ixialD; jd.afõofha mefkk ixialD; jd.afõofha mefkk ixialD; jd.afõofha mefkk ixialD; jd.afõofha mefkk YdíÈl kshduYdíÈl kshduYdíÈl kshduYdíÈl kshdu

frdayK fifkúr;akfrdayK fifkúr;akfrdayK fifkúr;akfrdayK fifkúr;ak

iïNdjH NdId wOHhkdxYh fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,h

NdIdka;r iïnkaO;d mj;s;e hs o tu.ska f,dalfha NdId fndfyduhla w;r jd.aúoHd;aul {d;s;ajhla f.dv k.d .ekSug yels fõ he hs o wkdjrKh lr .ekSu c.;a jd.aúoHd b;sydifha b;d jeo.;a ixisoaêhla ù h' Y%Su;a William Jones (1746-1794) úiska l%s'j' 1786 § ixialD;" .%Sl iy ,;ska hk NdId w;r mj;akd iudk;d ms<sn| m%:u fy<sorõj isÿ lsÍfuka wk;=rej NdIdjkays wNHka;r ixiaÓ;s wOHhkh u.ska NdIdka;r {d;s;aj y÷kd .ekSu l< yels nj fmkajd fok ,oafoa l%s'j' 1808 § muK Friedrich von Schlegel (1772-1829) úiske hs ie,flhs' Franz Bopp (1791-1867), Rasmus Christian Rask (1787-1832) wd§ jd.afõ§yq fumßoafoka NdIdka;r {d;s;ajhka wkdjrKh fldg oelaùfuys ,d uyd¾> fiajdjla l< úh;=ka jYfhka i,lkq ,efn;a' z;=,kd;aul jHdlrKhZ kñka jd.afõofha iqúfYaIS wOHhk mrdihla ìys ù ,sh ,d jefvkakg jQfha fï wkqj h' NdIdka;r iïnkaO;d wkdjrKh lr .kq ms‚i ufydamldÍ jQ fmdÿ Ydí§h O¾u;d Yío kshdu (sound laws) fkdfyd;a YdíÈl kshdu (phonetic laws) jYfhka kdulrKh lrk ,È' ixialD; NdIdj yd iïnkaO tn÷ Yío kshdu lsysmhla ms<sn| ir, ixlaIsma; úu¾Ykhla fuys mefkhs' zYdíÈl kshduZ jYfhka ksjerÈ j y÷kajkq ,eìh yels jkafka ljrdldr jQ jd.aúoHd;aul O¾u;djla oe hs jd.afõ§yq úuis,su;a fj;s' tys § wdÙ., NdIdfjka zphonetic lawsZ hkakg jvd zphonetic rulesZ hk moh Ndú; lsÍu iqÿiq he hs o woyia lrkq ,efí' fuu lreK iïnkaOfhka u;hla m< lrk Tucker f.a újrKh1 wkqj YdíÈl kshdu hkak i|yd zlawsZ hk moh wkqÑ; jkafka ieneúka u YdíÈl kshdu jkdys wdOdk.%dyS (dogmatic) iajNdjhla fkd Wiq,k" tfia u úfYaI mßiaÓ;Ska ;=< l%shd;aul jk O¾u;d muKla jk fyhsks' boska fï i|yd phonetic laws hkak fhdokq ,enqfjd;a tlS YdíÈl kshduhka fh§fï wksjd¾h;dj (stingency of application) yeÕfj;e hs bka woyia flß‚' Ñrka;k hq.hg wh;a Curtius jeks jd.afõ§yq fuu YdíÈl kshdu jkdys iajdNdúl kS;s fuka mßmQ¾K mrudo¾YS fkd jk nj o ms<s.;ay' NdIdj hkq iudchSh idOlhla jk fyhska o l:lhd iajlSh m%ldYkfha wrmsßueiau iEu úgu reÑ lrk fyhska o YdíÈl kS;s tfia idudkHhka njg m;a fkd l< yels nj o wjOdrKh flß‚' úoHd;aul m%fïhhka fia zwiqj,a wiqj,a ridhksl ixfhda." wiqj,a ksYaÑ; mßir ;;a;ajhka hgf;a tla lrkq ,enqjfyd;a wiqj,a oE ksIamdokh fj;eZ hs lsj yels iajNdjhla fï YdíÈl kshduhkays ke;af;a h'2 tfy;a 1970 oS muK Karl Brugmann, Delbrück, Osthoff iy Hermann Paul n÷ jd.afõ§kaf.a tluq;=jla (Junggrammatiker – Young Grammarians) úiska YdíÈl kshduhkag mßndysr widudkH isoaê ke; (sound laws admit of no exception) hk ia:djrh bÈßm;a lrk ,È' tu.ska Tjqka woyia lf<a lsishï tla jd.aúoHd;aul Yío kshduhlska meyeÈ,s lr .; fkd yels jQ NdIduh úm¾hdi iy iudka;r;d ^widudkH isoaê jYfhka fmr y÷jk ,o oE& fjk;a Yío kshduhka u.ska úêu;a f,i myod oelaúh yels nj hs' R‚; jpk (loan words) fufia widudkH fkdfyd;a Yío kshduhkaf.ka neyer jd.aúoHd;aul úm¾hdi f,i y÷kajkq ,enQ uq;a Brugmann wd§yq tu ÿIalr;dj o kj kshduhka u.ska meyeÈ,s lf<da h' tfyhska hqjjHdlrK{hkaf.a ia:djrh kQ;k ;=,kd;aul jd.afõofha jeo.;a ia:djrhla ù h'3 fuu ia:djrhg meñŒu i|yd úúO Yío kHdhhka bÈßm;a l< jd.afõ§yq ;u ;ukaf.a fidhd .ekSï u.ska iajlSh mQ¾jÙ.uhka úiska msysgqjk ,o isoaOdka;hka u.ska úi\,sh fkd yels

1 'A Phonetic law of a language is a statement of the regular practice of that language at a particular time in regards to

the treatment of a particular sound or group of sounds in a particular setting...'

Murthy, M.S. (1984) – An Introduction to Sanskrit Linguistics (Comparative and Historical) – Delhi, D.K. Publications

– p. 118

cf. Ghosh, B. (1937) – Linguistic Introduction to Sanskrit – Calcutta, The Indian Research Institute 2 Gune, P.D. (1950) – An Introduction to Comparative Philology – Poona, Poona Oriental Book House – p. 59 3 'Within certain geographical limits and between certain dates a change of one sound in a language to another would

affect in the same way all words containing the sound in the same phonetic environment of other sounds...'

