwdk @ud k =unf±_&mrSm tbd"rRm

&J @ tajccHjy\emtay: olwd k @b,fvd koabmxm;&S dovJqd kwJ h tcsufud k tajcjyK+yD; ±kyf0g'eJŒ pdwf0g'wd k @ud k cG Jjcm;=unf h±_&rSm jzpfygw,f?

vlwef;pm;&S dwJ h vl @tzG J @tpnf;rSm vlwef;pm;toD;oD;[m tjrifrwl=uygbl;? rf drdwd k@vlwef;pm;&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;bufu &yfwnf+yD; jy\emawGud k=unfhwmomjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJ h tvkyform;vlwef;pm;usawmh rdrdvlwef;pm;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf urB mavmueJ @ ‚&JŒ jy\emawGud k rSefrSefuefuefem;vnfzdk @qd k&if pdwf0g'udk udkifpG Jvd k@r&Ed kifyg? ±kyf0g'ud k ud kifpGJ&rSmjzpfygw,f?

'ga=umif h vl @ tzG J @tpnf;twGif;rSm rwlwJ h vlwef;pm;awG[m rdrdvlwef;pm;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf jy\emawGud k =unf hjrif&mrSm &yfwnfcsufawGrwl=uyg?


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'ga=umif h ±kyf0g'tbd"rRm[m vlwef;pm;wd kufyG JtwGuf ud kifpG J&r,f h xufjrufwJ hvufeuf jzpfvmygw,f? 'ga=umif h vlwef;pm;&S dwJ h vltzG J @tpnf;rSm tbd"rRm[m vlwef;pm;vuQ%m &S dae&jcif;ygyJ?

b,fvlwef;pm;jzpfjzpf tod&S donfjzpfap r&S donfjzpfap ra&Smifv$ JombJ tbd"rRmtjrifwckckud k ud kifpG Jxm;wmcsnf;ygyJ? 'Duae@ avhvm=uawmhr,f hrmhufpftbd"rRmqd kwm ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;twGuf tifrwefxufjrufwJ h tawG;tac:vufeuf jzpfw,f? 'Dvufeufud k &Jabmfwd k @ ud kifpG J&vdrf hr,f?

ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;eJ @ ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;ygwDu udkifpG JwJh tbd"rRmud ktEkyËdavmr±kyf0g' vdk@ac:ygw,f? 'gudk rmhufpfeJ@ tdef*,fwdk@u &SmazGawG@&Sd=uvdk@ rmhufpf0g'tbd"rRmvdk@ ac:wmjzpfw,f?

tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'qdkwmbmvJ

obm0tjcif;t&mrsm;udk csOf;uyf&mrSmvnf;aumif;/ avhvmokH;oyf&mrSmvnf;aumif;/ oabmayguf&mrSmvnf;aumif;/ awG;ac:r_ enf;emwGif tEkyËdavmr enf;t&jzpf+yD; obm0tjcif;t&m (Phenomina)udk t"dym̀,fzGif h&m/ =unf h±_qifjcif&mrSm ±kyf0g't& jzpfwJ htwGuf tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'[k ac:jcif;jzpfw,f?

tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'rSm tyd kif;ESpfyd kif; yg0ifw,f? wcku tEkyËd avmr/wcku ±kyf0g' jzpfw,f? tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'ud k 'Dtyd kif;ESpfyd kif;eJ @ aygif;pyfxm;w,f?tEkyËdavmrqd kwm enf;emjzpfw,f? ±kyf0g'qdkwm tjrifjzpfw,f?

Dialectic qd kwm *&dbmompum; Dialego qd kwJ hpum;u qif;oufvmwmjzpfw,f? t"dym̀,fu aqG;aEG;jiif;ck Hjcif;rS trSefw&m;udk&SmazGjcif; jzpfw,f? a&S;tcgu tjiif;yGm;=uwJ htcgrSm wzuf&JŒ jiif;qd kcsufrsm; twGif;xJuyËdyuQrsm; jzpfaewmawGud k qG Jxkwf+yD; ok H;oyf ausmfeif;jcif;tm;jzif h trSefud ka&mufatmif vkyfaqmifjcif;ygbJ? tJ'D tEkynmud k tEkyËdavmrvk d @ac:w,f?

awG;ac:r_twGif; yËdyuQawGud k azmfxkwfjcif;eJ @ qef @usifzuf xifjrifcsuf

rsm; twd kuftcHjyKjcif;wd k @[m trSefud ka&mufzd k @ taumif;qk H;enf;yJvd k @ ,k H=unfoltbd"rRmq&mrsm; a&S;u &S dcJ hw,f?


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'DtEkyËdavmr awG;ac:enf;udk aemifumvrSm obm0avmu&Sdtjcif;t&mrsm;tay: wkd;csJŒvdkufwJhtcg obm0udk oabmaygufa&; tEkyËdavmrenf;tjzpf wdk;yGm;cJ hw,f?

tJ'DtEkyËdavmrenf;uæobm0tjcif;t&mrsm;[m tpOfojzif hv_yf&Sm;aew,f? ajymif;vJae

w,f? obm0&JŒ jzpfay:wd k;yGm;r_[m obm0twGif;&S d yËdyuQrsm; jzpfay: wd k;yGm;r_&JŒ tusKd;qufomjzpfw,fvd k @ ,lq=uw,f? 'ga=umif h tEkyËd avmrenf;eJ@ ±kyf0g'tjrifwdk@udk aygif;pyfxm;wmvdk@ ajym&jcif;jzpfw,f? tESpfom&t&ajym&if tEkyËdavmrenf;[m wuUaA'eJ@ ajzmif hajzmifh}uD; qef@usifaew,f?

urBmhtjrif qdkwmbmvJ

urBmhtjrifqd kwm urB mavmu}uD;wckvk H;udk =unf h±_wJ h tjrif pepfjzpfw,f? vlom;[m ‚&J@ywf0ef;usif&Sd wu,fhtajctaersm;udk csOf;uyf=unf h±_&mrSm/ wu,f htajctaeud k &Sif;jywJ htcgrSm vufawG @ jyKr_v_yf&Sm; =u&wJ h tcgrSm ±kyf0g'tjrifudk vrf;!ȩfozG,f tok H;cs=u&ygw,f?

obm0e,fy,f toD;oD;twGif;rSm b,favmufyJ =uD;rm;wJh

&SmazGawG@ &Sdr_yJjzpfjzpf jynfhpHkwJhtjriftjzpf ray;Edkifyg? urBm@tjriftjzpfrzG J @pnf;Ed kifyg? Oyrm - "mwkaA'bmom&yfwd k @[m udef;jynf @tjriftjzpf ray;Ed kifwm[m "rRwmyJjzpfw,f? ta=umif;uawmh ‚wd k @[m b,fvd kyJ ta&;}uD;apumrl usOf;ajrmif;+yD; tuef@towf&S dwJ h twdkif;twmtwGif; (qd kvd kwmu)"mwkaA' tjcif;t&me,fy,ftwGif;rSmom cd kifvk Hygvdrf hr,f? 'gayrJ h ajrmufjrm;vSwJ h tjcif; t&mrsm;&JŒ twGif;oabm (tESpfom&) ud kawmh ay:vGifatmifrzGif hjyEdkif=uyg? 'g[mvnf; tjcm;ody` Hynm&yfrsm;twdkif;yJ jzpfygw,f?

ordkif;±kyf0g' qd kwm[m tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'rlawGud k vl @tzG J @tpnf;tjcif;t&mrsm;tm; avhvm&mrSm wd k;csJŒoH k;vd kufwmjzpfw,f? vltzG J @tpnf; t

jcif;t&mawG/ vltzG J @tpnf;eJ @ ‚&JŒ ord kif;ud kavhvm&mrSm tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'rlawGeJ @ aygif;pyfvd kufwmjzpfw,f? rmhufpfeJ @ tdef*,fwd k @u t&ifay: aygufcJ hwJ h


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tbd"rRme,fy,frSm&SdwJh t,ltqawG/ odem;vnfcsufawGudk avhvmokH;oyf+yD; usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfwmawG (Rational reasoning) aumif;wmawG,l raumif;wmawGud ky,f/ tqDtESpfudk,l tumud ky,f+yD;rS tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'eJ @ordkif;±kyf0g'uk d &cJ h=uwmjzpfw,f?

tJ'gawGud k tcd kiftrmazmfjy&mrSm rmhufpf0g' ay:aygufvmcJhwJ h a&aomufjrpfokH;oG,fxJrS a&aomufjrpfwckjzpfwJ h a&S;a[mif; *smreftbd"rRmq&m [D;*Jvf (a*smh-[D;*Jvf/ 770- 83 )udk udk;um; ajymavh&Sdw,f?[D;*Jvfu tEkyËdavmr&JŒ t"dut*F g&yfawGud k azmfxkwfol jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJ h[D;*Jvf&JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;eJ @ rmhufp f&JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;[m wu,fawmhrwlygbl;? rmhufpf[m [D;*Jvf&JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;emxJu tqDtESpfud k,l+yD;pdwf0g'ygaewJ h tumud k ypfy,fvd kufw,f? rmhufpf&JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;em[mydkrdkacwfrD+yD; ody`Henf;usatmif aemufwqifh wdk;yGm;apvdkufwmjzpfw,f?rmhufpf&JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;em[m [D;*Jvf&JŒ enf;emeJ @ jcm;em;±k Hru ajzmif hajzmifh}uD; qef@usifvsuf&S dw,f? [D;*Jvfu yuwdpdwf0g' orm;wa,mufjzpfw,f? ol @&JŒtjrift& yxrqk H; ay:aygufvmwJ h (Absolute Idea) tºuif;rJ husdK;a=umif; oabmw&m;qk dwJ h wefcd k;awmfteE© w&yfu urB m avmu}uD;ud kzefqif;vd kufwmjzpfw,f? tºuif;rJ hoabmw&m;qk dwm wu,f h urB m}uD;&J @tyrSm&S dwJ h tjcif;t&mom jzpfw,fvd k @ olu ,lqw,f? rmhufpfeJ @ tdef*,fwd k @

u 'geJ @ajymif;jyefyJ oabmw&m;qdkwm[m vl&JŒpdwfxJrSm xif[yfvmwJh±kyfurB mavmu&J @ a&mifjyef[yfjcif;omjzpf+yD; odjrifr_o¿mefrsm; tjzpfod k @ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;omjzpfw,fvkd @ ,lqw,f? rmhufpf/ tdef*, fwd k @ tjrift&obm0avmu}uD;u t&if&Sdvm+yD; ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGm =um+yD;wJhaemufrSvlqd kwmjzpfvmwm jzpfw,f? yxr obm0avmu ay:vmw,f? tJ'DaemufrS ouf&S dowW0g wpwp ay:vmw,f? ouf&S dowW0gawGxJrSm yxr uvmyfpnf;wckwnf;&S dwJ h trD;bm; (Amoeba) qd kwmu pjzpfw,f? 'Daemuf ouf&S dowW0gawG tqif h toD;oD; jzwfoef;+yD;aemufrS vljzpfvmwmjzpfw,f? vl&JŒOD;aESmuf[m wjznf;jznf;zGH@+zdK; &ifhusufvm+yD; pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_&,fvkd@

ay:vmwmjzpfw,f?±kyf0g'tjrifrSmvnf; rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwd k @[m *smreftbd"rRm q&m


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wOD;jzpfwJ h vl;0pfpf zsL;0g;bwfcsf ( 804- 872)udk udk;um; avh&S d=uw,f?'gayrJh rmhufpf-tdef*,fwd k@&JŒ ±kyf0g'tjrif[m zsL;0g;bwfcsf&JŒ ±kyf0g' tjrifxJu twGif;yd kif; tqDtESpfawGud k,l+yD; tumudky,fvd kufum ody` Henf;uswJ h±kyf0g' tbd"rRmqd kif&m oabmw&m; jzpfvmatmif jzpfay:wd k;yGm;apvd kufwmjzpfw,f? zsL;0g;bwfcsf&JŒ tjrifxJu pdwf0g'uswmawG/ bmoma&;qefwmawG/ udk,fusifhw&m;qefwmawGud k y,fvdkufwmjzpfw,f? zsL;0g;bwfcsf[m“tajccHt&”±kyf0g'orm;wa,muf jzpfaomfvnf; ol @tjrifxJrSm pdwf0g'taESmiftzG J@rsm;udk xif&Sm;pGmawG@&w,fvdk @ tdef*,fu t}udrf}udrf ajymcJhzl;w,f?

±kyf0g'tEkyËdavmr&JŒ t"du vuQ%mrsm;uawmhæ

yxrvuQ%mrSm -obm0tjcif;t&mawGrSm woD;wjcm;wnf&S daewm r[kwf? =o*Jepf

t& tjyeftvSef qufpyfaew,f? tjyeftvSef rS Dcdkaew,f? tjyeftvSef qk H;jzwfjyÏmef;aew,fvd k @ ,lqw,f?

wuUaA't&awmh ‚eJ @qef @usifpGmyJ obm0tjcif;t&mawG[m a&Smifwcif pkpnf;aewmjzpfw,f? wckeJ @wck rqufpyf? oD;jcm;pD jzpfaew,f? trS Dcd kuif;w,fvd k @,lqw,f?

'kwd, vuQ%mrSm -

obm0tjcif;t&mawG[m +idrfouf+yD; rv_yfr&Sm;jzpfaewJ h t&m/ rajymif;vJwJ ht&mr[kwfbJ tqufrjywf v_yf&Sm;aew,f? ajymif;vJaew,f? wd k;yGm;aew,fvd k @ tEkyËdavmrenf;emt& ,lq=uw,f?

wuUaA'u 'geJ @ajymif;jyefyJ? obm0tjcif;t&mawG[m +idrfoufaew,f? ajymif;vJrl r&S dbl;vd k @ ,lqw,f?

'ga=umif h tEkyËdavmr ±laxmif hu =unf h&if umv=umpGm wnf+rJaew,fxif&ayr,f h +yKduG JysufpD;aewJ h tjcif;t&meJ @ tcsKdŒtcsdefrSm =um&SnfpGmwnf+rJr,f rxif&ayr,f h pwifjzpfay:wd k;yGm;ae+yDjzpfwJ h tjcif;t&mawGqd k+yD;tjcif;t&m ESpfck&S dwJ hteuf tEkyËdavmr enf;emt& 'kwd,tjcif;t&mud k

tav;xm;w,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh-t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ @ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;/Armjynf tcd kiftrmeJ @ ajym&&if vuf&S dtm%m& azmufjyefwJ hppftpd k;&eJ @ Arm


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jynfuGefjrLepfygwDu OD;aqmif+yD; wd kufyG J0ifae=uwJ h awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ud k qufpyfok H;oyfEd kifw,f? azmufjyefwJ htiftm;pkawG[m vuf&S dtajctaerSmwnf+rJoa,mif &Sdaeayr,f h +yKduGJysufpD; qkwf,kwfaewJ h tiftm;jzpfw,f?awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkawGuawmh vuf&SdtajctaerSm rwnfEdkifbl; xif&ayr,f h jzpfay:wd k;yGm;aew,f? 'Dtiftm;pkawGud k tav;xm;&r,f? ta=umif;uawmh topfay:xGufvmwJht&m/ jzpfay:wd k;yGm;aewJht&mwdk @[m ra=ujyKef;Ed kifwJ h twGufa=umif hyJ?

rmhufpf0g' tEkyËdavmrenf;emu topfjzpfay:wdk;wufr_qd kwmt&m&mjzpfay:wd k;wufr_wd k @ud k rqd kvd kyg? wu,f htopf(reality) jzpfay:wd k;wufr_wd k @ud kom qdkvd kwmjzpfw,f?

Oyrm- 'kwd,urB mppftwGif;u zufqpf*smreDu ol&JŒ &ufpuf =urf;=uKwfwJ h tkyfpd k;r_ud k Oa&myacwfopfqd kwJ h pum;vk H;eJ@ zkH;uG,fcJ hw,f? olwd k @udk,folwdk @ trsKd;om;qd k&S,fvpf0g'vdk @ emrnfwyfcJhw,f? 'gayrJ h 'Dvk dac:qdkavhh&S dwJ h “topf” qd kwm[m azmufjyefwJ htopfjzpfw,f? 'grsKd;ud k ra=ujyKef;Ed kifwJ ht&mvd k @ rwGufqEd kifbl;? rkcsrvG Ja=ujyKef;&r,f? twkta,mif topfjzpfvd k @yJ? wu,f h vufawG @uawmh olwd k @[m rkcsusqk H;cJ h&+yD r[kwfygvm;? 'geJ @ywfouf+yD; tdef*,fu-“obm0tjcif;t&mawG[m tao;i,fqk H;tpdwftydkif;av;rS t}uD;qkH;cE


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t&nftcsif; ul;ajymif;wm[m omrefajymif;oGm; wmr[kwfbJ ckeful;ajymif;vJwmvd k@ jrifw,f?