Robins, R.H. (1964) – General Linguistics, An Introductory Survey – London, Longmans – p. 311

2

jQ Yío kHdhd;aul .eg¨ i|yd ms<s;=re ,nd ÿkay' ixialD; NdIdfõ N+ñldj fulS Yío kshduhka f.dv k.d .kq ms‚i ufydamldÍ jQ nj jd.aúoHd b;sydifhka m%;S; hs' Yío kshdu iy Yío m%jK;d w;r uQ,sl fjkila mj;akd nj o wOHhkfha § jegyS hhs' bÈka lsishï úfYaIs; jHqyhla ;=< mj;akd lsishï Yíohla ms;D-mq;% jYfhka NdId folla w;r yqjudre jk kuqÿ th tlS NdId l=gqïnhg u fmdÿ jQ O¾u;djla fkd fõ kï" tfia u miqj m%kIag j hhs kï ta jkdys Yío kshduhla fkd j Yío m%jK;djls' bkaÿ-wd¾h NdId l=gqïnfha mej;s zsZ Yíoh" jpkhkays mQ¾jia: j mej;=K l," bkaÿ-brdŒh NdIdjkays zhZ Yíoh njg yeÍu fuks' fï úm¾hdih bkaÿ-brdŒh NdId l=,lhg muKla wod< jQ Yío m%jK;djla jkafka bka neyer j fjk;a lsisÿ NdId l=gqïnhl fuu m%jK;dj fkd mefkk neúks'1 ;=,kd;aul jd.aúoHdfõ Yío kshdu u.ska idudkHSlrKh (generalization) lrk ,o úêu;a NdIdka;r iïnkaO;d y÷kd .ekSu ms‚i kso¾Yk lsysmhla m%:ufhka idlÉPd lrkq ,efí' 1' .%Sl NdIdfõ uOHj¾;S iy mQ¾jia: wf>daI uydm%dK ixialD; NdIdfõ § f>daI uydm%dK njg meñfKhs'

.%Sl ixialD; νέφoς (néphos) nabhas φράτηρ (phrátīr) bhrātar ϑαρσος (tharsos) dharśati µεϑυ (méthu) madhu

2' ixialD; NdIdfõ oka;c w,amm%dK wf>daIhka wfjia;dfõ mefkk mer‚ m¾ishdkq nfiys fhfokafka uydm%dK wf>daIdlaIr f,isks'

wfjia;d ixialD; ϑwam tvam ϑri tri miϑra mitra caϑwara catvāra

3' ixialD; NdIdfõ mohkays mQ¾jia: odka;H ziaZ ldrh .%Sl NdIdfjys o wfjia;dkq nfiys o zyaZ ldrh njg meñfKhs'

.%Sl wfjia;d ixialD; έπτα (hepta) hapta sapta haiϑtya satya hindu sindhu

Yío kshduhka wjYH jkafka fun÷ NdIdka;r {d;s;ajhka y÷kd f.k idudkHSlrK O¾u;djka bÈßm;a lsÍfï WmlrK jYfhks' ixialD; NdIdjg wod< jQ Yío kshduhka w;ßka z.%sïf.a kshduhZ (Grimm's law) m%:ufhka u úu¾Ykh lrkq ,efí' fuu Yío kshduh ms<sn| uQ,sl j u újrKd;aul woyia m< lrk ,oafoa Rasmus Rask úiske hs ie,fl;;a" Yío kshduhla jYfhka úêu;a j ilid jd.aúoHdkql+, j fuh bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa Jakob Grimm (1785- 1863) úiska u he hs ie,flhs' zgHqfgdksla jHdlrKhZ (Deutsche Grammatik) hk lD;sh rpkd lrñka .%sï c¾udkq NdId ms<sn| ;=,kd;aul wOHhkhla lf<a h' tys § Tyq y÷kd .;a m%Odk Yío kshdu folla ù h' 1' m%d:ñl Yío úia:dmkh (First Sound Shifting)

2' oaú;Shsl Yío úia:dmkh (Second Sound Shifting)

tfia u bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh NdId l=gqïnhkays mefkk wmY%e;sh (ablaut)_iy wNsY%e;sh (umlaut) hk Yío úm¾hdi l%uoajh ms<sn| m%:ufhka úêu;a újrKhla imhk ,oafoa o .%sï úisks' Yío

1 Murthy – op.cit. – p. 117

3

úia:dmkh (laut-ver-schiebung) hk Yío kshduh" z.%sïf.a kshduhZ f,i jd.aúoHd lafIa;%fha jHjydrhg meñŒu muKla jqj ;=,kd;aul jd.aúoHdjg Tyqf.a odhl;ajh iksgqyka lrkakla f,i i,lkq ,efí' z.%sïf.a kshduhZ hkafkka m%d:ñl j woyia lrk ,oafoa c¾udkq NdId iy bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh NdIdjkaf.a Yío úm¾hdihka idudkHSlrKh flfrk Ydí§h O¾u;dj hs' ta wkqj" i. c¾udkq NdIdjkaf.a zfZ Yíoh wfkl=;a bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh (Indo-European = IE) NdIdjkays ^,;ska" .%Sl" ixialD; iy ia,efjdksla& zpZ Yíoh f,i o" ii. c¾udkq NdIdjkaf.a zpZ Yíoh wfkl=;a IE NdIdjkays zbZ Yíoh f,i o" iii. c¾udkq NdIdjkaf.a zthZ Yíoh wfkl=;a IE NdIdjkays zdZ Yíoh f,i o mej;sKe hs kshduhla bÈßm;a flß‚' Bloomfield olajk wdldrhg .%sïf.a kshduh fufia újrKh l< yels h'1 1' m%d.a bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh (Proto Indo-European = PIE) NdIdfõ wf>daI iam¾Y (p, t, k) Yío mQ¾j c¾udkq (Pre-Germanic = PGmc.) NdIdfõ wf>daI W!Iauka (f, th, h) Yío njg meñfKhs' 2' PIE NdIdfõ f>daI iam¾Y (b, d, g) Yío PGmc. NdIdfõ wf>daI iam¾Y (p, t, k) Yío njg meñfKhs' 3' PIE NdIdfõ f>daI uydm%dK iam¾Y (bh, dh, gh) Yío" PGmc. NdIdfõ f>daI w,amm%dK iam¾Y (b, d, g) Yío njg o" m%d.a-.%Sl NdIdfõ wf>daI uydm%dK iam¾Y (ph, th, kh) Yío njg o" m%d.a-,;ska iy m%d.a-b;d,shdkq NdIdjkays zf, ϑ, hZ Yío njg o meñfKhs' kso¾Yk olajf;d;a fufia h' (i)

PIE ixialD; .%Sl ,;ska kQ;k

c¾udkq f.d;sla bx.%Sis

peṅge pañca pente quinque fnf fimf five

tṇnus tanus tonus tenuis dnn - thin

ḷquos vṛkas lukos lupos wolf vulfs wolf

pedos padas pedos pedis fuss fotus foot

(ii)

PIE ixialD; .%Sl ,;ska kQ;k

c¾udkq f.d;sla bx.%Sis

deṃ daśa deka decem zehn tathun ten

dontos dantas odontos dentis zahn tunthus tooth

aĝros ajras agros ager acker akrs acre

(iii)

PIE ixialD; .%Sl ,;ska kQ;k

c¾udkq f.d;sla bx.%Sis

bherō bharāmi pherō fero bār baira bear

medhu madhu methu - - - mead

ĝhansos haṃsas khēnos anser gans - goose

1 Bloomfield, S. (1933) – Language – London, George Allen and Unwin – p. 350

4

.%sïf.a kshduhg wkqj m%:u Yío úia:dmkfha § PIE NdIdfõ jH[ack Yío .%Sl" ,;ska iy ixialD; wd§ bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh NdIdjkays iq/lS mej;sh o c¾uka" f.d;sla iy bx.%Sis hk c¾udkq .Kfha NdIdj, PIE NdIduh Yío imqrd fjkialïj,g Ndckh ù ;sfí' ls;=iufha my< ùug fmr isÿ úKe hs ie,flk fuu Yío úia:dmkh fufia o ms~q fldg oelaúh yels h'1

ixialD; .%Sl c¾udkq Tenues p, t, k p, t, k f, ϑ, h/x Aspiratae bh, dh, gh ph, th, kh b, d, g

Mediae b, d, g b, d, g p, t, k wka;¾cd;sl jd.aúoHd úYajfldaIh olajk whqßka m%d:ñl Yío úia:dmkh jvd ixlaIsma; f,i fufia j.=jl oelaùug o yels h'2

wf>daI iam¾Y f>daI iam¾Y f>daI uydm%dK iam¾Y

PIE * p, *t, *k (*) *b, *d, *g(*ĝ) *bh, *dh, *gh, (*ĝh) ixialD; p, t, k, c, () b, d, g(j) bh, dh, gh, (h) .%Sl p, t, k b, d, g ph, th, kh ,;ska p, t, k b, d, g f,b f,b,d h,g m%d.a-c¾udkq wf>daI W!Iauka wf>daI iam¾Y f>daI W!Iauka *f, *Þ, *h *p, *t, *k *β, *δ, *γ pl%Sh ixiaÓ;shl ish kshduh msysgqjd olajñka m%d:ñl Yío úia:dmkh meyeÈ,s lsÍug o .%sï iu;a ù h' flfia o h;a" T

bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh T > c¾udkq A

bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh A > c¾udkq M bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh M > c¾udkq T

M A

;=,kd;aul j bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh NdId l=gqïnfha c¾udkq NdId yd wfkl=;a NdId w;r {d;s;ajhla fuka u úm¾hia;;d o wOHhkh ms‚i ixLHdkdu iei£u o m%dud‚l fj;s hs .%sïf.a kshduh újrKh lrk we;eï jd.afõ§yq fhdackd lr;s'3 tfla isg oyh olajd ixLHd i|yd fhfok kduhka Wmfhda.S lr f.k ixikaokhla l< fyd;a th my; mßÈ oelaúh yels jkq we;'

bx.%Sis f.d;sla ,;ska .%Sl mer‚ ia,dúl ixialD; Ök cmka

one ains ūnus heîs jedinŭ ekas i1 hitotsu

two twai duo dúo dŭva dvā erh4 futatsu

three θrija (acc.) trēs treîs trije trayas san1 mittsu

four fidwor quattuor téttares etyre catvāras ssu4 yottsu

five fimf quinque pénte pęti pañca wu3 itsutsu

six saihs sex héks estĭ ṣat liu4 muttsu

seven sibun septem heptá sedemĭ sapta ch'i1 nanatsu

eight ahtau octō oktṓ osmĭ aṣtā pa1 yattsu

nine niun novem ennéa devętĭ nava chiu3 kokonotsu

ten taihun decem déka deti daśa shih2 tō

1 Lehmann, Winfred P. (1992) – Historical Linguistics ; An Introduction – London, Routledge – p. 10 2 Bright, William (ed.) (1992) – International Encyclopedia of Linguistics – Oxford, Oxford University

Press – p. 70 3 Lehmann – op.cit – p. 12

cf. Burrow, T. (1973) – The Sanskrit Language – London, Faber & Faber

5

.%sïf.a kshduh hgf;a mefkk oaú;Shsl Yío úia:dmkh jkdys ixialD; NdIdj yd iïnkaO fkd jQj o Wvrg c¾uka NdIdfõ oka;c Yío ms<sn| jeo.;a ;;= fy<s lrkakls' PIE uQ, NdIdfõ zt, dhZ iy zdZ hk oka;c iam¾Y Yío m%d.a c¾udkq zth, d, tZ f,i mej;sh o Wvrg c¾udkq NdIdj, zd, t, tzZ f,i fjkia jk nj wkdjrKh lr .kq ,eì‚' weka.af,da ielaika iy bx.%Sis hk my;rg c¾udkq NdId fï Yío úia:dmkfhka ñ§ isá nj o m%lg hs' kso¾Yk lsysmhla olajf;d;a fufia h'

f.d;sla bx.%Sis c¾udkq paurnus thorn dorn

preis three drei

dags day tag

helpan help helfen

plegen play pflegen

u;= oelafjkafka .%sïf.a kshduh ;=< újrKh jk mßÈ m%:u iy oaú;Shsl Yío úia:dmk i|yd kso¾Yk lsysmhls'

m%:u Yío úia:dmkh oaú;Shsl Yío úia:dmkh PIE

f.d;sla weka.af,da ielaika

kQ;k bx.%Sis mer‚ Wvrg c¾udkq

kq;k c¾udkq

trees threis thri three drei drei

bhrāter brothar brothor brother bruoder bruder

pəter fadar foeder father vater

medhu medu mead meto

dhuĝhəter dauhter dohter daughter tochter tochter

dem taihun ten ten Zen zehn

dō tvai twa two Zwēne zweī dontos tunthus toth tooth zahn Yío úia:dmk fofla u kS;s ir, j ix.%y fldg olajf;d;a my; mßÈ fõ'

m%d:ñl Yío úiA:dmkh

uQ, bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh NdId p t k c¾udkq NdId f th h uQ, bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh NdId b d g c¾udkq NdId p t k uQ, bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh NdId bh dh gh c¾udkq NdId b d g

oaú;Shsl Yío úiA:dmkh uQ, bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh oka;c t d dh m%d.A c¾udkq th t d Wvrg c¾udkq WmNdId d t(z) t