'gayrJ h wuUaA't&awmh ta&twGufajymif;vJr_[m t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJoGm;wmrsKd; r[kwfbl;wJ h? tJ'D ajymif;vJr_awG[m puf0d kif;vd kjyefvnf+yD;/jzpf+yD;wm jyefjzpfwJ h ±kd;±k d;ajymif;vJwmrsKd;vd k @ ,lqw,f?

tEkyËdavmrenf;t& tjrifuawmh t&nftwGuf ajymif;vJr_tqifhrSm ajymif;vJr_[m rodom rxif&Sm;ao;bl;? wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJaewJh jzpfpOfjzpfw,f? tJ'Dvdkajymif;vJ&if; qufxk H;wckudk a&mufwJ htcgtifrwef vsifjrefpGm ckeful;ajymif;vJoGm;wmrsKd;jzpfw,fvd k@ jrifw,f? tEkyËdavmrenf;t& jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_[m a&SŒod k @jzpfay:wd k;yGm;w,f? tjrif hodk @jzpfay:wdk;yGm;w,fvd k@,lqw,f? t&nftcsif;ta[mif;uae t&nftcsif;opfod k @ ajymif;vJaew m jzpfw,f? ±kd;±k d;uae ±_yf axG;aewJ h jzpfay:wd k;yGm;r_od k @tqif hedrf hrS tqif hjrif hod k @ jzpfay:wd k;yGm;r_jzpfw,f? tJ'Dawmh obm0 avmurSmyJjzpfjzpf ouf&S dowW0gavmurSmjzpfjzpf vlowW0gtxd 'Denf;eJ @ ajymif;vJvmwmjzpfw,f? tyifavmurSmvnf; tedrf hqif huae tjrif hqif hod k @ ajymif;vJvmcJ hw,f? a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu tyifrsKd;awG[m ,ae@&SdaewmeJ @ rwlcJ hbl;?[d ka&S;a&S;u tyifjzpfpu tyif&JŒ rsKd;aphawG[m tcG Hr&S dcJ hbl;? aemifrSm wjznf;jznf; &moDOwk'%fcHEd kifatmif rsKd;aphrSm tcG Hjzpfvm/ toD;rSmvnf; ajymif;vJ

vmwmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJ h wuUaA' tbd"rRmq&mrsm;uawmh e*d ktwd kif;yJ rajymif;bl;vd k @ &yfcH=uw,f? Oyrm- emrnfausmf qG D'ifjynfom; obm00dZ…mynmonfwOD;jzpfwJ h csm;vf vif;aemh ( 7 7 - 778)u tyifavmurSmrlvzefwD;xm;wJ h twd kif;yJ bmr#rajymif;bl;vdk @ ajAmif&yfcH ajymqd kr_ &S dcJ hw,f?tvm;wl jyifopf tbd"rRmq&m *dbdeuf ( 735- 82 ) uvnf; vl}uD;jzpfvmayr,f h ol&JŒ uvva&=unfb0eJ @ bmr#rjcm;bl;wJ h? olu vljzpfvmwm[m ±k d;±k d;}uD;xGm;vmwmom jzpfw,fvd k @ qd kw,f? tyifavmurSm tqif hedrf huae tqif hjrifhod k @ ajymif;vJvmw,f? a&!‡ duae tyif}uD;rsm; aygufzGm;vmw,f? ouf&S dowW0grsm; ajymif;vJr_rSm (ZD0aA') trD;bm;vd k uvmyfpnf;

wckuae tqifhjrifh wd&p>meftxd wppajymif;vJ+yD; aemufqkH; vltxdjzpfvmw,f? 'g[m ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGm jzwfoef;jyD;rS jzpfvm=uwmjzpfw,f?


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±lyaA'rSm a&cd k;a&aiG @/ a&/ a&cJtjzpf ajymif;wmawG&S dw,f? 'g[mta&twGufuae wpwpajymif;vm+yD; qufxkH;trSwfa&mufawmh ckeful;ajymif;vJoGm;wmawGygyJ?

pwkwv̂uQ%muawmh -

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puf,EW&m; ±kyf0g'u ±kyf[m yxr/ pdwf[m 'kwd,qd kwmud k vufcHw,f? 'gayrJ h ol@enf;emu tEkyËdavmrenf;em r[kwfbl;? puf,E© &m;qefwJ hwuUaA'uswJ h enf;emjzpfw,f? t&m0wK̂awGud k =unf h&mrSm wckjcif; oD;jcm;jzpfae+yD; t&mwckeJ @wckqufpyfr_r&S dqd kwJ h tjrifeJ @ =unf hw,f? t&m0ŵKawG[m rv_yfr&Sm; +idrfoufaew,fvd k @ jrifw,f? t&m0ŵKawG&JŒ jzpfay:wd k;yGm;r_[m twGif;ydkif;ta=umif;t&if;a=umifh r[kwfbl;? jyifyta=umif;t&if;a=umif h jzpfw,fvdk @,lqw,f?

18 &mpkESpfrSm jzpfay:vmcJ hwJ h puf,E© &m; ±kyf0g'[m pdwf0g'ud k qef @usif&mrSm wpk Hw&m aumif;r_ðycJ hw,f? puf,E© &m;±kyf0g'rSm t*F g&yf (3)&yf&Sdw,f? 1? puf,E©&m;qefw,f?2? wuUaA'usw,f? 3? vl@tzGJtpnf;ud k=unf hjrif&mrSm ±kyf0g'tjrifeJ @ r=unf hbJ pdwf0g' tjrifeJ @ =unf hw,f?

(1958) ckESpfu &efukef zqyv nDvmcHrSm OD;Ek rdef @cGef;ajymcJ hw,f?olu ±kyf0g'ud k t}uD;tus,fqef @usifwJ h pum;awG ajymcJ hw,f? wu,fawmhol±_wfcsaewJh ±kyf0g'[m tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g' r[kwf? puf,E©&m;±kyf0g'omv#ifjzpfw,f? OD;Ek[m ol@vlwef;pm;tusKd;udk taotvJumuG,f+yD; 'Dvdk

vdrfnmvSnf hzsm;um ±kyf0g'ud k qef @usifcJ hw,f? ol[m ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm; ygwDeJ@ ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;&J @ tbd"rRmud k ±kyfysufqif;ysufjzpfatmif t}uH,kwfeJ @}uKd;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhw,f?

u|efawmfwd k @udkifpG J&rSmu tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'jzpfw,f?puf,E© &m;±kyf0g'ud k y,f&r,f? ordkif;rSm=unf h&if puf,EW&m; ±kyf0g'D

awG[m t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;ud k tvkyftau|;jyKolawGjzpfw,f? puf,E© &m;±kyf0g'rSm ordkif;qdkif&m tuef@towf&Sdw,f? ol@acwfol@tcgt&qdk&if(ruUif;epf) ody` HynmxGef;um;aewJh umv? t&m0wK̂wckcsif;udk wckeJ @wckqufpyfr_r&S dbJ avhvmok H;oyfwJ henf;emu v$rf;rd k;aewJ h umvrsm;jzpfw,f?

onf;acsu cg;wJ ht&nfn‡pfxkwfw,f? tvm;wlyJ OD;aESmufuvnf;t,ltqawGud k n‡pfxkwfw,fvd k @ wcsdK@ynm&SifawGu wifjywm&S dw,f?


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'Dvd k wifjy olawGud k vDeiu ±kyf=urf; ±kyf0g'orm;awGvd k @ ac:w,f?rmhufpf0g' tEkyËdavmrenf;em[m ±kyf0g'uswJ h tEkyËdavmrenf;em

jzpfw,f? 'Dvd k tEkyËdavmrenf;tjyif ±kyf0g'rusbJ pdwf0g'uswJ h tEkyËd avmrenf;vnf; &S dao;w,f? Oyrm- [D;*Jvf&JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;em[m pdwf0g'uswJ h tEkyËdavmr enf;emyJjzpfw,f?

19 &mpk tukef/ 20 &mpkumvrSm ody` Hynmuvnf; jzpfay:wd k;yGm;vmwmeJ @twl/ wuUaA'uswJ h puf,EW&m;qefwJ h ±kyf0g'tjrifa=umif h ±lyaA'odyH̀ynmonfawG tusyftwnf;qd kufwm ay:cJ h&w,f? 'guawmh "mwkaA'e,fy,frSm tao;qk H; ±kyf0wK̂tpdwftyd kif;[m tEkjrLjzpfw,f? tEkjrLud k xyf+yD;cG Jr&bl;vd k @ xifcJ h=uw,f? 'gayrJ h acszsufvd k @ r&awmhbl;vd k @ xif=uwJ h tEkjrLud kxyf+yD; tr(tDvufx&Gef)/ tzdk(y±kdwGef)eJ@ EsLx&Geftjzpf cGJEdkifvmcJ hw,f?'gha=umif h avmu"mwfq&m wcsKdŒuyif ajymaewJ h ±kyf0wK̂qd kwm r&S dawmhbl;/uG,faysmufoGm;+yD? 'ga=umif h ±kyf0g'}uD;csKyf+idrf;oGm;+yDvd k@ qd k=uw,f?

vl @pdwful;u t&m&mwk d@ud k zefwD;Ed kifw,fvd k@ qdk=ujyefw,f?olwd k @u 'Denf;eJ @ ±kyfurB mtjrifud k xd k;ESufwd kufcd kuf=uw,f?tkyfpdk;ol t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;uvnf; ±kyf0g'qef@usifolawGudk

tokH;cs+yD; ±kyf0g'urBmhtjrifudk xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufvm=uw,f? 'ga=umifh&JabmfvDeifu ordkif;±kyf0g'tjrift& odyH̀ynmrS &SmazGawG@csuf topfudk

cG Jjcrf;pdwfjzm+yD; “±kyf0g' ESif h tawG @t}uKHa0zefa&;” qd kwJ h pmtkyfud k a&;om;um‚wd k @ud k wd kuf cd kufcJ hw,f?

vDeifu“oifwd k @ajymaewJ h tEkjrLudk acszsufvd k @r&bl;vd k @qd kwm puf,E©&m;±kyf0g'DawG&JŒ t,ltqjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'utusyftwnf;qd kufwm r[kwfbJ puf,E© &m;±kyf0g'om tusyftwnf; qd kufwm jzpfw,f”vk d @ axmufjyvkdufw,f?

ody` HynmrS &SmazGawG @&SdcsuftopfawG[m tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g' rSefuefa=umif;/ puf,EW&m;±kyf0g' rSm;a=umif;ud k oufaojywmomjzpfw,fæ pojzif hynm&SifwcsKdŒ&JŒ rSm;,Gif;azmufjyefwJ h t,ltqrsm;ud k xufjrufpGm acsy+yD;

tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'eJ @ ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;&JŒ tbd"rRmud k vDei fu jywfom;pGmumuG,fcJhygw,f?