.%sïf.a kshduh u.ska myod .; fkd yels jQ Yío úm¾hdi ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq ùu jd.aúoHdfõ ;j;a jeo.;a mshjrla jQ w;r th fjk;a Yío kshdu y÷kd .ekSu i|yd u. mE§ula o ù h' úfYaIfhka u u;= oelafjk Yío úm¾hdi meyeÈ,s lr .ekSfuys ,d .%sïf.a kshdufhka msájy,la fkd ,efnk nj wkdjrKh jQfha h' 1' èjkHkqlrKd;aul (onomatopoeic) Yío úIfhys mefkk Yío úm¾hdi mej;Su kso¾Yk - cuckoo (bx.%Sis)" coucou (m%xY)" kuckuk (c¾uka) 2' PIE NdIdfõ zsk, st, spZhk ixhqla; iam¾Y Yíohkays oka;c zsZ YíÈuh fkd fjkia j mej;Su *esti ^PIE&" esti ^.%Sl&" est ^,;ska&" ist ^f.d;sla&" is ^bx.%Sis&" ist ^mer‚ Wvrg c¾udkq&

6

3' PIE NdIdfõ zktZ iy zptZ hk ixhqla; iam¾Y Yíohkays uQ¾Oc zṭZ YíÈuh fkd fjkia j mej;Su *otō ^PIE&" aṣṭa ^ixialD;&" oktō ^.%Sl&" octō ^,;ska&" ahtau ^f.d;sla&" eight ^bx.%Sis&" ahto ^mer‚ Wvrg c¾udkq&" acht ^kQ;k c¾udkq& 4' PIE NdIdfõ zttZ ixhqla;dlaIrh f.d;sla NdIdfõ zthtZ njg o miq j zssZ njg o meñŒu .%sïf.a kshduhg mßndysr fun÷ Yío úm¾hdi újrKh lrkq ms‚i bÈßm;a lrk ,o úi÷ï iy fjk;a Yío kshdu uQ,sl m%j¾. ;%hhlg fnod oelaúh yels h' 1' c¾udkq NdIdj, W!Iauka Yíoj,g miqj msysá hk wf>daI iam¾Y Yío úia:dmkh fkd fõ' by; wxl 02 hgf;a olajk mo Yío úm¾hdih fuu.ska idOdrŒlrKh flß‚'

PIE f.d;sla ,;ska

*pt hafts (married) captus (captured)

*sp speiwan (spew) spuō (spit) *st ist (is) est (is)

*sk skadus (shadow) skotos (darkness)

*kt nahts (night) nox, noctis (night) fï wkqj c¾udkq NdIdj, wf>daI W!Iauka Yíohlg mr jQ wf>daI iam¾Y Yíohka fkd fjkia j mj;skafka h hk kshduh y÷kd .kq ,eì‚' fuu.ska .%sïf.a kshduhg wf.dapr jQ tla úm¾hdihla úi|kq ,enQ w;r yqÿ flaj, iaÓ;shla ;=< fkd j m%lrK (contexts) ;=< Yío Ndú; ùu ms<sn| úNd. lsÍug jd.afõ§yq fufyhjkq ,enQy' ikaëh Yío úoHdj (articulatory phonetics) j¾Okh jQfha fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' Otto Jespersen, Maurice Grammount, Eduard Sievers iy Henry Sweet wd§yq tlS jd.aúoHd m%YdLdfõ m%uqLfhda jQy' 2' c¾udkq NdIdj, f>daI W!Iauka Yío iy iam¾Y Yío bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh fjk;a NdIdj, f>daI uydm%dK iam¾Y Yíohkag jvd f>daI w,amm%dK Yíohkag wúêu;a f,i {d;s;ajhla olajk nj wkdjrKh úh' fufia c¾udkq NdIdj, mohkays zb, d, gZ hk mQ¾jia: f>daI iam¾Y Yío ixialD;fha zbh, dh, ghZ hk f>daI uydm%dK Yíohkag iudka;r fkd fõ' tfia u" .%Sl zph, th, khZ hk Yíohkag o {d;s;ajhla fkd olajhs' tfy;a zb, d, gZ hk Yío ixialD;fha o" zp, t, kZ hk Yío .%Sl NdIdfõ o yuqfjhs' PIE .%Sl f.d;sla ixialD; kQ;k c¾udkq bx.%Sis

*bh...dh peuthomai biudan bodhāmi bieten bid

*dhuĝhəter dauhtar duhitā daughter

*gh...gh gagg jaṅghā leg fï úm¾hdih úi|kq ms‚i Hermann Grassmann (1809-1877) f.a kshduh Wmia;ïNl ù h' bÈka .%sïf.a kshdufhka by; iïnkaO;d meyeÈ,s l< yels ù kï ixialD;fha moj, mQ¾jia: Yíoh uydm%dK úh hq;= h' ta wkqj .%diaukaf.a kshduh jYfhka kï lrk ,o YdíÈl kshduhla Ndú;hg meñ‚fha h' fuu kshduhg wkqj" zPIE NdIdfõ uydm%dK iam¾YdlaIr folla fyda jeä .Kkla ióm j" mohl mQ¾jia: j fhfoa kï bka m%:u mQ¾jia: Yíoh w,amm%dK fõ' .%Sl NdId .Kfha iy bkaÈhdkq NdId .Kfha muKla fhfoa'Z .%diauka úiska wkdjrKh fldg olajk ,o fï kshduh zw,amm%dŒlrK kshduhZ (law of de-aspiration) f,i o ye¢kafjkafka tys uQ,sl isoaOdka;h wjOdrKh lsÍula jYfhks' zoaú;aùlrKhZ (reduplication) ms<sn| jd.aúoHd;aul kHdh o .%diaukaf.a kshduh lrK fldg f.k ia:dms; ù h' .%Sl iy ixialD; NdIdjkays mefkk fï Yío kshduh m%Odk m%j¾. follg fnod oelaùug .%diauka iu;a úh'

7

1' idudkH oaú;aùlrKh (normal reduplication)

PIE *didōmi

ixialD; dadāmi

.%Sl didomi

2' w,amm%dŒlrKh iys; oaú;aùlrKh (reduplication with de-aspiration) PIE *dhidhēmi

ixialD; dadhāmi

.%Sl tithēmi

3' PIE NdIdfõ zp, t, kZ hk wf>daI iam¾YdlaIr m%d.a c¾udkq NdIdj, zf, th, hZ jYfhka wf>daI W!Iauka Yío njg yefr;s hs hk .%sïf.a m%d:ñl Yío úia:dmk kshduhg úreoaO jk wjia:d olakg ,eì‚'

PIE ixialD; .%Sl ,;sska f.d;sla bx.%Sis

*pəter pitar patros pater fadar father f.d;sla nfiys zfaderZ hk moh .%sïf.a kshduhg wkqj fhfof;d;a zfatharZ f,i mekS hd hq;= h' tfy;a zthZ YíÈuh fjkqjg zdZ YíÈuh tys fhfokafka ukaoe hs m%:u Yío úia:dmk kshdufhka meyeÈ,s fkd fõ' iajrKh (accent) ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrñka Karl Adolf Verner (1846-1896) fï úm¾hdih újrKh lf<a h' ta wkqj bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh wf>daI iam¾Y Yío" f>daI Yío iys; mßiaÓ;shl iajrKh fmrgq fldg fkd isà kï f>daI W!Iauka Yío njg m;a jk nj wkdjrKh úh' tfia iajrKh mQ¾jia: fkd jQ l, wf>daI iam¾Y Yío f>daI iam¾Y Yío njg m;a fõ'

PIE ixialD; .%Sl ,;ska kQ;k c¾udkq f.d;sla bx.%Sis

*septṃ sapta hepta septem sieben sibun seven

*ṃtom śatam hekaton centum hundert hund hundred

.%sï iy .%diauka úiska meyeÈ,s fkd lrk ,o Yío úm¾hdi fndfyduhla újrKh lr .kq ms‚i j¾k¾f.a Yío kshduh u.ska wdf,dalh ,eì‚' zYío kshduhkaf.ka neyer jQ widudkH úm¾hia;;d ke;Z hkqfjka hqjjHdlrK{hka úiska k.k ,o ;¾lh ;jÿrg;a ia:djr jQjd fuka u ixialD; NdIdj PIE uQ,NdIdfõ iajrKh kshudldrfhka wdrlaId lr f.k isák nj o ;yjqre úh' NdIdfõ w;sLKaãh (suprasegmental) YíÈu flfrys wjOdkh o iajrKfha N+ñldj wOHhkh lsÍu ksid jeäÈhqKq jQ nj o m%lg hs' ixialD; NdIdj ixl,ams; uQ,NdIdj h<s f.dv k.d .kq ms‚i ufydamldÍ jQ nj NdId fofla YíÈu wOHhkfhka uekúka úYo fõ' ixialD; NdIdfõ mefkk Yío úm¾hdi y÷kd .kq ms‚i m%udKj;a ;j;a Yío kshdu lsysmhla u;= idlÉPd flfrhs' Yío úm¾hdi ixl; (conditional) iy wixl; (unconditional) jYfhka j¾.SlrKh fldg jd.aúoHdfõ § idlÉPd lrkq ,efí' wixl; Yío úm¾hdifha § iómia: Yíohkaf.a iajNdjhkays n,mEula úm¾hdihkag m;a jk Yíohkg fkd ,efí' by; ú.%y lrk ,o Yío úia:dmkdÈfhys § isÿ jQfha tn÷ wixl; Yío úm¾hdihka nj meyeÈ,s úh hq;= h' ixl; Yío úm¾hdifha § lsishï Yíohla mohl uq," ueo fyda w. isàfï iy jdlHhl mo folla iïnkaO ùfï T!Ñ;Hh i,lkq ,efí' tu.ska wdikak Yíohkag n,mEï we;s jk fyhsks' ikaê kS;s tys § úfYaI jeo.;alula .kakd Yno úm¾hdi úêl%uhla jYfhka ie,lsh hq;= h' .%Sl NdIdfõ zν(n), σ(s), ρ(r)Z hk Yío yefrkakg mohl wka;ia: jH[ack Yíofhda f,dma fj;s' zabharan (ixialD;), έφερον=epheron (.%Sl)Z hk mo kso¾Yk hs' ixialD; NdIdfõ o mohl wka;fha zk, ṭ, ḍZ iy ztZ Yío yereKq l,ays zrZ Yíofhka mrj jH[ack Yío folla fkd mj;shs' vark ^ffjosl - m%:u mqreI taljpk" N+f; ,qÙ" √jDÊ& urk ^ffjosl - m%:ud úNla;s taljpk - zW!¾ÊZ Yíoh& vāk + s > vāk gacchant + s > gacchant

8

.%Sl nfiys § fuka mohl wka;fha jH[ack Yíohla mej;Su m%dlD; NdIdj, isÿ fkd fõ' kdislH Yíofhda wkqiajdrh njg m;a fj;s' úfYaIfhka u uydrdIaá% m%dlD;fha fuh isÿ fjhs' kso¾Yk olajf;d;a fufia h'

ixialD; m%dlD; paścāt pacchā yāvat jāva punar puṇa samyak sammaṃ

ixialD;fha b;d jeo.;a j¾K úm¾hdihka lsysmhlg u fya;= jkafka wmY%e;s Yío kshduh (ablaut) nj wkdjrKh lr .kq ,eîu o jeo.;a mshjrls' iajr Yíohkaf.a úm¾hdih (vowel gradation) hk wre;a we;s wmY%e;sh hk ixisoaêh PIE uQ,NdIdfõ jeo.;a ,laIKhla f,i i,lkq ,efí' .=Kd;aul iy m%udKd;aul jYfhka iajrhkaf.a úm¾hia; ùu wmY%e;sh i;= rEmdldr folls'1 ixialD;fha m%udKd;aul wmY%e;sh muKla fhfo;e hs jd.afõ§yq olaj;s' uQ,NdIdfõ w¾Oiajr" fi!uh Yío iy kdislH jYfhka wmY%e;shg Ndckh jk iajr mÙla;s yhla mefkhs' tla tla mÙla;sfhys ÿ¾j," ia;íO iy §¾> jYfhka fY%a‚ ;%h ne.ska o we;' m%:u mÙla;sh - e oaú;Sh iy ;D;Sh mÙla;s - a, o p;=¾Ó" m[apó iy IIaÀ mÙla;s - ē, ā, ō 1' m%:u mÙla;sh (e)

ÿ¾j, ia;íO §¾> iajrKh rys;

oaú;Shsl j iajrKh iys;

kshu iajrh

wmY%e;sh kshu iajrh

wmY%e;sh

A pure vowel zero ə é o ḗ ō

B e + i ī é o ḗ ō C e + ū é o ḗ ō D e + m m əm ém om ḗm ōm

E e + n n ən én on ḗn ōn

F e + r r ər ér or ḗr ōr

G e + l l əl él ol ḗl ōl

2' oaú;Sh iy ;D;Sh mÙla;s (a, o)

ÿ¾j, ia;íO

iajrKh rys;

oaú;Shsl j iajrKh iys;

kshu iajrh

wmY%e;sh

A pure vowel zero (a) á ā A pure vowel zero (o) ó ō

1 'When there is change of a vowel from one series to another it is called qualitative ablaut. And in the case of the

gradation from one grade to another in the same series, it is called quantitative ablaut...'