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rmhufpf0g' tbd"rRmyk@cscsuf

a[majymcsuf (2)

rmhufpf0g'vDeif0g' tjrifqdkif&mrlawG&J@

vufawG@t"dy`m,f

&Jabmfwd k @ æyxr a[majymcsufxJrSm rmhufpf0g' tEkyËdavmr qd kif&mrlawGud k

ok H;oyfwifjycJ h+yD;jzpfw,f?rmhufpf0g' tbdf"rRmbmom&yf&JŒ oabmw&m;rlawGudk oabm

w&m; oufoufr#om avhvmr,fqd k&if/ tbd"rRm tjrifqd kif&mrSm touf0ifv_yf&Sm;wm awG @&vdrf hr,fr[kwfbl;? 'ga=umif h tbd"rRmtjrifuk d vufawG @tcd kiftrmawGeJ@ aygif;pyfrSom ±kyf0wˆKtiftm;tjzpf ay:xGufvmrSm jzpfygw,f? 'grS &Jabmfwdk@&J@ avhvma&;&nf±G,fcsuf atmifjrifxajrmufvmrSmjzpfygw,f?

'Dae@ ±kyf0g'tjrifqd kif&mrlawGudk vltzGJ@tpnf;b0 vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ord kif;avhvm&mrSm wd k;csJŒvd kufwm[m tifrwef ta&;ygwJ h udpPjzpfygw,f?vl @

tzG J @tpnf;b0 tjcif;t&mawG[m tjyeftvSef qufoG,faew,f? tjyeftvSefrS Dcdkaew,f? 'g[m vl @tzG J @tpnf; jzpfay:wd k;yGm;r_qd kif&mw&m;rsm;jzpfw,f?


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±kyf0g'tjrifud k vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif; avhvm&mrSm wdk;csJŒvd kufwma=umifh vl@tzG J@tpnf;ord kif; todynm[m ody` Hynmw&yf jzpfvmcJhw,f?ypPnf;rJ h vlwef;pm;ygwD&JŒ vufawG@vkyfief;awG[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay: wd k;yGm;r_ w&m;rsm;tay: tajcpd kufxm;&r,f? 'Dw&m;awGud k avhvm+yD; vrf;!$eftjzpf tok H;cs&r,f? oabmw&m;eJ @ vufawG@aygif;pyf&r,f? 'g[m odyfta&;}uD;wJ h udpP}uD;yJ?

tbd"rRmqd kif&m&JŒ tajccHjy\emjzpfwJ h ±kyfeJ @ pdwf&JŒ qufqHr_ tjrifud kvl @tzG J @tpnf;b0rSm qufpyfr,fqd k&ifæ

vlr_a&;b0[m yxr jzpf+yD; (±kyfb0)?vlr_a&;tod[m 'kwd, jzpfw,f (pdwf)?vl @tzGJ @tpnf; vlr_b0u vl @tzG J @tpnf; vlr_a&;todud k jyÏmef;w,f?vlr_a&;todu vlrla&;b0ud k tjyeftvSef =oZmoufa&mufw,f?vlr_a&;b0[m vltzGJ @tpnf;&JŒ ±kyfyd kif;qd kif&m b0jzpfw,f?vlr_a&;tod[m vltzG J @tpnf;&JŒ pdwfyd kif;qd kif&mt&mjzpfw,f?vlr_a&;b0[m vlawG&J @pdwfqENeJ @ trS Dcd kuif;pGm wnf&S daewJ h yuwd bm

0 wu,f hjzpf&yf jzpfw,f? vlr_a&;tod[m vlr_a&;b0&JŒ a&mifjyef[yfcsufjzpfw,f?

vl @tzG J @tpnf;qd kif&m t,ltqawG/ oabmw&m;awG[m tJ'D tcsdef&S d

vltzG J @tpnf;rSm&S dwJ h vl @tzG J @tpnf; ±kyfyd kif;qd kif&mb0 tcsuftvufrsm;uqk H;jzwfjyÏmef;wmjzpfw,f? Oyrm- aus;u|efacwf/ ya'o&mZfacwf/ t&if;&Sifacwfwd k @rSmvnf; 'Dtwd kif;yJjzpfw,f?

u|efawmfwd k @[m ay:vpDt& trSm;rjzpf&atmif u|efawmfwd k @&JŒ vkyfief;awGud k vltzG J @tpnf; ±kyfyd kif;b0qd kif&m tcd kiftrmtcsuf tvufawGay:rSmtajcjyK&vdrf hr,f? qd kvd kwmu vl @tzG J @tpnf;&JŒ wu,f hvufawG @b0eJ @ b,fawmhrS ruif;uGm&bl;? rdrdpdwfqENtay:rSm tajcrwnf&bl;?

pdwfqENt&ajym&&if reufjzef awmfvSefa&;atmifcsifwmyJ? tJ'Dvd kpdwfqEN &S d±H keJ @ r&bl;? 'gtay: rlrwnf&bl;? wu,f htajctaejzpfwJ h pD;yGm;a&;/

Ed kifiHa&;/ vlr_a&; pwJ h tajctaeawGtay:rSm rlwnf+yD; vrf;pOfay:vpDawGud kcsrSwfrSom/ vkyfief;ay:vpDawGud k csrSwfrSom/ vkyfief;atmifjrifvdrf hr,f?


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vl @tzG J @tpnf; ±kyfyd kif;b0 tcsuftvufawGay: tajcpd kuf&vdrf hr,fvd k @qd kayr,f h vl @tzG J @tpnf;rSm&S dwJ h t,ltq/ oabmw&m;/ Ed kifiHa&;taqmufttH krsm;eJ @ ordkif;rSm ‚wd k @yg0ifwJ htcef;ud k rjiif;y,f±k Homru ‚wd k @&JŒ ta&;ygwJ h tcef;udkvnf; todtrSwfjyKw,f? tav;xm;w,f? vl @tzG J @ tpnf;rSm&S dwJ h t,ltq oabmw&m;awGrSmqd k&ifvJ trsKd;rsKd;&S dygvdrf hr,f? t,ltqa[mif;/oabmw&m;a[mif;awG[m a=ujyKef;r,f htiftm;pkawGudk tvkyftau|;jyK w,f? t,ltqopf a&SŒwef;a&mufwJ h oabmw&m;opfawG[m wd k;wufwJ hwu,fhtiftm;pkawGudk tvkyftau|;jyKaew,f? 'Dvdkt,ltqtopf/oabmw&m;topfawGudk vlxku csKyfud kifvmwmeJ @ w+yKdifeuf tifrwefpGrf;yum; }uD;rm;wJ h ±kyf0ŵKtiftm;}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJvmw,f? vlxk[mvufawG @eJ @ ud kufnDwJ h wk d;wufwJ hoabmw&m;opfawGud k qkyfud kifvmEd kifyguazmufjyefwJ h tiftm;pkawGudk +zKdzsufypfzk d @ tcGifhomvmw,f? 'g[m xufjrufwJ h vufeufud k &vmwmeJ @wlygw,f?

vlr_a&;b0[m tqufrjywf v_yf&Sm;ae+yD; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aew,f?rajymif;vJbJ aewm&,fvd k @ r&S dbl;? wae&mwnf;rSm &yfaejcif;r[kwf? xm0pOf v_yf&Sm;aew,f? topftopf jzpfay:wd k;wufjcif;qd kwJ h xm0& jzpfpOfxJrSmwnf&S daejcif;a=umif h t&m0ŵKopfeJ @ t&m0wK̂a[mif;/ ay:ayguf wd k;yGm;aewJ ht&meJ @ a=ujyKef;csKyf+idrf;aewJht&m/ awmfvSefwJ ht&meJ @ wefjyefawmfvSefwJh

t&mwd k@[m xm0pOfwnf&S daewmjzpfw,f? t&mtm;vkH;[m v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJaew,fqd k&if u|efawmfwd k @ rS Dcd ktm;xm;&r,f h vlwef;pm;[m jzpfay: wd k;yGm;ae+yD; a&SŒod k@wd k;wufaewJ h tiftm;jzpfwJ h ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;yJjzpfw,f? (tem*wf&JŒ acgif;aqmiftiftm;opf[m ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;yJ jzpfw,f?)

txufyg t,ltqt& vkyfom;jynfolawG[m eufeJwJ h taumif;jrif0g'w&yfuk d &vmw,f? qdkvdkwmu t&if;&Sif0g'udk rkcs wdkufzsuf+zKdcsypfEd kifw,fqd kwJ h ,k H=unfcsufud k &vmygw,f?

yxr jy\emu - rmhufpf0g' tbd"rRm&JŒ enf;emjzpf+yD;?( tEkyËdavmr)'kwd, jy\emu - rmhufpf0g'&JŒ tbd"rRmtjrif jzpfw,f?(±kyf0g')

wwd, jy\emuawmh - ord kif;±kyf0g'jzpfw,f?tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'rlawGud k vl @tzG J @tpnf;od k @ wd k;csJŒvd kufwJ htcg o


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rd kif;±kyf0g'tjrif jzpfay:vmw,f? ord kif;±kyf0g'tjrift& vlr_a&;b0[m vlr_a&;todudk jyÏmef;w,f? wenf;tm;jzifh vl@tzG J@tpnf; ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mb0ta=umif;tcsufawGu vltzG J @tpnf;&JŒ pdwfyd kif;b0qd kif&m ta=umif;tcsufawGud k jyÏmef;w,f? 'gud ktxufyd kif;rSmvnf; ajymjycJ h+yD?

vltzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfyd kif;b0qdkif&m

tcsuftvufawG[m bmawGvJ

vl @tzG J @tpnf;ud k 0ef;&HaewJ @ obm0yx0D ywf0ef;usifwdk @[m vltzG J @tpnf;&JŒ ±kyfyd kif;b0 tajctaersm;teuf rygr+yD;wJ h tcsuf ftvuf jzpfw,f?‚[m "rRwmtwdkif;yJ vl@tzG J@tpnf; jzpfay:wd k;wufr_tay: =oZmt&Sdefoufa&mufr_&Sdw,f? yx0Dywf0ef;usif[m vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ rsufESmtoGiftjyif/ vlwdk@&JŒ vlr_vuQ%mpepf wckrSwckodk@ ul;ajymif;jcif;udk jyÏmef;wJht"du tiftm;pkvm;? ord kif;±kyf0g'tjrift& t"dutiftm;pkr[kwfygbl;?

yx0Dywf0ef;usif[m vl @tzG J @tpnf; jzpfay:wd k;yGm;r_ud k jrefqefapwJ hod k @r[kwf aES;auG;apwJ h =oZmt&S def oufa&mufayr,f h t"duta=umif;t&m/jyÏmef;wJ h ta=umif;w&m;awmh r[kwfbl;? ta=umif;u vl @tzG J @tpnf; ajymif;vJr_u yx0Dywf0ef;usif ajymif;vJr_xuf yd krd kvsifjrefwJ htwGufa=umif h jzpfw,f?

tESpf okH;axmiftwGif;/ Oa&myrSm pepfokH;rdsK; ajymif;vJausmfvGefcJhayr,fh'Dumv tawmtwGif; yx0D tajctaeuawmh rajymif;vJoavmufbJ?

ta&;}uD;wJ h yx0Dajymif;vJr_rSefor#[m ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGmvd ktyfw,f? ta&;=uD;wJ h vltzG J @tpnf; ajymif;vJr_ qdkwmuawmh ESpfaygif; ESpfaxmif/ok H;axmif twGif;rSmyJ jzpfEd kifw,f? aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaom ESpftwGif;rSm vkH;0rajymif;vJbJ aeoavmuf&S dwJ ht&m(yx0Dywf0ef;usif) [m ESpf&maygif; tenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyJ tajctjrpfuae+yD; ajymif;vJwJh t&mtjzpf vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wd k;yGm;a&;twGuf t"du ta=umif;w&m;awmh r[kwfEd kifbl;?

vl@tzG J@tpnf;&JŒ ±kyfyd kif;b0 tajctaersm;rSm vlOD;a&[m ta&;

}uD;wJh t*Fgtpdwftydkif;jzpfw,f? tenf;qkH;&S dtyfwJh vlOD;a&r&Sdyguvl @tzG J @tpnf;. ±kyfyd kif;b0vnf; r&S dEd kifbl;? vl@tzG J @tpnf;pepf&JŒ vuQ%mud k


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jyÏmef;&mrSm vlOD;a&wd k;yGm;jcif;/ vlOD;a&rsm;jym;jcif;[m t"dutiftm;pkvm;?ord kif;±kyf0g'u t"dutiftm;pk r[kwfvd k @ jrifw,f?

vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;jcif;[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;a&;udk "rRwmtwd kif; jrefqefap od k @r[kwf aES;auG;apwJ h =oZmoufa&mufayr,f h h t"dutiftm;pk jyÏmef;wJ h ta=umif;tcsufawmh rjzpfEd kifbl;? pepfwckae&mrSm wpH kw&maom pepfwcku bmha=umifhqufcHtpm;xkd;ovJ? tJ'DpepfopfrsdK;r[kwfwJ h wjcm;pepfwcku bmha=umif h rqufcHovJqd kwJ h ar;cGef;rsm;ud k vlOD;a&wd k;yGm;jcif;u tajzray;Ed kifyg?

vlOD;a& xlxyfjcif;[m vl @tzG J @tpnf; jzpfay:wd k;yGm;a&;rSm t"du tiftm;pk/ vl @tzG J @tpnf;pepf&JŒ vuQ%m (0g) vl @tzG J @tpnf;&JŒ rsufESmoGifjyifud kjyÏmef;wJ htiftm;pk rjzpfEd kifbl;? jzpfvnf;rjzpfbl;?

(u) vl @tzG J @tpnf; jzpfay:wd k;yGm;a&;uk d wGef;aqmfwJ h t"du tiftm;pkuawmh vlowW0grsm; wnf&S dr_twGuf tou&ia&;qi&m to;taqmirsm;&,lenf;jzpfw,f? wenf;tm;jzif h touf&Sifa&;eJ @ vl @tzG J @tpnf;b0jzpfay: wd k;yGm;a&;twGuf r&S drjzpfwJ h pm;p&m/ 0wfp&m xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mpwJ h ±yyi;wez;(tok;taqmi) rsm; xkwfvkyfenf;jzpfw,f?

vlwd k @[m touf&SifaeEd kifzk d @ pm;p&m/ 0wfp&mpwmawG&S d&r,f? tJ'D±kyfyd kif; tok H;taqmifawGud k &&S dEd kifzd k@ 'gawGud k xkwfvkyf=u&r,f? 'gawGud k xkwf

vkyfzk d @qd k&if xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mawG &S d&r,f? tJ'D ud&d,mawGud k xkwfvkyfEd kif&r,f? ok H;pG JEd kif&r,f?

±kyfydkif;tokH;taqmifawGudk xkwfvkyfwJ xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mawG/xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mawGud k udkifpG J+yD; ±kyfydkif; tok H;taqmifawGud k xkwfvkyf=uwJh vlawG/ 'ghtjyif 'DvlawG&JŒ xkwfvkyfa&; tawG@t}uKHeJ@ tvkyfu|rf;usifr_/ 'Dtpdwf tyd kif;tm;vk H;[m vl @tzG J @tpnf;&JŒ xkwfvkyfa&; titm;pkawGvdk@ ac:ygw,f? 'gayrJh xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkawG[m xkwfvkyfa&;(xkwfvkyfenf;)&JŒ rsufESmwzufomjzpfw,f? xkwfvkyfenf; (xkwfvkyfa&;)&JŒtjcm;rsufESm wzufuawmh xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOfrSm vlwOD;eJ @wOD; qufqHa&;

(xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_rsm;) yJjzpfw,f?vltzG J @tpnf;±kyfyd kif; tok H;taqmifawGud k xkwfvkyfzd k @twGuf obm0

ud ktok H;cs&mrSm wa,mufeJ @wa,muf oD;jcm;uif;uGm+yD; (woD;wjcm; aom


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ord kif;a&;ody` Hynm&JŒ t"duwm0efuawmh xkwfvkyfa&;w&m;awG/xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;p keJ @ xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_wdk @&JŒ jzpfay:wd k;yGm;r_ w&m;awG vltzG J @tpnf;&J @ pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wd k;yGm;r_w&m;awGud k avhvmazmfxkwfzd k @yJjzpfw,f?