Murty – op.cit. – p. 169

9

3' p;=¾Ó" m[apó iy IIaÀ mÙla;s (ē, ā, ō)

ÿ¾j, ia;íO iajrKh rys;

oaú;Shsl j iajrKh iys;

kshu iajrh

wmY%e;sh

ē mÙla;sh A pure vowel zero ə, e ḗ ō

B e + i ī, e ḗ ō C e + ū, e ḗ ō ā mÙla;sh A pure vowel zero ə, a ó

B ā + ī, a ó C ā + ū, a ó ō mÙla;sh A pure vowel zero ə, o ṓ -

B ō + ī, o ṓ -

C ō + ū, o ṓ -

iajrKh rys; fyda oaú;Shsl j iajrKh fhfok iajr ÿ¾j, jk nj o" uQ,sl iajrh (radical vowel) imqrd f,damYa ù hk kuqÿ oaú;Shsl iajrKhla iys; iajr zZ njg ,>q jk nj o" iajrKh iys; Yíohkays úêu;a iajr yqjudrejla mj;akd nj o fï wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' ixialD;fha wmY%e;s Ndú;h by; újrKh wkqj i,lf;d;a ÿ¾j," uOHu iy ia;íO rEm jYfhka kdu iy l%shd jrke.Sfï § y÷kd .efkkafka fulS wmY%e;sfha n,mEu u; we;s jQ úm¾hdi nj úYo fõ' ixialD; NdIdfõ iy .%Sl NdIdfõ mo lsysmhla iei£u im%fhdack h' ia;íO ia;íO ÿ¾j,

.%Sl πατερες (pateres) απατορες (apatores) πατρος (patros) ixialD; pitaras tvatpitaras pitrā pitṛṣu .%Sl φερω (pherō) φορος (phoros) διφρος (diphros) ixialD; bhare babhāra bibharti

tfia u" ixialD;fha zēmi - imah,Z zdadarśa - dadṛṣuh,Z zbibharāṇi - bibhṛhiZ hk mo o wmY%e;sfha l%shdldß;ajh olajhs' PIE uQ,NdIdfõ hf:dala; mßÈ wmY%e;shg n÷ka jk iajr mÙla;s yhla mej;sh o ixialD;fha mj;skafka iajr mÙla;s folla mu‚' tkï" 1' *e, *a, *o mÙla;sh iy 2' *ē, *ā, *ō mÙla;sh jYfhks' iucd;ShdlaIr iys; (tautosyllabic) z*aiZ (PIE NdIdfõ *a, *e, o) iy z*auZ (PIE NdIdfõ *a, *e, *o) ms<sfj<ska zeZ iy zoZ njg m;a ùu o úcd;ShdlaIr iys; (heterosyllabic) z*aiZ iy z*auZ ms<sfj<ska zayZ iy zavZ njg m;a ùu o ixialD; NdIdj ;=< wmY%e;sh ksid isÿ jQ jeo.;a úm¾hdihka jYfhka i|yka l< yels h' tfyhska by; lshk ,o mßÈ" m%udKd;aul iy .=Kd;aul wmY%e;s m%j¾. foflka ixialD;fha yuq jkafka m%udKd;aul wmY%e;sh muKle hs ie,lSu iqÿiq nj ;yjqre fõ' .=K-jDoaê úm¾hdih iy iïm%idrK kshduh fï m%udKd;aul wmY%e;sh ;=< yuq jk Wmm%fNao oajhhla f,i ie,lsh hq;= h' zaZ iy zāZ Yío iys; iajr fY%aŒkaf.a idudkH" .=K iy jDoaê jYfhka wmY%e;sfha mshjr ;=kla mj;sk nj md‚kSh iïm%odhg wkql+, j ixialD; jd.afõofha § y÷kd .efkhs' tlS mshjr ;=fka § zi, u, ṛ, ḷZ hk uQ,sl" idudkH iajr Yla;su;aNdjhg m;a fjhs' zaZ YíÈufha .=K rEmh tu idudkH rEmh u jk w;r jDoaê rEmh zāZ ùu ie,lsh hq;= kshduhls' ^jDoaêrdffoÉ wfoÙ.=K# - md‚kS 1.1.1.2&

10

1' m%:u fY%a‚h ^idudkH& (a) i(ī) u(ū) ṛ(ṛ) ḷ 2' oaú;Sh fY%a‚h ^.=K& (a) e o ar al 3' ;D;Sh fY%a‚h ^jDoaê& (ā) ai au ār āl kso¾Yk olajf;d;a fufia h'

Od;=j m%:u fY%a‚h oaú;Sh fY%a‚h ;D;Sh fY%a‚h

√ pat ^msheöfï& patāmi a-pāt-i √ bhid ^ì£fï& bhin-na-s bi-bhed-a a-bhait-ṣīt √ stu ^meiiSfï& stu-ta-s sto-tum stau-ti

√ kṛ ^lsÍfï& kṛ-ta-m kar-tum ca-kār-a ixialD; NdIdfõ § iïm%idrKh o wmY%e;s úfYaIhla jYfhka i,lkq ,efí' Karl Brugmann n÷ jd.afõ§yq wmY%e;sh hkakg ziïm%idrKZ hk kduh fhdackd lr;s' iïm%idrKfha § isÿ jkafka zy, v, r, lZ hk ia;íO fY%a‚fha iajrKh iys; YíÈu ze, u, ar, alZ hk .=K YíÈuhkag wkqrEm ùfuka iajrKh rys; ÿ¾j, fY%A‚fha zi, u, ṛZ iy zļZ njg m;a ùu hs' tfia u" zyā, vā, rāZ hk §¾> iam¾Y YíÈu o zī, ūZ iy zīrZ (PIE NdIdfõ *ṛ) f,i fmkS isáhs' w¾Oiajr fyj;a wka;ia: YíÈuhka iajrj;a j we;s l, iajrKh rys; fY%a‚fha o w¾Oiajrh yd ixhqla; jQ iajrh .s,syS hhs' tys § ;udu zi, u, ṛ, ļZ hk iajrhkaf.ka tlla njg m;a ùfuka tlS w¾Oiajr YíÈuh oaú;Shsl iajrKh oeÍug iqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;a fjhs' ÿ¾j, fY%a‚fha iajrKh fya;= fldg f.k w¾Oiajr" iajr njg m;a ùfï l%shdj,sh iïm%idrKh hs' zb.ahK# iïm%idrKïZ (1.1.45) hkqfjka md‚kS iïm%odfhys w¾Oiajr ;okqrEmS iajr njg m;a ùu újrKh lrkq ,en we;s kuqÿ tu.ska" zya, va, ra, laZ hk iuia; YíÈu mx;sh u zi, u, ṛ, ļZ hk wkqrEmS iajr njg m;a ùu ksrEmKh fjhs'1 kso¾Yk my; mßÈ fõ'