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'Dok H;oyfr_[m ord kif;±kyf0g'tjrifeJ @ ud kufnDwJ htwGuf rSefuefwJ h ok H;oyfcsuf jzpfygw,f?

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qkd&S,fvpfpepfxkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_[m xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk&J@vuQ%meJ @ ud kufnDygw,f? qd k&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnfaqmufay;Ed kifr,f hvrf;a=umif;uk dawmh ppfrSefwJ h ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;acgif;aqmifr_eJ @ wnfaqmufxm;wJh ypPnf;rJ htm%m&Sifpepf EdkifiHawmftm%muomv#if zGifhvSpfay;Edkifygvdrf hr,f? Oyrm-vDeif/ pwmvifwd k@ wnfaqmufcJ hwJ h qd kAD,uf,leD,H qd k&S,fvpftrsKd;om; pD;yGm;a&;pepfeJ @ w±kwfjynfol @orRwEd kifiH&J @ qd k&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;pepfwdk @yJjzpfw,f?

tjcm;rnfonf h Ed kifiHawmftm%mwd k @urS xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkvuQ%meJ @ ud kufnDwJ h xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_jzpfwJ h qd k&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfud k rwnfaqmufEd kifygbl;? tcd kiftrm t&ajym&&if tdEN d,/ Armjynf/ tif'k deD;&Sm;Ed kifiHpwJ h

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'ga=umif h xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkawG[m xkwfvkyfa&;rSm tv_yf&Sm;Ed kifqk H;/ tawmfvSefEd kifqk H;aom tpdwftyd kif;yifjzpf+yD; xkwfvkyfa&; jzpfay:wd k;yGm;r_ud k jyÏmef;&mwGif ta&;}uD;wJ h tpdwftyd kif;vnf; jzpfw,f? xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkawG wnf&S daeovd k oufqk dif&mxkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_awGvnf; vd kuf+yD; &S d=u&ygw,f?

vlwd k @[m rdrdwd k @ vd ktyfwJ h ±kyfyd kif;tok H;taqmifawG xkwfvkyf&mrSm

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xkyfvkyfa&;ud&d,mawG ajymif;vJvmjcif;eJ@ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmjcif;/xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkawG jzpfay:wd k;yGm;vmjcif;wk d @eJ @twl xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkxJrSm ta&;ygqk H; tpdwftyd kif;jzpfwJ h vltrsm;&J @ ajymif;vJjcif;eJ @ jzpfay: wd k;yGm;vmjcif;/ vlwd k @&J @ xkwfvkyfa&;tawG @t}uKH/ tvkyfu|rf;usifr_eJ @ xkwfvkyfa&; ud&d,mawGud k ud kifwG,fEd kifwJ h pGrf;&nfwd k @ ajymif;vJjcif;eJ @ jzpfay: wd k;yGm;jcif;wd k @ygwygwnf;jzpfay:vmw,f?

ord kif;wav#mufvk H;rSm xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ (5)rsKd; ay:cJ @w,f? a&S;bk HtzG J @ (ya'omyifacwfwGif) xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;awGudk yk*~vdu ryd kifqd kif=ubJtrsm;uyif yd kifqd kifae+yD; aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,fa&;eJ @ vlwef;pm;uG Jjym;r_ r&S dcJ h? aus;u|efpepfwGif vlenf;pk aus;u|efyd kif&SifawGu t"duOpPm"e yd kifqd kifolawGjzpfvmum aus;u|efydkif&Sif t&SifocifeJ@ aus;u|efqdkwJh vlwef;pm;uGJjym;vmum vlwef;pm;wd kufyG J ay:vmw,f?

ya'o&mZfajr&SifpepfwGif ajr,mud k ya'o&mZfajryd kif&Sifwd k @u yd kifqd kif

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(C) xkwfvkyfa&;. wwd,vuQ%mrSm-xkwfvkyfa&;&J@ wwd,vuQ%mrSm xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkopfawG ay:aygufvmjcif;eJ @ ‚eJ @ud kufnDwJ hqufqHr_awGay:aygufvmjcif;wd k @[m pepfa[mif;eJ @ oD;jcm;uif;uGm+yD; rjzpfyGm;bl;? pepfa[mif;uG,faysmuf+yD;rS jzpfyGm;wmr[kwfbJ pepfa[mif;twGif;rSmjzpfyGm;wmjzpfw,f? vlwd k @u tod&d SpGmeJ @ csif hcsdef+yD;/ ok H;oyf+yD; aqmif&Gufjcif;wd k @a=umif h jzpfay:vmwm r[kwfbJ vlwd k @&J @qENeJ @ uif;uGmpGm tvd kvd k wppjzpfyGm;w,f?

vlwk d @&J @ qENeJ @uif;vGwfpGm tvd kvd kjzpfyGm;jcif; ta=umif;&if; (2)&yf &S dygw,f?

(1) vlwd k@u xkwfvkyfenf; w&yf&yfud k }udKuf&ma&G;+yD; vkyfud kifcGif hr&S dbl;? bma=umif hygvJ/ v@lrsKd;quftopfwk dif;[m vlvm;ajrmufwJ htcg ,ciftqufqufwkef;u csefcJ hwJ h wnf&S dqJ xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkawGeJ @ xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_awGud k awG @}uKH=u&w,f? vl @rsKd;quftopf[m ±kyfyd kif;tok H;taqmifawGuk d xkwfvkyfEd kif&ef xkwfvkyfa&;e,fy,ftwGif;eJ @ toif hawG @}uHKae&wJ h t&mwk dif;uk d yxrqH k;vufcH+yD; vk dufavsmnDpGm rvG JombJ cH,ltok H;ðy&awmhw,f?

(2) wpk Hwckaom xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mud k wd k;wufaumif;rGefatmif

vkyf&mrSmvnf;aumif;/ xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk&J @ wpk Hwckaom tpdwftyd kif;ud kwd k;wufaumif;rGefatmif vkyf&mrSmaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlwd k @[m Tod k @ wd k;wuf aumif;rGefatmifvkyfjcif;rS b,fvk dvlr_ tusKd;qufawG oufa&mufvmvdrf hr,fvd @k odvnf;rod em;vnf;rvnf/ od k @r[kwf pOf;pm;jcif;vnf; r&S dbJ/vlwd k @&J @ tvkyfudk oufomap±kHeJ @ olwd k @twGufwd kuf±k duf/ rsufrsufuav; cHpm;±k HpwJ h ae@pOftusdK;pD;yGm;avmufom awG;awmcJh=uw,f?

a&S;ya'omyifacwfu (a&S;bk HtzG J @) vltzG J @tpnf;twGif; tcsKdŒolwd k @[m wjznf;jznf; prf;w0g;0g;eJ @ ausmufvufeufud k tok H;jyK=ujcif;rS oHvufeufud k tok H;jyKjcif;od k @ ul;ajymif;vmwJ htcg tJ'Dvk dtopfxGif vkyfud kifjcif;tm;

jzifh b,fvd kvlr_tusdK;qufawG jzpfxGef;vmvdrfhr,fvkd @ awG;awm}uHqjcif;r&S dcJ hay? owWKwefqmyvmrsm;ud k ud kifwG,ftok H;jyKEd kif=u+yD; aemifwGif puf±k H/


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tvkyf±kH}uD;awG ay:vm+yD;/ t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ@ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;uGJjym;vmum ykefuefawmfvSefr_rsm; ay:aygufvmvdrf hr,f qdkwmrdsK;ud kum;yd kvk d @awmif olwk d @rod cJ h=uay? a&S;bk HtzG J @rSonf au|;u|efpepfod k @ ul;ajymif;vmvdrfr,fqk dwmud kvnf; rodcJh=u? olwdk @&J @todrSm tvkyfayghyg; oufoma&;udkom vdkvm;wmyJ &S dw,f? olwdk @ tod&SdpGm aqmif&Gufr_[m tvGefusOf;ajrmif;vSwJ h ae@pOftusKd;pD;yGm;&&S da&; abmifxJrSmyJ vkyfud kifcJ h=ujcif;jzpfw,f?ya'o&mZfpepfrS t&if;&Sifpepfod k @ ul;ajymif;&mrSmvnf; ao;i,fwJ h topfwDxGif vkyfud kifr_uav;awG[m vltzG J @tpnf;&J @ tiftm;pkawG jyefvnfpk±k H;jcif;eJ @awmfvSefa&; aygufzGm;jcif;pwmawGqD OD;wnfoGm;apvdrfhr,fvkd@ vltrsm;od̃ em;vnfjcif; r&SdcJ hay?

tvm;wlpGmyJ vlawG[m aemifwGif qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; atmifyG Jqifvdrf hr,fvk d @vnf; od̃ em;vnfjcif; r&S dcJ hay? olwd k @&J @ tod&S daom aqmif±Gufr_[m omrefwk duf±k duf vufawG @tusKd;pD;yGm;&J @ abmifuk d rausmfcJ hygbl;?

xkwfvkyfa&;pGrf;tm;pkawG jzpfay:wd k;yGm;jcif;eJ @ xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_e,fy,ftwGif;&S d ajymif;vJjcif;awG[m wpk Hwckaom tcsdefumvtxd vlwd k @&J @pdwfqENeJ @ oD;jcm;uif;vGwfpGm jzpfyGm;cJ hw,f? 'gayrJ h 'g[m xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pktopfawG aumif;rGefpGm &ifhrmvmwJ htcsdeftxdyJjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtcgvuf&S dxkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_awGeJ @ ‚wd k @ud k xdef;odrf;xm;wJ h tkyfpd k;wJ h vlwef;

pm;[m taESmih ft,Suf twm;tqD;}uD;rsm; jzpfvm=uawmhw,f? tJ'D wm;qD;r_awGud k vlwef;pm;topfawG&J @ tod&S dwJ h jyKrlv_yf&Sm;r_ awmfvSefa&;jzif homz,f&Sm;ypfEd kifygw,f? xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pktopfawGeJ @ xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_ ta[mif;awGt=um; twdkuftcHjzpfr_twGif;uae+yD; vl@tzG J@tpnf;&J@pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qk dr_topfeJ @ avsmfnDwJ h vlr_t,ltq/ pdwful;opfawGvnf;ay:xGufvmrSmjzpfw,f? vlr_t,l tqawG[m vlxkud kpnf;±k H;odrf;oGif;umvlxk[m Ed kifiHa&; wyfrawmfopfjzpfvm+yD; awmfvSefa&;tm%mopfw&yfudkzefwD;vk dufw,f? vlxk[m ‚tm%mud k tok H;jyKum xkwf vkyfa&;qufqHr_ta[mif;awGudk zsufqD;okwfoif+yD;v#if pepfopfud k cd kif+rJatmif wnfaqmuf

ygw,f? ,cku|efawmfwd k @ awmfvSefa&;u Armjynf&S d azmufjyefwJ h tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;awG usif hok H;aewJ h xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ta[mif; pD;yGm;a&;pepfud k


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4 2

zsufqD;okwfoifypf+yD; pepfopf (jynfol@'Drd kua&pDpepf) pD;yGm;a&;pepfud k csrSwfvkyfudkifoGm;&ef jzpfygw,f? Tenf;tm;jzif h tvd ktavsmuf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_[m vlwd k @&J @ tod&S dwJ h ðyrlv_yf&Sm;r_tm; ae&mz,fay;&awmhw,f?

+idrf;csrf;pGmjzpfay:wd k;yGm;r_[m jyif;xefwJ h xºuykefuefr_awGtm; ae&mz,fay;um vlwd k @[m jzpfay:wd k;yGm;aewJ h xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk topfawGeJ @ ud kufnDr,f h xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_topfud k awmfvSefwJ h vufeufud kifwd kufyG Jjzifh aqmif&GuftaumiftxnfazmfEd kifvmawmhw,f?

ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;[m "e&Sifvlwef;pm;vufwGif;rS t&if;tED S;tm;vk H;ud k wxpf+yD;wxpf odrf;,l&ef tpd k;&vufwGif; (0g) tkyfpd k;wJ hvlwef;pm;tjzpfpnf;±k H;xm;wJ h ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;&J @ vufwGif;rSm xkwfvkyfa&; ud&d,mtm;vH k;udk pkpnf;csKyfudkifxm;&efeJ@ xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pktm;vkH;udk tvsiftjrefwd k;wufap&ef rdrd&J @ Ed kifiHa&;tm%mud k tok H;csoGm;&vdrf hr,f?

'DtrSmudk (uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf;-rmhufpf &J@ vufa&G;pifusrf;) xJrSm azmfjyxm;w,f?

“t=urf;zufr_onf vltzGJ@tpnf;opfudk oaE< vG,fxm;aom

vltzG@tpnf;a[mif;wdif;. 0rf;qG q&mjzpfayonf?” ('DtrSmudk rmhufpf&J @ t&if;usrf;wGif azmfjyxm;+yD;jzpfw,f f?)

(1859) ckESpfu rmhufpf&J @ ausmf=um;wJ h “EdkifiHa&; abm*aA'”eJ@

ywf oufwJ h a0zefcsuf pmtkyfed'gef;rSm ord kif;±kyf0g'&J @ tESpfom&uk d xufjrufpGm azmfxkwfa&;om;xm;r_w&yfrSm æ

“vlwdk @. touf&Sifaexdkifa&;twGuf vltzGJ @tpnf; xkwf

vkyfa&;wGif vlwdk@onf ‚wdk@. pdwfqENESifh uif;uGm+yD; r&Sdv#if rjzpf

onfh tckdiftrm qufqHa&;twGif;odk@ yg0if=u&ukefonf? T xkwf

vkyfa&; qufqHr_rsm;onf vlwd@. ±kyfydif;qdif&m xkwfvkyfa&;tif tm;pk

rsm; jzpfay:wd;yGm;r_. tckiftrmtqifhESif udufnD=uayonf? Txkwf

vkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm; pkaygif;xm;csufonf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;

taqmufttkH jzpfonf? wu,fh tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfonf? TtajccH

tkwfjrpfay:wGif w&m;Oya'ESif h E d ki fi Ha&;tay:xyf taqmufttkH

ay:xGufvmjyD;/ vlrla&;todqkif&m tckiftrm toGifo¿mef wd@onf


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TtkwfjrpfESif hudkufnDpGm ay:xGufvmayawmhonf? ±kyfyd kif;b0 xkwf

vkyfenf;onf a,bk,stm;jzif vlrla&;/ EdifiHa&;ESifh todynm b0jzpf

pOfukd jyÏmef;ay;onf? vlwdk @. todu vlwdk @b0udk jyÏmef;onf r

[kwfbJ/ ajymif;jyefyif vlrla&;b0u vlwdk@. todudk jyÏmef;jcif;jzpf

onf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mxkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm;

onf wpkwckaom jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tqifwGif vuf&S xkwfvkyfa&; quf

qHr_rsm;ESif h vmI twdkuftcH jzpf=uayonf? (0g) xkwfvkyfa&; quf

qHr_. w&m;Oya't& azmfjycsufom jzpfaom ydkifqdkifr_ qufqHa&;ESifh

twdkuftcHjzpfvmayonf? ‚tcsdeftxd xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm;

taeESif hykdifqkdifr_qufqHa&;rsm;. abmiftwGif;wGif v_yf&Sm;jyKrlaecJh&

onf? TqufqHa&;rsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm;tm; jzpfay:

wdk;yGm;apaom toGifo¿mefrsm ;tjzpfrS taESmiftzGJ@rs m;tjzpfodk@

ajymif;vJoGm;ayonf? xdkodk@aomtcgwGif vlr_awmfvSefa&;acwfonf

tpðyawmhonf? pD;y Gm;a&; tajccHtkwfjrpf ajymif;vJonfESif htr#

}uD;rm;aom txuf(tay:xyf) taqmuf ttk}uD; wckvkH;onfvnf;

taES;ESifhtjrefyif ajymif;vJ&awmhonf? Todk@ajymif;vJr_udk qifjcif&m

Y rwlwJht&mESpfckukd t+rJwrf;cGJcGJjcm;jcm; odxm;&rnf? wcku pD;yGm;

a&; xkwfvkyfr_ ta=umif;tcsuf rsufESmpm&Sd obm0ody`HynmuJhodk@

wduspGmqkH;jzwfEdkifaom ±kyfydkif;qdif&majymif; vJr_jzpfonf? aemufwck

u w&m;Oya'/ E d ki fi Ha&;/ bmoma&;/ tEkynm/ tbd"rRma&;&m

twdcsKyftm;jzifh tawG;tac: qdkif&m o¿mef rsm;jzpfonf? cGjcm;r_udk

ðyvky f =u&onf? vlwd k @onf Ttwd kuftcH jzp fr _ud k tawG;tac:

o¿mefrsm;wGif od&Sdem;vnfvm+yD; wdkufyG Jqif ajz&Sif;vm=ujcif;jzpf

ayonf?

vlwa,mufESif h ywfoufI u|efawmfwdk@. tuJjzwf&mY ol@

ukd,fol tb,fuJhod k @ ,lqonf[laom tcsufay:wGif tajcrwnf

ouJhodk@ Todk@aom ajymif;vJr_umvrsKd;udk tuJjzwf&mYvnf; xdkpOf

tcg. todtjrift& tuJrjzwfEdkifay? qef@usifpGmyif xdktod tjrif

udk ±kyfyd kif;qdkif&mb0. yËdyuQrsm;rS &Sif;jy=u&onf? vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;


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qdkif&m xkwfvkyfa&;. tiftm;pkrsm;ESif h xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_wd k @

t=um;&Sd wnfaeaom twdkuftcHjzpfr_rSaeI &Sif;jy=u&ayrnf? xkwf

vkyfa&; tiftm;pktm;vk H; jzpfay:wd k;y Gm;&ef ae&musefaeao;or#

umvywfvkH; rnfonfhvltzGJ@tpnf;pepfrS aysmufuG,foGm;onf [lI

r&S day?