Od;=j iïm%idrK rEmh idudkH rEmh yaj (*aĝ) iṣ-ta yaṣ-ave yajati

vac (*eq) uk-tvā vacmi

svap (*sep) sup-ta-s svap-na-s

(.%Sl - hyp-no-s) svapiti

bhram bhṛma bhram-a

prath pṛth-u prath-a-ti

prath-u-s

jyā (*ɠē) jī-yate jyā-sya-ti

svād (*sā) sūd-aya-ti svād-a-te

svādu

drāgh dīrgh-a-s drāgh-īyas

(.%Sl - dolikhos) wmY%e;sh ms<sn| kQ;k jd.aúoHdkql+, oDIaáh iy md‚kSh iïm%odfha ú.%yh w;r uQ,sl fjkila we;' .=K-jDoaê iy iïm%idrK kshduhka foi ixialD; jd.afõ§ka neÆfha ÿ¾j, fY%a‚h (weak grade) uQ,h f,i;a ia;íO iy §¾>SN+; fY%a‚ tys ;okka;r úm¾hdi f,i;a i,ld f.k h' kQ;k jd.afõ§yq ia;íO fY%a‚h (strong grade) u uQ,sl fldg i,ld" §¾>SN+; fY%a‚h (lengthned grade) hkq tu fY%a‚h tla mshjrlska Yla;su;a ùula f,i o" ÿ¾j, fY%a‚h hkq ia;íO fYa%‚h tla mshjrlska ÿ¾j, ùula f,i o f.k ta ta fY%aŒka iqÿiq mßÈ kdulrKh l<y' ixialD; NdIdfõ mefkk Yío úm¾hdihka meyeÈ,s lrkq iu;a ;j;a Yío kshduhka lsysmhla b;d ieflúka my; olajkq ,efí'

1 Murty – op.cit. – p. 173

11

1' iurEmSlrKh (assimilation) fuys m%fNao folls' m%.dó iurEmSlrKh (progressive assimilation) iy mYapd;a.dó iurEmSlrKh (regressive assimilation) jYfhks' m%.dó iurEmSlrKh mQ¾jia: YíÈuh ;okka;r YíÈuh fj; n,mdñka th ;u j¾.fha Yíohla njg m;a lr .ekSu hs' ixialD; NdIdfõ md‚kS iïm%odh wkqj i,lf;d;a fuh m%;Hydr l%uh hgf;a meyeÈ,s l< yels h' m%;Hydr l%ufha § wlaIr fm< .iajkq ,en we;af;a Yla;su;aNdjh wjfrdayKh jk ms<sfj<g wkqj h' tfyhska mQ¾jia: YíÈuh bÈka Yla;su;aNdjfhka by< kï ;okka;r ÿ¾j, YíÈuh iajlSh j¾.fha wlaIrhla njg m;a lr .ekSula isÿ fõ' fuu úm¾hdih ikaêkS;s hgf;a ú.%y l< yels fjhs' ^rIdNHdx fkd K# iudkmfo - md‚kS& stṛṇoti (ṛ YíÈufha n,mEfuka oka;c n YíÈuh uQ¾Oc ṇ YíÈuh njg m;a úh') vistīrṇa (√vistṛ + na > vistīrṇa) m%dlD; NdIdj, m%.dó iurEmSlrKfha n,mEu meyeÈ,s j oelsh yels h'

ixialD; m%dlD;

cakra cakka

vajra vajja

vyāghra vaghgha

takra takka mYapd;a.dó iurEmSlrKh miqj msysá YíÈuhla úiska Bg fmr msysá YíÈuhla fj; n,mdñka th ;u .=Khkag iurEmS jk f,i ilid .kq ,eîu hs' ixialD; svaśura > śvaśura bhid + na > bhinna

at + na > anna

tat + jayati > tajjayati

svapna (ixialD;) > suviṇa > siviṇa (m%dlD;) sartha (ixialD;) > saththa (m%dlD;) ,;ska octo > otto

pinque > quinque

victorio > vittorio

2' úIurEmSlrKh (dissimilation) iurEmSlrKhg m%;súreoaO Yío kshduh hs' we;eï úg iudk YíÈu folla ksi¾.fhka u

je<elaù hhs' tys § tla Yíohla ú;eka ùu fyda úm¾hia; ùu isÿ fõ' m%.dó iy mYapd;a.dó jYfhka úIurEmSlrKh o m%fNao folla jYfhka oelaúh yels h'

ixialD; puruṣa nūpura mukua m%dlD; purisa neura mauḍa ixialD; √ sthā > thiṣhai > tasthau

√ skand > caskand

.%Sl ϕϱατϱια (phratria) > ϕατϱια (phatria) θηρητηϱ (thīrītīr) > θηλητηϱ (thīlītīr)

12

3' mQ¾jj¾KksfõYkh (prothesis) we;eï NdIdjkays iuyrla jH[ack YíÈuhkag mQ¾jia: j iuyrla iajr Yío mekS hdu hs' NdIdka;r iunkaO;d i,lk l, .%Sl nfiys zr, n, m, wZ hk jH[ack YíÈuhkag mQ¾jfhka zeZ iajr YíÈuhla fh§u fuks' ixialD; ,;ska c¾udkq bx.%Sis .%Sl rudhira ruber roth red εϱυθϱος (eruthros) rajah έϱεβος (herebos) laghu levis ελεχυς (elechus)

nāman oνοµα (onoma)

nakha ονυχ (onuch) tfia u" riṇakti (ixialD;) i

rīnahti (wfjia;d) ixialD; mohkag wkqrEm m%dlD; mohkays o fï Yío kshduh oel .; yels h'

ixialD; m%dlD;

strī itthī (i YíÈuh fh§u) snāna ^urdÀ& asnāna (a YíÈuh fh§u) strī ^urdÀ& asturī (a YíÈuh fh§u)

4' iajrNla;s (anaptyxis) WÉpdrKh ÿIalr jk ixhqla; jH[ack folla w;rg iajrhla fh§fuka WÉpdrKh iqlr lsÍu iajrNla;s kï fõ' ffjÈl mo fndfyduhl fuu Yío kshduh l%shd;aul fjhs' kso¾Ykhla olajf;d;a fumßÈ h' ixialD; ffjÈl indra < indara

darśata < daraśata ixialD;fhka ìf|k m%dlD; mo o fndfyda wjia:dj, iajrNla;s Yío kshduhg hg;a h'

ixialD; m%dlD;

prakāra parakāra

bhrama bharama

pṛthvī pṛthivī svar suvar

svarṇa suvarṇa dharma dharama

.%Sl έβδµος (hebdmos) > έβδοµος (hebdomos)

ixhqla; jH[ack Yío folla w;rg ;j;a jH[ack YíÈuhla meñŒfuka yg .kakd Yío úm¾hdih o fï hgf;a u oelaùug we;eï jd.afõ§yq reÑ fj;s'1 tfy;a m%.dó iurEmSlrK jYfhka o fï úm¾hdih ie,lsh yels h' uydrdIaá% ^urdÀ& m%dlD;fhka kso¾Yk oelaúh yels h'