wqif h jrif haom xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_topfrsm;onfvnf;

vltzGJ@tpnf;ta[mif;. om;tdrftwGif;Y/ ‚wd@. wnf&Sda&;twGuf

vdktyfaom ±kyfyd kif; ta=umif;tcsufrsm; r&ifhrmao;or# umvywf

vkH;rnfod@r# ay:ayguf vmrnf r[kwfay? od@jzpfI vlom;avmuonf

rdrdajz&Sif;Ed kifavmufaom vkyfief; wm0efrsm;udkom t+rJrsuf arSmuf

jyKwwf =uayonf? tb,fa=umifqdaomf TudpPud eD;uyfpGm =unfh±_

qifjcifv#if tpOfojzif hawG@&onfrSm vkyfief;wm0efud k ajz&Sif;&ef

twGuf vdktyfaom ±kyfydkif; ta=umif;tcsufrsm; wnf&SdESif+yD;jzpfaom

tcgwGi fvnf;aumif; od k @r[kwf tenf;qk H ;tm;jzif h wnf&S dvmae

aomtcgwGi fvnf;aumif; / Tvky fie f;wm0ef yifud k,fonfvnf;

ay:xGufvmayonf? (TtrSmudk rmhufpf vufa±G;pifusrf;rSm azmfjyxm;w,f?)

'gawG[m tEkyËdavmreJ @ ord kif;±kyf0g'wd k@&J @ t"du vuQ%mawGygyJ?

rmhufpf0g' tbd"rRmjzpfwJh tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'eJ@ ordkif;±kkyf0g'

wdk @[m urBmavmu}uD;udk vufawG@=oZmoufa&muap&mrSm tif

tm;}uD;rm;wJh ud&d,mwefqmyvm (0g) urBmavmu}uD;udk od&Sd em;

vnf&efESifh ajymif;vJypf&eftwGuf ud&d,mwefqmyvm jzpfyg w,f?

rmhufpfu ajymcJhzl;wmu ,cif tbd"rRmq&mrsm;[m urBm}uD;udk enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh t"dy`m,f&Sif;vif; azmfjyjcif;udk ‚wkd@&J@ vkyfief;wm 0efvd k @ rSwf,l=uw,f? awmfvSefwJ h tbd"rRmopf&J @ vkyfief;wm0efuawmhurBm}uD;udk ajymif;vJypf&ef jzpfw,f? (18)&mpkESpfykdif;umvu tbd"rRmq&mawG[m tm;oabmynm&J@ w&m;awGudk obm0ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;

tjcif;t&m tm;vk H;wd k @rSm tok H;cs&ef }uH&G,fcJ h=uw,f?(19) &mpkESpfawGusawmh t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;&J @ tbd"rRmynmeJ @ vlr_


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a&;ynm&yfawGrSm 'g0if0g'&J@ w&m;awGudk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm tokH;csr_awGysŒHES H @vmvkd @ vlr_a&;ynmrSm vlr_a&;'g0if0g'tjzpf ay:aygufvmum azmufjyefa&; trsKd;rsKd;wd k @&J @ oabmw&m;tajccH jzpfvmawmhonf?

vltzG J @tpnf;w&m;awGud k obm0tjcif;t&may:od k@ wd k;csJŒtok H;ðyzk d @}uH &G,fr_awGvnf; r=umc%awG @cJ h&w,f? yd k;r$m;wd k@&J @ b0ud k Ed kifiHawmf ðyrlv_yf&Sm;r_eJ @ tvm;wloabmxm;jzif h wd&p> mefawGvnf; tvkyfvkyf=uw,fpojzif hxifrSwf=uw,f?

tjcif;t&mtcsKdŒrSm txl;yg&S daewJ h w&m;awGud k ajymif;a&$ @,l+yD;wjcm;tjcif;t&mawGtay: tok H;cszk d @ }uH&G,fr_[m ody` HynmeJ @ qef @usifwJ h azmufjyefwJ h }uH&G,fr_jzpfw,f? tJ'Doabmw&m;awG[m e,fcsJŒacwfrSm txl;acwfpm;vmw,f? t&if;&Sif0g'udk umuG,f&efeJ @ ‚wd k @twGuf vk,ufwJ h usL;ausmfa&; ppfyGJrsm;twGuf wwftm;or# xkacsumuG,f&ef }udK;pm;=ujcif;jzpfw,f?

tvk H;pk Hyg0ifaewJ h ody` Henf;us urB mhtjrifud k owfrSwf+yD; obm0eJ @vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ w&m;awGudk aygif;csKyf&r,f? t&m0wˆKtjcif;t&mawGeJ@vufawG @ jzpfpOftm;vk H;&J @ a,bk,sw&m;awGud k &SmazGawG @&S d&r,f? qdkvd kwmuwckeJ @wck vGefpGmjcm;em;wJ h tjcif;t&mtrsKd;rsKd;ud k pk Hprf;ppfaq;&mrSm vrf;!ȩftjzpf ay;Ed kifwJ h w&m;aygh? xk dtjcif;t&mawG&J @ tpðycsufjzpfwJ h rleJ @ywfoufwJ h

w&m;awGudk ay:vGifatmif zGifhjy&r,f? 'Dvkdw&m;awGudk &SmazGawG@&Sdjcif;/wu,f hvufawG @ud k csOf;uyfenf;eJ @ t"dym̀,f&Sif;jyenf;awGudk owfrSwfay;jcif;[m rmhufpf0g' tbd"rRm&J @ vkyfief;wm0efjzpfw,f?

tbd"rRme,fy,frSm &SmazGawG @&S dwJ h wpk Hwckaomw&m;[m t+rJyJ obm0eJ @ vl @tzG J @tpnf;wd k @wGif ay:aygufwJ h tcd kiftrmjzpf&yfrsm;ud k tcd kif trmuspGm cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm+yD; pkpnf;aygif;csKyfjcif; (a,bk,scsKyfjcif;)yJ jzpfygw,f/

tbd"rRm&J @ ody` Henf;us urB mhtjrifqk dif&m ork dif;[m ‚w&m;awGoaE


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trSmud k tdef*,fu ‘*smreftbd"rRmpHwifusrf; tqk H;owfjcif;eJ @ zsL;0g;bwf’qd kwJ h usrf;rSm ajymcJ hw,f? )

tbd"rRmrSm awG;ac:r_jzpfyGm;&mjzpfpOfudk =oZmoufa&mufapwJhht&m[m xkwfvkyfa&;eJ @ xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkawG jzpf±H komru xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ (0g) olwdk @&J @ vlr_qufqHa&;vnf; jzpfygw,f?

vl @tzG J @tpnf;[m zDvmqef @usifbuf vlwef;pm;rsm; uGJjym;vm+yD;‚wd k@t=um;&SdwdkufyGJawG&J @ wGef;aqmfr_t& vl@tzG J@tpnf;[m a&S@odk@ wdk;wufvmwma=umifh tbd"rRmqd kif&m awG;ac:r_ord kif;[m vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJord kif;ud k a&mifjyef [yfwJ h awG;ac:r_wd kufyG Jord kif;tjzpf ay:aygufvmawmhw,f?

'Dae&mrSm vufawG @eJ @ qufpyfavhvmoif hw,f? rdrdwOD;csif;&J @ awG;ac:r_tbd"rRmtjrif[m b,fvlwef;pm;&J @ tawG;tac:ud k a&mifjyef[yf ygovJ?qef@usifbuf vlwef;pm;ESpf&yfteuf aoG;pkyfol vlwef;pm;/ "e&Sif vlwef;pm;&J@ trltusifh tawG;tac:xJrSm yg0ifaeygovm;? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&J@vlwef;pm; &yfwnfr_ tjrifqd kif&mrSm yg0ifaeovm;? tEkyËdavmrw&m;&J @urB m@tjrifeJ @ b,fvk duGmjcm;aeygovJqdkwmawGud k tbd"rRmbmom&yfavhvm&if; vufawG @ qifjcifok H;oyfoif hygw,f? jyKjyif&efvd kygu jyKjyifoGm;&ygr,f?(a[majymol&J @qEN)

±kyf0g'orm;awG[m wu,fhjzpf&yfrS tpjyK+yD; tcdkiftrmjzpf&yfudk

tcd kiftrmuspGm cG Jjcrf;pdwfjzmum &Sif;jy&ygw,f? pdwf0g'orm;awGuawmh wu,f hjzpf&yfrS tprjyKbJ rdrdwd k @pdwful;/ pdwful;pHeJ @ tqk H;pGefajym&&if(emrftiftm;) ewfwd k @&J @wefcd k;eJ @ urB m}uD;ud k&Sif;jyzk d @ obm0ud k &

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Philosophy of Marxism by Yebaw-San-Thu.pdf