1 Gune – op.cit. – p. 56

13

ixialD; urdÀ tumula tumbala

kamala kambala

tāmra tāmbaḍā āmra āmbā

^5& WmOdf,damh (syncope) iajrNla;shg úreoaO Yío kshduh hs' modka;hl msysá jH[ack Yío folla w;ßka iajrj;a j mej;s mQ¾jia: jH[ack YíÈufha iajrh f,damYa ù hdu hs' rājan > rājn > rājñā

√ gam > jagm > jagmuh

√ han > jaghn > jaghnuh

preman > premn > premṇā dāman > dāmn > dāmnā

,;ska deksiteros > dexter

^6& flaj,j¾KSNjkh (haplology) iudk jH[ack YíÈu folla iajrj;a j iómia: j wdNHka;r ikaê úêhl fhÿKq l,ays tla jH[ack YíÈuhla f,dma ù hdu hs' fï i|yd wkqmQ¾j jH[ack YíÈu folska tlla ikaê jk mo folg u fmdÿ úg hq;= h' jHjydßl isxy, NdIdfõ zmy-yudrZ hkak zmyudrZ jYfhka fh§u fukss' ixialD; śeva-vṛdhah > śevṛdhah jahī-hi > jahi

śaṣpa-piñjarah > śaṣpiñjarah .%Sl αµϕι-ϕορευς (amphi-phoreus) > αµϕορευς (amphoreus)

,;ska semi-modius > semiodius ^7& j¾K úm¾hdih (metathesis / spoonerism) lsishï mohl Yío fyda wlaIr fyda ú;eka ùu hs' fndfyda úg Yío fyda j¾K folla fufia fm/<S isáhs' mofm/<s fï ksid yg .kshs' wdÙ., NdIdfõ zoiled bycicleZ hkak fjkqjg j¾K úm¾hia; ù zboiled icicleZ hkak lsheùu fuks' isxy, NdIdfõ o fm/<s lshqï kso¾Yk hs' ixialD; NdIdfõ isg m%dlD;hg meñfKk we;eï mo j¾K úm¾hdihg n÷ka ù ;sfí' mahārāṣṭra > marahaṭṭa > marāṭhi tṛṣṇā > taṇhā > tahāṇa

varāṇasī > vāṇārasī > Benares (bx.%Sis) fuf;la ú.%y fldg ieflúka olajk ,o Yío kshdufhda ish,a, kQ;k jd.afõ§ka úiska u wOHhkh fldg wkdjrKh lr .ekqKq kshdufhda fkd fj;s' we;euqka olajk mßÈ1 md‚kSg fmr hdial úiska o hf:dla; Yío kshduhka iuyrla yd iudk jdÙkshdu m%;sIagdmkh lrkq ,en ;sfí' hdial úrÑ; ksrela;fhys fojk wOHdfhys oelafjk wkaoug bka lsysmhla b;d ieflúka fufia h'

1 Gune – op.cit. – p. 58

14

1' zw:dmHiaf;¾ksjD;a;sia:dfkIq wdÈf,dfmd Nj;s ia;# ika;S;sZ 1 by; idlÉPd lrk ,o mßÈ" iajrKh Ydí§h úm¾hdihka i|yd n,mdk idOlhla jYfhka y÷kd .ekqKq nj fuu.ska m%;S; hs' zwia;sZ hkafkys wdÈiajrh jk zwZ YíÈufha f,dma ùfuka zia;#Z wd§ mo isoaO jkakd fia hs' ^wYakfidar,af,dm# - mdKskS 6.4.111& 2' zw:dmHka;f,dfmd Nj;s .;ajd .;ñ;sZ 2 z√.ïZ Od;=fõ wka;ia: zïZ f,damfhka z.;ajdZ" z.;Z wd§ mo isoaO ùu fyj;a ixfhdack úm¾hdihla (combinatory change) isÿ ùu hs' ^wkqod;af;dmfo - mdKskS 6.4.37& 3' zw:dmHqmOdf,dfmd Nj;s c.au;=¾c.auqß;sZ 3 WmOdf,damh jYfhka hg olajk ,o Yío kshduh hs' ^wf,dka;Hd;a mQ¾j WmOd – mdKskS 1.1.65, .uykckLk>idx - mdKskS 6.4.68& 4' zw:dmHqmOdúldfrd Nj;s rdcd oKaã;sZ 4 WmOdj úm¾hia; ùu hs' zrdckaZ Yíoh zrdcdZ f,i;a" zoKaäkaZ Yíoh zoKaãZ f,i;a fmkS isákafka fuu úm¾hdih ksid h' ^bkaykamQ¾Id¾hïKdx fY! - mdKskS 6.4.12, fi! p - 6.4.13, i¾jkduia:dfk pdiïnqfO! - 6.4.8, k f,dm# m%d;smÈldkaiiH - 8.2.7& 5' zw:dmHdÈúm¾hfhd Nj;s fcHd;s¾>fkd ìkaÿ¾ndgH b;sZ 5 iurEmSlrKh iy úIurEmSlrKh ms<sn| Yío kshduh hs' 6' zw:dmHdoHka;úm¾hfhd Nj;s iaf;dald rÊcq# isl;d ia;¾ls;sZ 6 j¾K úm¾hdih jYfhka hg olajk ,o Yío kshduh hs' 7' zw:dms j¾fKdmck wdia:oaoajdfrd NrEfc;sZ 7 iajrNla;s ms<sn| ú.%yhls' ixialD; NdIdfõ fhfok fndfyduhla Yío úm¾hdi" mqrd;k jd.afõofha fuka u kQ;k jd.afõofha o iïuq;s.; Yío kshduhkag wkql+, nj fï wkqj meyeÈ,s h'

1 lafIaurdc Y%S lDIaKodi ^ixia'& ^1847& - ksrela; ^ks>KagqmdG iuqfma;& - fndïndh" Y%S fjÙlfÜYajr uqøK hka;%d,h - 2.1.6 2 ksrela; - 2.1.7 3 ksrela; - 2.1.8 4 ksrela; - 2.1.9 5 ksrela; - 2.1.12 6 ksrela; - 2.1.13 7 ksrela; - 2.2.2